Merican presidential system of government

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- Merican presidential system of government，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国的总统制政府制度。美国的总统制政府制度指的是美国国家元首和政府首脑由美国总统一人担任的一种政府制度，这种政府制度的实质就是美国总统同时行使国家元首和政府首脑两个职位的职权。美国总统制政府制度的形成是由多种综合复杂因素影响而成。西方资产阶级政党所操纵的政府，以掌握政权为目的，它们的全部活动就是为了竞选，争夺选票。

The American presidential system of government refers to a system of government in which the head of state and head of government of the United States is held by the President of the United States. The essence of this system of government is that the President of the United States exercises the functions of both head of state and head of government. How did this system come about? What are the internal mechanisms that determine the creation of such institutions? The constituent assembly of 1787 was one of the direct causes of the establishment of this system. The federal government is "a fragile coalition of states," according to the federal statute passed by the continental congress in 1777. Although the states are under the unified leadership of the federation, the states are independent and powerful, while the federal government is loose, weak and has no effective power to govern a large country. Faced with severe complexities at home and abroad, the new American government was in danger of being toppled at any moment. In May 1787, the constituent assembly met in Philadelphia to discuss amending the 1777 federal statute and establishing a strong central federal government to deal with the dire situation at home and abroad. After a heated and serious debate, the conference adopted the fundamental establishment of the U.S. presidential system of government system on "how did the President come into being? How long is the term? How much power? How many heads of government? How to recall?" Wait for five critical questions.

Generally, the government system is influenced by a variety of complex factors, and the formation of the U.S. presidential system of government is no exception. The internal mechanism of American presidential system of government is mainly determined by the following four aspects. First, on the basis of political theory: the principle of separation of powers political theory provides a political system framework for the presidential system of government established by the constitution in 1787. The constituent assembly unanimously approved of the federal government's separation of powers, the principle that the three branches of power can check each other to ensure the balance of power. In accordance with this political principle, the administrative departments should be created by the legislative organs and responsible to the constitution and the people. Second, on the basis of political thought: the political thought of Washington and most political figures opposing the monarchy clears the way for the establishment of the presidential system of government. Madison's "has developed a tendency to embrace the monarchy in the minds of several leading figures. The majority of the people seem to prefer the second place, that is, to split the union rather than establish a monarchy. Together with Washington, they blocked the attempt to establish a monarchy in the constituent assembly, clearing ideological hurdles for the creation of a presidential system of government. Thirdly, in terms of political system reference basis: the successful constitutional practice system of New York's governorship became the reference system for the establishment of the us presidential system of government. In the constituent assembly, delegates discussed the system of government of the federal government with reference to the state constitutions, especially those of New York state. Finally, the meeting determined that the governor of New York state was the reference base of the federal government system. Fourthly, in terms of the personal charisma of political leaders, the personal political charisma of Washington and the illustrious experience of leading the American people in the war of independence were also important factors in the establishment of the presidential system of government. At the meeting, Washington strongly supported the establishment of a strong presidential system of government. There was a fierce debate between congressional and presidential factions on the power of the new government, but in the end, congressional factions made major concessions under the influence of Washington's personal political charm and passed a bill on the presidential system of government.

The above four factors are the important factors for the establishment of American presidential system of government and the internal mechanism for the formation of this system.

According to the relationship between the head of state, the legislature and the executive body, and the form of government organization, the U.S. presidential system of government has the following five basic features.

Judging from the relationship between the President and the parliament, the parliament has no binding force on the President except when the President has a serious unconstitutional act to bring forward impeachment. Because the way the President is born, the source of power and the length of his or her term are not determined by parliament, it can be said that the President is completely independent of parliament. The President is elected directly or indirectly by citizens, and the President is responsible to the voters. The President's powers are enshrined in the constitution and cannot be delegated to parliament; The President's term is also defined by the constitution. Confidence in parliament does not determine the length of its term; Parliament has no power to remove the President, only when the President is seriously unconstitutional to propose limited impeachment.

From the point of view of the relationship between the head of state and the head of government, the head of state and the head of government is held by the President alone. The President himself is the head of state and government. The President exercises the actual power vested in him by the constitution and the law. The President and government ministers form the cabinet, the President himself is the head of the cabinet, the executive power alone, the country's armed forces.

From the relationship between government and parliament, the government and parliament are completely separate. Members of the government shall not concurrently be members of parliament and shall not participate in debates and votes on legislation of the parliament.

From the relationship between the President and members of the government, they are the relationship between the leader and the led. The President is responsible for appointing and dismissing members of the government, who work under the President, must report to the President, and must obey all decisions made by the President.

From the relationship between the government and the parliament, the government only pays the political responsibility to the President, the President only pays the political responsibility to the voters, the government does not pay the parliament joint liability. The President has no power to dissolve parliament, which cannot force the President to resign by a vote of no confidence. The President reports to parliament on the state of the union. Bills passed by parliament must be signed by the President before they can take effect. When the President disagrees, parliament can pass it again by a two-thirds majority, and the bill becomes law.

By analyzing the intrinsic mechanism of the establishment of American presidential system of government and expounding the basic features, we can clearly understand: what kind of political soil is needed for the generation of a political system? What kind of political soil can foster a proper political system? Blindly copying an external political system without considering the political reality of the country will only lead to soil erosion or even great destruction. In China, which is undergoing the transformation of government administrative functions, we should not only learn from the essence of all civilized political systems in the west and even human society, but also see the dregs of their systems. What is more important is that we should constantly improve and enrich our own social and political systems under the premise of having a confident system. The following is an analysis of the characteristics of American presidential system of government.

The presidential system of government in the United States was created by the American people in the late 18th century based on the historical and cultural traditions of the United States and the political practice of the founding of the United States. The end of the 18th century, the north American bourgeoisie in the constitution, the big bourgeoisie and the bourgeoisie democratic struggle, maintained the form in the democratic republic of the results, but in the constitution gives the President with larger power, also provides the corresponding system of checks and balances, make us presidential government system become a part of the system of separation of powers. This system has withstood the test of history in the political practice of the United States, and should be one of the relatively successful western governmental systems, later adopted by many countries in Latin America, such as Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Indonesia in Asia, Pakistan, Egypt and Kenya in Africa.

The designers of the American presidential administration system in the top-level system design, fully consider the organization form of organs of state power, the exercise of state power organs personnel way of produce and the relationship between the organs of state power, and based on the principles of political theory of separation of powers, design a set of the mutual restriction and balance the presidential system of government institutional framework. In this constitutional system, the President of the United States has a prominent position and role. The President is both the head of state and government and the supreme commander of the armed forces. In fact, in political practice, the President of the United States also ACTS as party leader, legislative advocate and chief diplomat with many important political and national sovereign powers. There are obvious differences between the presidential system and the cabinet system. In a country with a cabinet system, the prime minister or the prime minister does not hold concurrently the head of state. The cabinet is formed in the parliament and is responsible to the parliament. The prime minister or the prime minister has the right to request the head of state to dissolve the parliament. In the United States with a presidential system, presidential and parliamentary elections are conducted separately. The President is independent of the parliament. The President also serves as the head of state and head of government. From the perspective of the power structure of the government, the President of the United States has become the power center of the entire American politics, and the President of the United States has become the most important and powerful position in the entire American government system due to the great power endowed by the constitution itself and the general trend of the expansion of executive power. The power of the President of the United States is mainly derived from the constitution. The President also has some important powers in political practice that are not explicitly defined by the constitution or the law. These powers can include extensive executive power, DE facto legislative power, judicial power, military power, diplomatic power and ceremonial and symbolic power and function.

Since the 2020s, due to the emphasis on the regulation and interference of the state in social and economic affairs, the national institutions of the United States have expanded rapidly. In addition, the United States pursues the cold war and hegemonism policies after the war, and the national interests of the United States after the second world war. With the development of the trend of presidential centralization, the separation of powers and checks and balances between the President and the parliament established by the constitution has changed. The President exercises or partially exercises the power of the parliament, which weakens the power of the parliament and deepens the conflicts between the President and the parliament. Since the 1970s, the parliament has taken certain measures to limit the expansion of the President's power and play a certain role in restraining the President's power.

Due to the differences in the political ecological environment such as history, society and culture, the Chinese government system is obviously different from that of western countries. First of all, the differences in the institutional nature of the state power determine the differences in the governmental system of a country. The Chinese governmental system has the character of the people, while the American governmental system has the character of the bourgeoisie. The purpose of the Chinese government system is to serve the people wholeheartedly and safeguard the fundamental interests of all the people. The American system of government serves the big bourgeoisie and its purpose is to maintain private ownership of the means of production. Secondly, following different principles also determines the establishment and operation of government systems. The Chinese government system is established and operated according to the principle of "unification of policy and practice", which is different from the principle of "separation of powers" adopted by western governments. In essence, the system of unity of action and action is a system of "no decentralization and division of labor". It can better reflect the role of people's will in national political, economic and social life than the separation of powers. Thirdly, the different influence of party system on government system also determines that Chinese government system is different from western government system. The Chinese government system is compatible with the party system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation led by the communist party of China. Multi-party cooperation and political consultation can enhance the unity and cooperation of all parties, fully mobilize and give full play to the initiative of all parties, and promote the improvement of government work efficiency and the rapid development of various socialist undertakings. As a result of the implementation of the two-party system or multi-party system in the major western countries, the parties attacked each other and involved each other. All the parties tried their best to control the government and seek for their own interests. Finally, the different goal value orientation also makes the Chinese government system different from the western major capitalist country's government system. The Chinese government system regards the realization of the most beautiful social system as its goal value orientation. In contrast, the government manipulated by the bourgeois parties in the west is aimed at seizing power, and all their activities are to run for election and compete for votes. Although more than 300 years of rule have made the bourgeois government system more sophisticated and experienced in management, it has not and cannot assume the historical responsibility of planning the future of mankind and the lofty goals of social development.

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