Civil Rights Movement--论文代写范文精选

51due论文代写网精选代写范文：“Civil Rights Movement ”  美国民权运动,开始于1954年,出现一个黑色形式的非暴力抗议。黑人要站起来为自己的权利,为种族歧视与隔离进行斗争。民权运动，一个非暴力的黑人权力运动，发生于在一个白人优越主义的国家。其中有许多因素，其中一个关键因素，帮助塑造公民权利是第二次世界大战和冷战。美国在二战后的情况,因为人类和公民权利日益增长的国际关注。

The Fight of the Civil Rights Movement During the period of the Civil Rights Movement, which took place from 1954 to 1965, there was a form of non-violent black protest that arose with empowering force. It was a time where blacks were going to stand up for themselves with determination, and were going to fight to enforce desegregation. There would be no form of physical retaliation, no matter how badly insulted or attacked.

This paper is going to analyze the organizations, protests, and political leaders in the Civil Rights Movement as well as mark the significant changes from a non-violent to a militant black power movement in a white supremacist country. There were many factors that helped shape the modern movement for Civil Rights in American society. One of these key factors that helped shape civil rights was post World War II and the Cold War. Since the United States failed to protect its “citizens,” African Americans would reach out to the world for help. The United States was put in a rough situation after World War II because of the growing international concern for human and civil rights. The Soviets pointed to the “U.S. Policy” of discriminating against minorities.

As the rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union heated up, every incident of mistreatment to minorities was used as a chance to embarrass the United States with propaganda. They used the propaganda to influence the many developing, newly independent nations. Many of the newly independent nations were of other descent then white. In fear of communism taking over, the United States took away the privilege from prominent African Americans of traveling over seas to other countries, so the stories heard around the world would not be confirmed. The United States would also use McCarthyism as a tool to break up and to deport active leaders such as W.E.B. Du Bois and organizations like the Southern Conference for Human Welfare (SCHW). To fight back against being labeled a “communist,” organizations like the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) criticized the United States government through a series of editorials and articles, public speeches, and congressional hearings that would be heard internationally. December 1, 1955 marks a day that played a role in the shape of the modern Civil Rights Movement. On this day, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on the bus to a white gentleman.

She was arrested in Montgomery, Alabama for not giving up her seat. Parks told the police “They [two policemen] asked if the driver had asked me to stand up, and I said yes, and they wanted to know why I didn’t. I told them I didn’t think I should have to stand up. After I had paid my fare and occupied a seat, I didn’t think I should have to give it up.”1 E.D. Nixon, an officer with the all-black Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and local head of the NAACP, bailed her out of jail and the black community followed her. The black citizens wanted to sit wherever they wanted, and they were going to do this by boycotting the Montgomery Bus Line. The Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) was created to coordinate the Montgomery Bus Boycott. E. D. Nixon asked Martin Luther King Jr. to be the MIA’s president and lead the protest with Jo Ann Robinson. Robinson was a professor at the all-black Alabama State College, and a member of the Women’s Political Council (WPA). At a meeting at the Holt Street Baptist Church, King delivered a speech that set the guidelines for the boycott and the definition of what civil rights would mean. He said “When the history books are written in the future, somebody will have to say, ‘There lived a race of people, black people, fleecy locks and black complexion, people who had moral courage to stand up for their rights. And thereby they injected a new meaning into the veins of history and civilization.’ And we’re gonna do that. God grant that we will do it before it’s too late.”2 As day by day went by, the one day protest ended up lasting almost a year.

When the efforts to end the boycott failed, the whites resorted to violence. Martin Luther King Jr’s. House was bombed, and the very next day E. D. Nixon’s house was bombed as well. Many of the stores were losing business because of the boycott which cost them thousands of dollars. The all-white Montgomery government did not want to give in to the protest. Any politician who would defend segregation had no hopes of staying in office. The NAACP and the MIA took the protest to the federal courts. In keeping in line with the Brown II decision which said the “separate but equal” doctrine had no place in public education. If integration in a public place like school was allowed, then the buses should be integrated as well. On November 13, 1956 the United States Supreme Court ordered an end to the Montgomery’s bus segregation. In spite of KKK marches, cross burnings, bomb threats, and everyday difficulties of getting to work, the MIA won a lot more than just a more humane form of segregation. They produced the strategy for protests in the future, and gained an appreciation for who they were as first-class citizens. After the 385 days, the boycott was over. The fours students of North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College had the right idea of how to shape the modern Civil Rights Movement, when they sat down at the counter of a Woolworth’s in Greensboro, North Carolina on February 1, 1960. When Joseph McNeill, Ezell Blair Jr., David Richmond, and Franklin McCain sat down at the counter and tried to order, the reply was “I’m sorry, we don’t serve you here.”3 Instead of getting up and leaving, the four boys decided to sit at the counter until closing.

Not being able to sit at the counter was a straight out symbol of white supremacy even though the blacks were allowed to spend their money there. Standing up for their rights as human beings, just like Rosa Parks had, had given them the attention as being a hero. The next day, the same act was repeated, but with more students demanding their rights. As the idea of the sit-in spread across the south, they faced arrests and attacks. 175 students, from over thirty states, who wanted to fight to keep the civil rights movement going. The students gathered together at Shaw University to fight for their equal rights. With the advice from Ella Baker, who managed operations in the SCLC’s Atlanta headquarters, the students established the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC0). SNCC attracted people who were looking to fight for their freedom and risk their lives while doing it. SNCC pushed the limits of the civil rights movement by traveling into the deep south. On October 19, 1960, Dr. King along with numerous students from the Atlanta University complex, were arrested for trying to be served at the Magnolia Room.

The next day King was released by the help of Robert Kennedy, John F. Kennedy’s brother. This was a key moment in obtaining the black vote. The black community was now in favor of Kennedy which would help him defeat Richard Nixon in the election of 1960. The black community was looking for ways to pressure Kennedy into enacting new laws for equal rights. The main organization trying to do this was the Congress of Racial Equality. CORE had been founded by a group of nonviolent activists. In 1947, CORE planned a “Journey of Reconciliation.” This was supposed to desegregate public transportation in the south. The CORE eventually died down during the 1950s, but then revived when the sit-ins came about. In the spring of 1961, CORE recruited thirteen people, both black and white. They were ready to face anything that was put in front of them. They knew that they would face resistance. They needed to gain attention to the media and let President Kennedy know that the south was not following the Boynton decision of 1961. This stated that the Supreme Court had ruled against segregation in interstate transportation.

The activists rode in two separate buses where the white people would sit in the back, and the black people would sit in the front. Also the black people would be able to use the white peoples’ bathroom, and the white people would use the black peoples’ bathroom. The sit-ins showed how far the white southerners would go to keep segregation throughout the south. The buses left from Washington D.C. and traveled down to New Orleans. On May 14, the freedom rides met an angry mob of more than 1,000 white people in Anniston, Alabama. The mob firebombed the bus and attacked the riders who tried to get away. All of the riders had to be hospitalized. The police had been given notice of the freedom ride, but they were no where in sight when they were attacked. The media swarmed around the attacks, and news services flashed the attacks across the world. The Civil Rights Movement gained support and, this made the Kennedy Administration have to act. SNCC coordinated more people to ride to show that violence and racism would not prosper. Alabama authorities agreed to protect the riders from Birmingham to Montgomery.

The riders again were attacked by a mob when leaving the Montgomery Bus Terminal. There were no police in sight. In Response, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy sent over 400 federal marshals to restore order. Martin Luther King and Ralph Abernathy joined the movement on May 21 as 1,200 men and women met at the First Baptist Church in Montgomery. There were riots, car burnings, and fighting with federal authorities as the meeting took place. The National Guard was sent in to protect the protesters. The freedom rides showed an increased commitment to non-violence, a direct-action to protest, and willingness by many to fight for their equal rights. Even though they were attacked and beaten they never showed any desire of giving up. Prison sentences and racist attacks never made the black community turn away from the fight.

The freedom rides revealed how the Kennedy Administration was timid on protecting the civil rights of African Americans. The purpose of the Freedom Ride was to get the Kennedy Administration to take a stand on civil rights, and that is exactly what it did. As the Civil Rights Movement moved on, people were getting tired of the non-violent practices. They felt that they were not accomplishing as much as they should be. A person who felt this way was Malcolm X, who had a Black Nationalist vision. “His voice resonated among young black in part because of his willingness to upset white allies, to say whatever he wanted without regard to whether it met liberal standards or approval.” (Levy 29) Even though Malcolm X was assassinated on February 21, 1965, he started a new movement and earned the admiration from many in the late 1960s. In the summer of 1966, Stokely Carmichael, the new chair of SNCC, introduced the world to the term “black power.” Black power meant that “if a Negro is elected sheriff, he can end police brutality.

If a black man is elected tax assessor, he can collect and channel funds for the building of better roads and schools serving black people.”4 As the term “black power” swept the nation, many nationalist groups were formed. One of the largest nationalist groups was the Black Panther Party for Self Defense, which was a new expression of black militancy. The party was founded in Oakland, California in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale. The Panthers took up arms for self defense and patrolled their neighborhoods to protect black community and monitor the police. As the party got stronger, the FBI wanted to “prevent the coalition of militant black nationalist groups.”5 This program that the FBI used was called COINTELPRO. The FBI used tactics like the ones they used to get rid of Communists in the United States. By the time COINTELPRO was discontinued, almost all of the Black Panther Party had been arrested, run out of the country, or killed.

The fight for equality is an everlasting battle. No one will ever no when the protests and the struggle is going to end. Like Martin Luther King Jr. said “I have a dream that one nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: “We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men are created equal.” I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood… I have a dream that my four children will one day live in a nation where they will not judged by color of their skin but by the content of their character.”6 The American society is not perfect, but yet we are still trying to perfect it. Bibliography: 1Peter B. Levy, The Civil Rights Movement, Pg. 9 2Darlene Clark Hine, William C. Hine, Stanley Harrold, The African-American Odyssey, Pg. 501 3Peter B. Levy, The Civil Rights Movement, Pg. 13 4Peter B. Levy, The Civil Rights Movement, Pg. 29 5Peter B. Levy, The Civil Rights Movement, Pg. 30 6 Darlene Clark Hine, William C. Hine, Stanley Harrold, The African-American Odyssey, Pg. 519 Bibliographies 1. Hine/Hine/Harold. The African-American Odyssey (Prentice-Hall Inc, 2000) 2. Levy, Peter B. The Civil Rights Movement (Greenwood Press, 1998) 3. Blumberg, Rhoda Lois, Civil Rights: The 1960’s Freedom Struggle (Twayne Publishers: Boston, 1991) 4. Riches, William T. Martin, The Civil Rights Movement (St. Martin’s Press, 1997.-X

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