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建立人际资源圈Impacts and Post-Event disaster risk management of earthquake in China and Japan—美国论文代写
2017-05-22 来源: 51due教员组 类别: 更多范文
本篇Impacts and Post-Event disaster risk management of earthquake in China and Japan—美国论文代写讲了灾害风险管理影响的分析。从我的角度来看，许多方面将在灾害风险管理，经济调整，专业救援，建筑结构和政府应变速度等方面发挥重要作用。此外，政府必须采取措施，更好地面对地震。为了获得更多的证据，以日本为例分析影响和事件后灾害风险管理。本篇美国论文代写由51due论文代写机构整理，供大家参考阅读。
The reason why I choose this topic
At the beginning of the paper, let me have a brief introduction of the reason why I choose DRM as my center of the paper. I am a child who grew up in China. In China for more than twenty years, through all kinds of media, I know that the frequency of earthquakes in China and even in the whole East Asia is very high. Japan, a country which is only a narrow strip of water with China is no exception. I was deeply impressed by the tremendous impact of the earthquake. As is known to all, the earthquake will cause great casualties, will make a lot of people have been displaced, will lead to serious property damage. At the same time, every earthquake will have a giant impact on the development of the world economy. I would like to know more about the management of earthquake disaster risk in China and Japan through further research, so I chose this topic as the topic of my thesis.
A series of methods are applied to complete my research. First of all, I know the news about the earthquake that happened in recent years through the Internet. At the same time, I try to find some survivors in the earthquake, and try my best to understand some of the details of the earthquake through talking with them. Then, in order to get more relevant knowledge, I learned more about the international rescue team through the internet. In addition, books and journals that are related to earthquakes can’t be ignored. At the same time, there will be a number of charts to support my view in my article.
Some information about the earthquake and international rescue team
This is the description of a survivor who went through the earthquake in 1976 in China Tangshan. A loud noisy told us it was actually the earthquake. Soon, I didn’t know anything. Exactly speaking, I rarely knew about the quake: shine couldn’t be seen. Sound couldn’t be heard. And even the earthquake couldn’t be felt. I didn’t know, except for a big bang in the dream. That was to say, I was going to die in my dreams. But I wasn’t dead. I didn't know how long it took me to wake up. Happiness suddenly disappeared, choking flu quickly hit, almost all of the people to hold to death. What I could see the earth was shaking and air was in the combustion. Facing with the great panic that as if the world was coming to an end, the two 20-year-old young people experienced relentless suffering. Static pole, without a sound, no people yelled for help, but no one cried. We were surrounded by dark, only seeing the tree, what else could hardly be seen. In fact, there was no nothing to see, expect pour and flat.
Next, let me have more information about the international rescue team from some data. Take Wenchuan earthquake in China and the Great East Japan earthquake as an example. After the Wenchuan earthquake of May 12th 24, nearly 20 thousand soldiers and police arrived in the disaster relief, otherwise 24 thousand officers are flown to the disaster area, there are 10 thousand soldiers being rushed to the disaster area by rail. By the end of May 16th, foreign troops and the Chengdu military troops into the earthquake relief troops on active duty total strength has reached 100 thousand people. Throughout the period of the relief army invested a total of nearly 15 million people involved in disaster relief, relates to Chengdu, Jinan, Lanzhou, Beijing, Guangzhou Military Area Command and the Navy, air force, the Second Artillery Force and the armed police force units, including earthquake rescue, chemical, engineering, health and epidemic prevention, reconnaissance, communications and other more than 20 professional units. The army and armed police rescue buried people 27000 people, including 3338 survivors (Wang, 225-234).
After the occurrence of the Great East Japan earthquake, until March 12, 15: 00, Japan's defense ministry SDF dispatched a total of about 2 million people, 190 aircraft, 45 naval vessels (including the mobile troops), began life rescue, emergency support and nuclear emergency processing activities. As of July 31st, the Japanese self-defense force sent a total of about 10 million 580 thousand people, 50 thousand aircraft, 4900 ships to carry out rescue.
A brief introduction of earthquake in China and Japan
The information I have mastered from the Internet reflect China's earthquake from 1949-2000 and Japan's earthquake and tsunami high incidence area. It is not difficult to see that the two countries are both facing the threat of the earthquake disaster. The movement of the Eurasian plate increases the likelihood of earthquakes in two countries. Thus, it is high time we paid more attention to disaster risk management.
The importance of disaster risk management
Disaster risk management into the mainstream of development planning, can reverse the trend of the current disaster impact. Economic development, population growth and rapid urbanization have accelerated the increase of disaster losses. According to the United Nations, more than 2/3 of the world's population will live in 2050 of the city. If countries take decisive action, they can save lives and assets. However, many developing countries lack the tools, expertise and tools that will adversely affect the potential impact of natural events on the investment decisions of the factors. What I have mastered is that the declining death toll is declining year by year with more efficient disaster risk management in Japan.
Different things make different effect on disaster risk management
What we shall take into consideration is that disaster risk management also has its special effect on the economy. In 2008, the earthquake with magnitude-7.9 occurred in Wenchuan, Sichuan Province, China. About 69,797 people died and 18,222 missed in the Wenchuan earthquake. Official organization announced the earthquake caused $1408.6 billion losses. In 2011, Japan is stroked by a magnitude-9 unexpected earthquake. 15,870 people were killed and 2,814 people missing in this earthquake. According to the report of Japanese government, the total damages from the earthquake and tsunami were estimated at $300 billion dollars (Zhao, 691).
The study described here examines the effects of short-term and long-term economic and financial impacts of natural disasters. Relies in part, in the case study, the overall susceptibility to natural disasters, in the Dominican Republic of small island economies and public fiscal consequences of the disaster in Bangladesh, and climate change economic consequences and in Malawi and South Africa Climate predicted using. Policy impact, and concludes that, under appropriate circumstances, recommendations. Finally, future research directions are outlined and an overview is made. Major natural disasters, also have a serious impact on the operation of the negative-short economy, it also seems to have a negative impact on economic growth, long-term development and poverty reduction. But the negative effects are not inevitable. A comprehensive reevaluation of the economy, and the financial impact of major disasters, should be in the event of 18 to 24 months after the event. In the review of the country's short-term economic performance, should take into account the country's aid strategy. The vulnerability of natural disasters is determined by a complex, dynamic impact, including the country's economic structure, development stage, and then the economic and policy conditions. In this study the eclectic method, mainly qualitative methods, is particularly useful to explore the many complex, dynamic way, through the extreme risk events affect the economy, financial system, as well as the field of recognition, and further investigation, including the quantification of, will be worth (Kingston, 514-516).
What we must keep in heart is that it is professional rescue that plays an important role in disaster risk management. Also take Wenchuan earthquake and the Great East earthquake in Japan for example. Wenchuan earthquake rescue team mainly includes three aspects of the rescue force: one is national, local and military professional earthquake rescue team; the second is the public security fire and rescue teams; the third is the Department of safety supervision system of the mine and other professional rescue team. During the rescue of life, the call professional earthquake rescue team 160 people, carrying all kinds of professional rescue equipment and search dogs, excavating buried more than 1100 people, including a total of 381 survivors, accurate locating survivors more than 310 people; the Ministry of public security were mobilized 27 provinces and cities in the fire service, public security police, frontier medical personnel, criminal technical personnel a total of 1.7 million people to participate in the rescue. Among them, Sichuan provincial fire brigade 4922, outside the fire officers and soldiers 8488, excavating 15082 buried personnel, including 3021 survivors, transfer and save the people 82864 people; to May 31, the last batch of rescue teams to complete the rescue mission to evacuate the affected areas so far, national safety supervision system of attack to mobilize 44 rescue teams, 1057, 137 rescue vehicles, more than 2100 pieces (sets) of rescue equipment in earthquake relief, a total of rescue persons in distress 1113 people, searching for victims 567 people evacuated trapped 14860 people (Fang, 1772-1783)
Professional rescue teams from the East Japan earthquake mainly include the army and air force of the fire fighting agencies in the country. Within 24 hours after the earthquake, in Miyagi Prefecture, city, town, village fire department and fire protection, according to Miyagi Guangyu fire mutual support agreement provides for the establishment of the fire support units and formed according to the provisions of Article 44 of the organization law of fire protection emergency fire fighting assistance team, love is action. Each fire agency since the earthquake occurred to 12 days period, a total of 30406 people out of the players, the rescue of 4094 people. By the end of May 31st, a total of 294252 people on the land fire brigade, 4998 people have been rescued. Among them, in March 12th the day of the 2850 people were rescued trapped. Aviation fire brigade dispatched 3352 passengers, 519 aircraft, 1042 people have been rescued. In March 12th the day of the 650 people were rescued trapped (Okubo, 520-525).
What is known to us all is that it is the structure of building that works as the headstone to defeat the threat of the earthquake. When the Great East earthquake occurred, the magnitude of the 9 earthquake caused by the earthquake and tsunami along the part of the city of Tokyo in the northern part of the city was damaged by more than 2000 km of coastline and port facilities. In May 2011, the coast of civil engineers, American Society of marine, ports and rivers of the asce-copri port facilities field investigation team work closely, Japanese ports and airports to study the effects of a wide range of on-the-spot inspection of the tsunami and earthquake specific to the port construction and accessories, such as cargo crane, transport system and plumbing equipment. The focus of this investigation is the design and construction of these structures, with emphasis on the lessons learned from failure and success. Broad area coverage, from body to eight households in Aomori, Iwate, Miyagi, Fukushima Prefecture, northern region, promote the in earthquake affected areas of the damage mode of explanation, in order to distinguish due to a strong shock, subsequently and significant tsunami flooded causing damage to target (Percher, 1).
Based on theoretical research and field investigation, the comprehensive model of the restoration and reconstruction after Wenchuan earthquake is summarized and developed. It is based on the idea of a comprehensive integration methodology, the specific performance is the WSR three-dimensional approach, using an integrated framework to achieve. The whole process can be roughly divided into the recovery of the transition period and the overall improvement of the whole process from the perspective of the longitudinal view. And from the horizontal view, each stage should have their own support system. From the systematic planning and comprehensive implementation of the investigation, it can be concluded that in the past 3 years, Wenchuan after the earthquake recovery and reconstruction has achieved remarkable results. As disasters continue to threaten human beings around the world, especially climate induced extreme weather events, other countries can develop a comprehensive program for disaster recovery and reconstruction, with reference to the experience of Wenchuan (Xu and Lu, 60). That is we ought to emphasize field observations and begins an effort to develop a wide collection of nontechnical, structural, and coastal and seismic data. Port engineers, structural engineers, and disaster risk management personnel will find views in the field, to highlight the most common port holes and suggestions, improve the port facilities of the seismic performance and protect the port staff of life.
What we shall learn from earthquake
Earthquake reminds us of the human existence of instability, in turn, it also reflects the history of vulnerability. The people and the government can, in the greatest degree, foresee the possible damage and reduce the losses to the minimum (William Steele, 70). Only by learning lessons from the disaster can people be calm when facing with disaster including earthquake. The Chinese government has done a good job in the Wenchuan earthquake, which has ensured the effective response and adequate supplement of the disaster area. But according to my observation, it still has several problems. First, most people affected by the earthquake affected areas are not familiar with earthquake escape, not to speak of self-help and mutual aid in the earthquake. Secondly, most people do not know how to extend their lives as long as possible in harsh environments. As a result, many people died from the lack of corresponding knowledge and skills, even if the government sent a rescue team after the earthquake.
Compared with the Chinese government, the Japanese government has a better means of earthquake prevention. They usually organize disaster escape and self-help education activities, so the public has a high sense of crisis and rich knowledge, know how to protect themselves and their families in the disaster. Because of knowledge and a sense of crisis, in the face of disaster Japanese very orderly, able to maintain patience and discipline in the earthquake. But the Japanese government's response is not very fast. They cannot provide enough food for the victims. As the old saying goes “Time is money”, especially facing with disaster. Maybe it is the slow response of Japanese government that leads to the death of several Japanese citizens.
My own suggestions on disaster risk management and good wish
From my point of view, I would advise the Chinese government to strengthen the self saving awareness, skills and methods to improve the survival of the possibilities in the education of natural disasters. On the other hand, I think Japan should improve the quality of emergency rescue team. If there is an emergency, the rescue team can get there in the shortest time. The Japanese government should increase the emergency response capacity.
Last but not least, the effort of government also has a necessary influence. As far as I’m concerned, both Chinese and Japanese government shall keep these five things in mind. First, the government should estimate the magnitude of the earthquake and the harm caused, for example, the intensity of its distribution, there are casualties and economic losses. Second, the government should formulate a policy framework to develop the overall plan, including a series of actions, such as preventive action, as there are post disaster response and reconstruction.Third, it is necessary to develop the earthquake disaster mitigation strategy, which develops a series of quantitative indicators,.For example,in ten years there will be affected population and the economic loss halved, and make some specific measures to achieve these goals.Fourth, the establishment of some relevant institutions and some guiding principles for action of earthquake emergency activities can’t be forgot.Finally, according to these guidelines, formulated a series of detailed plans.
In conclusion, Chinese and Japanese government have already done a great job in the nature disaster, however, from my perspective, they can do better on precaution approaches, emergency reaction and post-risk management.May everyone a peaceful life.
References
Zhao, X. F., et al. "[The nutritional status among children under 60 months year-old after one year of the Earthquake in Wenchuan].." Zhonghua yu fang yi xue za zhi [Chinese journal of preventive medicine] 44.8(2010):691-695.
Fang, D. U., et al. "The M7.0 Lushan earthquake and the relationship with the M8.0 Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan, China." Chinese Journal of Geophysics 56.5(2013):1772-1783.
Kingston, Jeff. "After the Great East Japan Earthquake: Political and Policy Change in Post-Fukushima Japan Edited by Dominic Al-Badri and Gijs Berends (review)." Journal of Japanese Studies 40.2(2014):514-518.
Okubo, Hitoshi. "Perspective of Mission of IEEJ Learned from the East Japan Earthquake." Journal of The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan 131 (2011): 520-525.
Percher, M. "Tohoku, Japan, Earthquake and Tsunami of 2011: Survey of Port and Harbor Facilities, Northern Region." Geotechnical Engineering (2014).
Xu, Jiuping, and Y. Lu. "Meta-synthesis pattern of post-disaster recovery and reconstruction: based on actual investigation on 2008 Wenchuan earthquake." Natural Hazards 60.60(2012).
William Steele, M. "Seismic Japan: The Long History and Continuing Legacy of the Ansei Edo Earthquake by Gregory Smits, and: When the Earth Roars: Lessons from the History of Earthquakes in Japan by Gregory Smits (review)." Monumenta Nipponica 70(2015).
Wang, Zifa. "A preliminary report on the Great Wenchuan Earthquake." Earthquake engineering and engineering vibration 7.2 (2008): 225-234.
