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建立人际资源圈澳洲论文代写：Rethinking Sustainable Development
2017-05-09 来源: 51due教员组 类别: 更多范文
本篇澳洲论文代写讲了根据Nemat Shafik的意见，成功实现千年发展目标的框架对当前世界形势至关重要。由于债务水平高，许多国家多年来不能采取支出措施。在这种情况下，要做好几点工作：重新思考金融部门的激励措施和监管，提供足够的新的就业机会，以及修改国际货币体系的作用。本篇澳洲论文代写由51due论文代写机构整理，供大家参考阅读。
According to the opinion from Nemat Shafik, to succeed a framework for achieving the Millennium Development Goals is essential to the current world situation. With high levels of debt, many countries can not undertake spending initiatives for many years. Under this circumstance, several tasks should be done: rethinking financial sector incentives and regulation, delivering sufficient new employment opportunities, and the revise of the role of international monetary system.
The most immediate issue is to recover the confidence in the global economy. Due to the continuing uncertainty about developments in the euro area and a potential fiscal crisis in the United States, global economy encountered a slow growth again. The key to restore confidence in the global recovery is to offer job opportunities and accomplish low unemployment rate in many countries all over the world, especially Europe and the Middle East.
Although the Millennium Development has made big achievements to reduce absolute poverty, the global economy recovery has not been fully restored. With socially and environmentally responsibility, how to maintain the high growth rate in incomes in the emerging markets is a big challenge to the global economy.
The new imperatives for global economy should follow below areas,
The widened income inequality increases the society irritation and the political risk. Although the economy has made the living standards grow on average, the income inequality has not been tackled.
The unemployment rate keeps running up even when five years after the financial crisis. The existing unemployment and the new entrants coming into the labor market should be absorbed.
There will be more than 9 billion people worldwide by 2050, of which, 85% will live in developing countries. How to fight against hunger, disease, and poverty is still a big issue to the global economy.
From the environmental perspective, the continuing loss in biodiversity and the worse in global warming brings sustainable development to the attention.
To tackle all the issues mentioned above, a new agenda should be addressed upon the global scope. Furthermore, the new agenda should address the different responsibilities to all the economies in the world. Current economic situation needs effective global leadership, in that, policy coordination can make an effort in international cooperation.
The IMF truly has made a difference in helping the global recovery from the financial crisis in the past five years. However, there is still much to do for IMF, like strengthen global stability, support countries in downturns, build a crisis firewall, make growth more inclusive, and design policies for the green economy. IMF lays the foundation for economic growth that creates jobs, generates resources to protect the poor and environment, and ultimately sows the seeds for peace and stability.
Path to Development
Since 2000, the Millennium Development Goals was adopted. Three key issues has been tackled, global poverty, the likelihood of a child dying before age five, and the proportion of people without access to safe water. However, to succeed in the Millennium Development Goals, how to make decisions on the financing framework, environmental targets, and the sustainable development goals are crucial. Since the change of global economy has happened in technology, trade and finance, Not only in 2015 but through 2030 and beyond, international partnership, commitment and flexibility are essential to improve the global condition.
Partnership involves advanced, emerging market, and developing economies establish a comprehensive partnership to implement the right policies and provide the needed resources.
Sustained commitment should be made from every partner from now through 2030 and beyond.
Flexibility means that individual countries must establish the policies suitable for its own circumstances.To address poverty and promote development, developing countries have the advantages to drive economic growth. Implementing sound macro-economic policies are the basics to achieve economic growth. Healthy fiscal positions and adequate international reserves helps in policy implementation and private investment. Furthermore, to support development, mobilizing revenue is a priority so that taxes must be simple; additional revenue supported by public financial management must be used in development. Another perspective is that the private sector remains an essential part in development. Beyond these measures, developing countries must accomplish the goals that spread the benefits of growth to all segments of the population and contain environmental damage.
To foster a growing economic environment, international cooperation is a responsibility and an obligation. A form of exchange, partnership, and cooperation is the foundation to global development efforts. Below five areas are the developments supported by international cooperation.
A global trading system can benefit developing economies.
Revenue in developing economies can be safeguarded by international tax cooperation.
Advanced economies should increase aid to those world’s poorest economies.
Establish a framework to handle sovereign debt can promote efficient resolution.Environmental issues like global warning can only be tackled by the partnerships through controlling carbon dioxide emissions and assisting low-income economies.
IMF’s role in help developing economies will focus on the support to the poorest and most fragile economies. . In terms of financing help, IMF will continue to help the poorest and most fragile economies by providing more loans for the developing countries. From the policy perspective, IMF will help solve the issues like inequality, gender, and access by leveraging the expertise of partner institutions. What’s more, IMF provides capacity building and advice to countries; technical assistance like support for revenue mobilization and infrastructure investment.
A Quest for Quality
There has been researches showing that strong growth rate doesn’t ensure better living conditions and high growth alone doesn’t ensure to improve in social outcomes. As many developing countries has been gone through high economic growth these days, poverty, inequality and unemployment indicators remain high.
Under this circumstance, in a recent paper written by Mlachila, Tapsoba, and Tapsoba, 2014, a quality of growth index (QGI) is created to measure the both the intrinsic nature of growth and its social dimension. The quality of growth index (QGI) contains two aspects, growth fundamentals and social outcomes. Under the growth fundamentals, the index takes into account strength, volatility, diversification, and demand composition, while social outcomes contain health and education.
There are several differences between the quality of growth index (QGI) and human development index (HDI). First, the HDI mostly measures income levels. The index is created by calculating the level of income per capita in a given year. However, the QGI takes into account both the income level and the nature of growth. What’s more, QGI focuses on the quality of specific episodes of growth both within and across countries, which provides the policymakers the evidence about how the growth strategy is yielding, and further determine whether it is a good or bad policy. QGI also has the ability to track the growth and social outcomes especially to the current or recent policies.
According to the findings from QGI, the quality of growth index has been getting better over the past decades. The main reasons behind this symptom are the global moderation of external shocks such as terms-of-trade fluctuations; the implementation of generally sound macroeconomic policies; and a gradual shift toward more socially friendly public spending.
Another finding is that the differences between high performers and low performers tend to be narrow. It certainly will be more difficult for high performs to keep on improving if its quality of growth is already in the high level. Meanwhile, the low performers will generate high growth rate in quality of growth.
In terms of region, top QGI performers are Latin America, central and eastern Europe, and Asia and the Pacific. The significant improvement in the index’s social component comes from the shift to the market economies in Latin America and the substantial productivity gains through technology and innovation transfers in Asia and the Pacific.
Improving macroeconomic and political stability, institutional quality, pro-poor public spending, financial development and a more favorable external environment all play an important role in improving the quality of growth index. Several steps involves to increase public resources for social sectors such as health and education, put more efforts on financial development and more external conditions, especially foreign direct investment.
From the perspective from the room for improvement of the QGI, the main issue here is that the QGI can not be used in future prediction of current policies to the long term sustainability.
