American public news theory

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- American public news theory，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国公共新闻理论。美国公共新闻理论源于新闻媒介的自我救赎和社会救赎。公共新闻理论的核心观念是公众参与公共事务，价值目标指向更完善的公众民主生活。公共新闻理论的思想来源包括杜威的民主参与思想、哈贝马斯的公共领域学说和新闻媒介的社会责任理论等。在新媒体时代，公共新闻的实现渠道得以拓展，包含公共新闻事业的完整的新闻事业可以服务于追寻社会进步的世界多个国家。

American public news theory derives from the self-redemption and social redemption of news media. The core concept of public news theory is public participation in public affairs, and the value target points to a more perfect public democratic life. The thought sources of public news theory include Dewey's democratic participation thought, habermas's public sphere theory and the media's social responsibility theory. In the 1990s, American public news practice was rich and fruitful, and public news theory had a positive social impact with the help of public news practice. In the new media era, the channel of public news can be expanded. The complete journalism of public journalism can serve many countries in the world in pursuit of social progress.

The public news campaign was called the most creative and risky work of American journalism in the 1990s. The theory of public news originated in the late 1980s and flourished in the 1990s. In the late 1980s, during the presidential election campaign, which was very important to the public life of American society, the news media reported on the presidential candidates with great detail and almost perfect details, and produced the "horse-race" news coverage similar to sports and entertainment, while ignoring the public life issues concerned by ordinary voters. The barrage of news stories about presidential candidates has failed to capture the interest of ordinary citizens, turnout in presidential elections has been low and most news outlets have seen their subscription rates and listening ratings decline. The media "USES politicians' strategically crafted political messages as material for the daily news". The media often "decide whether to open the door to news to the public, depending on the intensity of the conflict between those in power and the interest groups that can influence the direction of events." The tiresome media coverage, low citizen turnout and declining citizen support for the news media reflected the media business and social democratic life difficulties in American society at that time. In such media background and social background, some journalism scholars and media practitioners started to advocate and practice public journalism out of the reflection and action consciousness of journalists. On the basis of increasingly rich public news practice, the public news theory becomes clear gradually. In this sense, we can say that the emergence of American public journalism theory is the result of American journalists' self-dilemma to the media and redemption to the plight of American social democratic life.

The public news movement rose in the United States around 1990, and this popular news form has other names, such as public service news, citizen news, aid community news, etc. "In 1993, New York university journalism professor jay rosen and Columbia University journalism professor James ・ Carey news scholars began to research to the theory of public journalism."

"Public journalism is about engaging people in public life to improve public life," says Merritt, a veteran public journalist. Professor rosen sees public journalism as a "tool of democracy" with four fundamental values. The second is to help the political community solve problems instead of just understanding them; Third, improve the environment for public discussion rather than watch it deteriorate; Fourth, help improve public life.

According to the above researcher's theoretical expression of public news, the public's more participation in public affairs and news reporting is the core principle that public news is different from other traditional news. In this sense, more accurate and specific "public news" can also be expressed as "public participatory journalism". The connotation of "citizen" and "public" is more specific than "public". To further explore the meaning of "citizens" here, it mainly refers to the civilian individuals and groups that are less concerned about in traditional news reports. This innovative news form is to encourage more civilians to participate in public affairs.

A journalism professor at this news phenomenon in research and promote this kind of news activities when expressed as "public news", the first is to describe the convenient, multiple words into a word, the other is likely due to "public news", the concept of the concept of "public participatory news" is more big, people tend to prefer more grand theory construction concept. The grand concept may look beautiful in theory, but in practice it is easy to be questioned and difficult to respond effectively. For example, researchers have a vague response that doesn't require a clear concept at the beginning. "There is a lack of an accepted concept of public journalism. In this regard, the advocates of public news believe that, for an emerging news style, it is not good for its further development to determine its concept prematurely.

A professor at the university of north Carolina ・ Philip meyer put forward "public news" career goal contains six aspects:

Public news to help improve the public participation of public affairs could be used to raise public awareness of the news media, because many of the information disclosure of public affairs, communication and negotiation need through news media platform, the public pay more attention to the news media is to improve the result of the media market range, are beneficial to the news media's own development and the social public life is smooth.

Traditional news reports often show jumping and trivialization, which makes readers tired of coping and not knowing what to do. This terrible news report has caused a considerable number of readers to lose. While the public news keeps paying attention to an ongoing issue for a long time with a beginning and an end, which conforms to the thinking habit of readers and is also conducive to the promotion and resolution of public affairs.

Public journalists not only requires considerable observation ability and the ability to record, also need to have the ability to profound explanation and context of social issues, social phenomenon and reasons for the results make a well-founded explanation, in line with the objective law and the essential characteristics of the objective matters, which also helps to improve the public news report and the credibility of the news media.

Traditional news reports tend to focus on anomalies that are "extreme". Traditional news reports are mostly based on the abnormal news reporting principle of "dog bites are not news, human bites are news". They attach more importance to extreme social phenomena and lack interest in public activities in normal state. However, the public activities in normal state are the main body of citizens' life, and they deserve the corresponding social attention and news report, which is exactly the direction of public news reform.

Traditional news reports often ignore the candidates' ability to deal with public affairs and personal character when paying attention to public political activities such as the presidential election, the governor election and the mayor election, and turn to focus on the candidates' debate skills, public relations methods and various tidbits, showing the tendency of serious political news entertainment and levity. Public news, on the other hand, tries its best to connect candidates and the public, set an agenda that is highly relevant to the public interest, and show candidates' administrative ability through multiple perspectives. This way of news operation reflects public journalists' high sense of social responsibility and the courage to face serious social reality.

According to American thinker lippmann, ordinary people have low rational ability, and their thinking is like a mirage. Lipman advocates elite governance of society and elite democracy. This biased conceit and arrogance of social democracy is not Shared by well-meaning and responsible public journalists. The public news believes that the temporarily low rationality of some citizens shows that they need to receive good education. The public news can become one of the platforms to cultivate the public's rational thinking ability.

The six objectives of public news stipulate the ways and contents of public news activities from the perspectives of public awareness, the length of media attention, the depth of social system, the attention to the middle part, the emphasis on political reporting content, and the cultivation of public thinking ability. These goals are beautiful, but they are relatively abstract and do not have strong operability in the practice of specific public journalism. This may be because the subject of theoretical generalization is a journalism professor in the college. The discourse system of scholars is different from that of journalists who take concrete actions in public journalism.

The core idea of public journalism is to encourage the public to participate in public affairs, which is consistent with the democratic thought and democratic way advocated by the American thinker Dewey.

"Dewey believes that communication is participation and is an activity between subjects based on participation to achieve experience sharing." Public news communication, through understanding and investigating public issues of common concern to the public in the community, sets up important issues of democratic life jointly by public journalists and the public who are willing to participate in the negotiation and discussion of the issues. Public news reports keep a long-term focus on specific public issues until the issues have results. In this process of reporting and negotiation, public journalists and community members of the public share their personal life experience, rational observation and thinking ability, and ways of thinking to solve problems. Public news reports can protect the rights of ordinary citizens to participate in democracy, express their interest demands, and respect and realize the rights of expression, participation and supervision of citizens ignored by elite communities. "" Dewey's ideal of democracy embodied the democratic ideal of the participation of all citizens. Dewey agreed with lipman's doubts about the quality of the public, but also acknowledged the reality of low citizenship, but he believed that the quality of citizenship can be cultivated, and citizens education should be the core of democratic life." From a moral point of view, Dewey's idea of democracy for all people is more upright and noble in character strength than lipman's elite rule. Dewey is full of humanitarian concern for the situation of civilians, and hopes to improve the thinking ability and action ability of civilians and improve their quality of life through public education. Dewey zealously advocated equality for all, full of the spirit of fraternity. Mr Lipman is mostly stuck in the elite he identifies with, indifferent to the plight of the people.

The public journalism with rich humanitarian concern inherits the national democratic thought of the great thinker Dewey, and is committed to satisfying the education needs of citizens to some extent through long-term public news activities, enabling citizens to have higher democratic literacy and participate in public democratic life more efficiently.

Habermas's theory of the public sphere and the theory of negotiations states that anyone with the ability to speak and act can participate in the negotiations. Everyone has the right to challenge any assertion; Everyone is entitled to make any assertion in the discussion; Everyone has the right to express their attitudes, wishes and demands. No one is unable to exercise these rights because of coercion from outside the negotiation. Habermas describes a public space based on the equal rights of all citizens to negotiate and express, which is an idealized public sphere. In real life, citizens of different identities and positions in the same group often enjoy unequal rights of negotiation and expression. The strong tend to be more confident, while the weak tend to be more timid. The idealized public sphere is the one shining with the glory of equality, and it is through concrete actions that public information does what it can to help reduce and eliminate inequality in society.

Habermas' "consultative public" is admired by the journalism theorist haass, who hopes to promote the idea of consensus to guide the development of public journalism. "I think the so-called guiding 'public philosophy' is a theoretical interpretation of how journalists should view the public, what forms of public journalism and responses should be encouraged, and how to influence public discourse in practice," haass said. In 1989, German thinker habermas's book "structural changes in the public domain" was published in English, which made waves in the American thinking circle. The press also benefited from this great book's enlightenment. Public news theorist James Carey said: "the news of the real problem is that this term has been dissolved, based on the public is partly dissolved journalism on their own. Journalism has meaning only in relation to the public and to public life. So the fundamental problem with journalism is rebuilding the public sphere." "The democratic responsibility of the media is to play its public role in 'amplifying and improving' the conversation of the interlocutor," says journalism scholar rosen.

Public news theory is not closer to the practical level of the concept of "participatory news" instead of directly using the concept in practice some of them sound - "public news", in addition to mentally fit to habermas's public sphere theory, perhaps because the first word of "public sphere" is an abstract concept of "public", rather than a specific concept of "public". In this sense, people can probably understand that the spiritual pursuit of "public participation journalism" is the public in the abstract level, so the press USES the relatively grand concept of "public journalism" to describe it.

Social responsibility theorists argue that "the freedom of the public is higher than the freedom of the press. Protecting the freedom of the press is only to protect the interests of the consumers of the press. Asked that the news media social responsibility theory with practical action to defend the democratic politics of the United States, as in the late 1980 s of the news media is filled with too many boring political reporting and make more and more public willingness to participate in the democratic agenda when falling, some journalists actively responded to the requirements of the news media's social responsibility theory, started the practice of the public news exploration and theoretical discussion. The public news turns the social responsibility theory into the concrete contemporary news practice and realizes the media's social responsibility in the public news practice. In this sense, the media's social responsibility theory is one of the theoretical sources of public news.

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