British public service contracts are outsourced

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- British public service contracts are outsourced，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国公共服务合同外包。政府的公共服务外包是将政府从公共服务中超脱出来，引入市场机制，将公共服务用契约的方式由社会组织或者其他团体甚至私人来提供的一种公共服务供给方式，政府在其过程中承担监管的角色。英国作为公共服务合同外包的先行者，从1980年开始就出现大规模民营化，具有强烈的象征意义和示范作用，从而被视为全球民营化风潮的典范。而英国公共服务外包发展的历程与经验表明，公共服务外包是当今世界各国公共管理领域改革的趋势。

Since 1980, the reform trend of global public management has mainly focused on six topics, including productivity, marketization, service orientation, hierarchical responsibility, policy orientation and performance responsibility. The government public service outsourcing is to transform the government from the public service "producers" and the "provider" surpassing, introducing market mechanism, the public service in the contract way by social organizations or other organizations or individuals to provide a way of public service supply, the government bear the "buyer", in the process of the "client" and "custodian" role. As a pioneer in the outsourcing of public service contracts, Britain has seen large-scale privatization since 1980, which has a strong symbolic and exemplary function. Therefore, it is regarded as a model of the global privatization trend and followed by other countries. Based on this, it is of great significance to discuss the historical background, policy development and enlightenment of British public service contract outsourcing.

Around the 1950s, Britain embarked on the model of the "welfare state". FRASER, a scholar, argues that Britain's "welfare state" model is not a one-off but evolutionary. Therefore, in terms of the historical background of Britain, it is not the natural "welfare state", but the inevitable result of the dynamic process of constant adjustment between individuals and society in the historical stage. Contract outsourcing is the result of the selection of a public service delivery method in the context of the development of the welfare state in the UK.

The World War I had a profound impact on Britain's politics and economy. On the basis of national security, Britain began to expand the functions of the state. With the expansion of the functions of the state, the social policies gradually involved in the pre-war countries began to expand as well. In the first 20 years of the 20th century, Britain issued a number of welfare social policies, laying a solid foundation for the "welfare society". After world war ii, the introduction of the beveridge report into the legislation was regarded as a sign of the establishment of the modern welfare state regime. In the meantime, one of the most important social characteristics of the UK is that most of the welfare institutions are in the hands of the civil or NGO sectors, gradually moving into the hands of the executive, and the public sector provides the basic public services of the society, most notably the establishment of citizen health services. From the perspective of the history of Britain, under the influence of the "welfare state" of thinking, the government's policy of the public service idea responded promptly, and shoulder the responsibility, will take care of the citizen's previously considered charity and relief services into the statutory welfare services, therefore, the scope of public service quantity and rapid expansion, until the public finances, for around 1970 crisis have planted hidden danger of the welfare state.

Britain from originally to the "welfare state" to "privatization" road, has its era background, due to the economic, social, political and administrative the plight of the external environment, such as Britain's existing crisis "welfare state policy", in the face of economic difficulties, the thatcher government adopted a strategy with Labour different privatization, became a huge push privatization. During this period, Britain absorbed the new liberal economic theory and public choice theory, the "new liberalism" made many conservative political views across the world, and its reform also received good results, in 1979, driven by "government reengineering" work and promote the reform of the major's government in 1990 as the typical representative, its reform and development in general can be divided into two stages: the first stage to cut government spending as the center, after a stage to improve the quality of public services, increase autonomy as the core of administration. In 1979, Mrs. Thatcher led a series of administrative reforms, such as changing the government's role in various public undertakings, vigorously promoting privatization programs, and advocating "shrinking the boundaries of the state". In the 1979 conservative manifesto, she proposed measures to promote privatization.

From the perspective of Britain's promotion of privatization, its policies are gradual and orderly, from strong market to strong public, from private enterprise to public service, from central government to local government. When it comes to local government services, the central government requires public bidding for a number of public projects before recommending that local government activities accept market competition. In the process of privatization of health services in the UK, the design of "internal market" and "separation of providers and buyers" is used to promote competition mechanism of public health system. This trajectory suggests that the central government, considering the needs of the public service transformation stage gradually changes to the related policy, after 7 or 8 years done through competition, the bidding rules of local government service privatization drive, then further social services, relevant policy gradually push is the pioneer and the necessary basis for the development of social service outsourcing contract.

In the context of the development of public services in the UK, there is already a "contract culture", and the British policy to promote the outsourcing of public service contracts is divided into the following three stages.

The British government began to purchase public service contracts from the private sector in 1968. The Simon report suggested that local governments should set up public service departments to be responsible for individual social services and purchase services through contracts. In 1970, Britain further proposed the local government public service act, which formally established the public service department, which was derived from the function of traditional procurement documents. In the 1980s, Britain's public service sector began to carry out a series of reforms, formally introducing market mechanism, requiring economy, efficiency and efficiency in the use of relevant resources, and expecting to solve the increasingly serious public service problems. This is a kind of immersion of the new management concept. The policy of privatization of public services in Britain developed smoothly. The central government first withdrew from the role of direct service providers in the public service sector, and then gradually transferred to the public service commission, voluntary service providers and the private sector. Bamford points out that the proportion of official residential care beds in England, for example, fell from 44% in 1988 to 18% in 1998. Similar figures include wales and Scotland, where between 1988 and 1998, for example, 51% fell to 33%, while the private sector now provides more than 60% of beds. The system of public service contract outsourcing in the United Kingdom has been constructed step by step, and transferred from the public service sector to relevant non-profit organizations and voluntary sectors, laying a good foundation for public service contract outsourcing in the United Kingdom.

In the field of public service, more attention is paid to the type of contract outsourcing. If such contracts are required to be submitted for bidding through the regulation of laws and regulations, it is called mandatory bidding. Cutler and Waine point out that mandatory bidding is an important part of privatization, which means that a series of services must be bid in a way that works within the framework of the specification. Following the enactment of the social security act of 1985, the British parliament established that the central government and the local government were respectively responsible for all related public services. Local governments are responsible for individual social services, education, housing and consumer protection, while the central government is responsible for public health, employment services, tracking and counselling services and social security systems. After the implementation of mandatory bidding, the central government expands the supply of social services through the internal market and the transformation of the provider role into the buyer role. In the 1990s, Britain operated with mandatory bids to bring public services into a "quasi-market" mode of operation, with local governments acting as purchasers. Taylor also pointed out that the implementation of mandatory bidding has changed the nature of public service funding from the previous subsidy based on the specific services of the third sector to the procurement of specific services. Mandatory bid maintained a culture of competition and cooperation each other each other, in order to across departments and organize the existing tasks, to provide public services, to provide users the best service at the lowest cost, the government continuously the introduction of market and management principle, purpose is to meet the increasing demand of public finance, and avoiding the debt and improve tax burden caused by increasing fiscal risk. Indeed, outsourcing of public service contracts can lead to diversified services and more choices, so that more institutions can join the market competition. Even if local governments have different financial conditions, the outsourcing cost of the contract must be kept above a certain level, so as to avoid the withdrawal of willing institutions from the market. The "privatization" policy in the United Kingdom not only promoted the local government act to limit the autonomy of local governments, but also clearly stipulated that the welfare service supply project was subject to mandatory bidding.

With public service contract outsourcing competition in the market is not as imagination of smooth start, in promoting the mandatory bid after ten years, because of the difficulties faced by, the policy transformation appeared after 1997 -- namely "best value" policy, to revise its way of public services outsourcing contract, outsourcing policy from the British public service contract into another stage, namely the transition. In the 1980s and 1990s public services moved towards a goal of emphasizing performance, quality and "best value". Labour pledged to end the conservative party's mandatory bidding policy in 1997, noting that "local governments should not be forced to make bids for their services" but were "required to get the best value". The "best value" mainly enables the service to reach the predetermined standard in the most economical, efficient and efficient way, that is, to achieve the "best service effect". Therefore, "best value" is the result of reflecting on the trend of privatization of social services. Due to the rigidity of mandatory bidding and the lack of quality of price priority service, the "best value" policy requires the government to obtain the best value in all services, to correct the government's emphasis on "economy, efficiency and efficiency" in service provision. Yet the "best value" policy is not a total rejection of competition, but a more comprehensive examination of public services from the 5C's perspective.

Since April 2004, the public service commission "best value" the execution of the plan must be developed, and in the past five years to check their service, found that "a lot of social services has been hard and effectively implement best value", therefore, the "best value" to improve service quality, and is part of the comprehensive management. To sum up, the differences between mandatory bidding and best value policies in the UK are shown in table 2. The implementation of mandatory bidding for many years has achieved some results, but the negative impact caused by it has caused the phenomenon of "quasi-market failure", bringing the privatization of public services into another wave of change. British public service contract outsourcing from "compulsory bidding" to the era of "best value" policy.

Due to the market failure, the government cannot realize efficiency, fairness or reflect the will of citizens by enhancing the market power in the public service supply. In the transition period, the alternative of contract outsourcing has gradually become a hot issue in the field of contract outsourcing, among which the most representative is "reverse contract outsourcing". At the beginning of 2000, British local government began to show a scattered phenomenon of "reverse contract outsourcing". According to the survey data from 1997 to 2002, "reverse contract outsourcing" accounted for a sharp rise in the total supply of public services. In Britain, for example, a rail contractor went bankrupt in 2000, and the unfinished portion of the project was nationalised in 2001. Generally speaking, the reasons for the phenomenon of "reverse contract outsourcing" include the decline of public service quality, unrealized cost saving, improvement of internal management and citizen support to take public service back to the government.

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