A Discussion of the Development of Greek Pottery

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- A Discussion of the Development of Greek Pottery，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了希腊陶器的发展。古希腊的陶器生产十分繁荣，制作工艺和装饰水平都达到了前所未有的高度。在不同的历史、经济、文化背景下，有古希腊的陶器有着不同的发展，根据其不同的装饰风格和演化的过程。

Introduction

Pottery production in ancient Greece is very prosperous, and the production process and the level of decoration have reached an unprecedented height. Within different historical, economic, cultural context, there is development of the ancient Greek pottery. They can be divided into the geometric period (9th century BC - 8th century BC), the Orientalizing period (7th century BC), periods of objects utilizing the black-figure technique (6th century BC), periods of objects utilizing the red-figure technique (5th century BC) according to its decorative style of the different and evolution of the process. In this article, it is to have an examination of the various techniques and quality of naturalism based on the selection of four pottery objects during the student’s visit to the Lowe Art Museum on the University of Miami campus in Coral Gables which evolved over about four centuries from geometric period, the Orientalizing period, periods of objects utilizing the black-figure technique, periods of objects utilizing the red-figure technique.

Heron Class Olla from Greek pottery of geometric period

The selected work of this period is Heron Class Olla in 750 BEC. For pottery during geometric period, the pattern of pottery pots has various shapes and sizes. There are bottle with both ears and bottles with handle cups. And their functions also vary from the dietary and daily use, to ashes cans and sacrifice funeral objects. This pottery selected is with two ears. According to the style of decorative themes and characteristics of pottery during geometric period, it can be divided into two stages of development. In the first stage there is the use of parallel lines, cross lines, triangles, S lines and wrinkle decoration as the main features. In the selected work(see figure 1) below, there are a lot of parallel lines in a vertical manner and horizontal manner. In addition, the cross lines forms the pattern similar to that of wheat, and some other complex patterns like that big square at the bottom part of this pottery. In general, this pottery emphasizes the symmetry of artifacts on the composition. According to the shape of pottery, there is a rhythmic coverage of the entire or the main part of the pottery, echoing each other in a unified way. In addition, there are also some rich changes between different patterns at different level, just as shown in figure 1: the patterns at the bottom of the pottery are just parallel lines, but when it comes to the top of it, there are different figures of birds of different sizes in each level, so as to get a effect of variation and change in a stable manner. This pottery is special with the appearance of the birds and the other complex characters and images. These decorative patterns are primitive and simple. And in terms of burning, soil and glaze of pottery, it also has a high level, which is a true reflection of aesthetic concepts and social productivity level of the people of that era. Also, it is characterized by a patterned decoration. It seems to be directly from the late Mycenaean pottery decoration, the content of pottery decoration for Heron Class Olla is related to specifically the hunting, which can be seen from the images of birds and horses above it. The main feature of the animal decoration is the depiction on the side of it, highlighting the body part, and the buttocks and legs of those birds and horses. Although there are plenty of birds, these animals are not completely similar with the birds next to them but have similar postures with the creature which is not next to them. This highlighted the symmetry within changes as well. Thus, in this artifact, it shows the regular, and orderly decoration tradition with the use of a large number of parallel lines and patterns in symmetry.

Figure 1 Heron Class Olla from Greek pottery of geometric period

Perfume flask of the Orientalizing period

Since the 8th century BC, the Greeks began to colonize the Mediterranean and coast of the Black Sea. By the 7th century BC, the Greeks had frequent trade with countries such as Egypt, Assyria and Syria and other countries and regions. At that time, the culture of these countries and regions has been quite developed, pottery and other arts and crafts are all flourishing, which thus formed a great impact on the Greek pottery production process and decorative style. The result is the Greek pottery decoration appeared a new face which is shown in perfume flask in BCE 600 with the decorative patterns being mainly birds(see figure 2). This is most evident in the imitation of oriental animal and plant patterns and monsters and so on. In the perfume flask in BCE 600, the oriental pattern style pottery is shown clearly, given its decorative content being mainly animal with fantasy image.  Also, the perfume flask in BCE 600 shows another feature of pottery of the Orientalizing period. The pottery are mainly of small size. It is a clay pot with a small mouth, and pot body is depicting a huge waterfowl after the deformation of the wings and which is about to fly. The thick lines of waterfowl’s head and delicate neck lines formed a strong contrast. At the same time in the pot body, there also appeared parallel lines, which is affected by the ancient Egypt with the animal image as the main decorative content. The pattern of pottery such as birds shown in perfume flask in BCE 600 is unique to the pottery Orientalizing period.

Figure 2:Perfume flask of the Orientalizing period

Column Krater of the periods utilizing the black-figure technique

Pottery with the black-figure technique is produced in the context of the reform, and it marks that the ancient Greek pottery enters into the prosperous period. Column Krater (see figure 3) between BC 6 to the 5th century was seeing the prosperous period of the Greek pottery craft, which was exactly the same as the pace of the formation and development of Greek slavery democracy.

In the middle of the 6th century BC, the Greek pottery developed into the  black-figure technique period, and content of pottery decoration is either a mythical story or heroic legend. And often they are made with two ears for dividing the pottery into two large sectors. One side of Column Krater is composed by two female and two male figures, and the other side of it is the depiction of carriages, one male figure and some female figures which appeared before but with some different postures. In Column Krater, there was so-called black-figure and black pattern, which forms a contrast with the red or yellow color as the main color of the body of this pottery. And the black figures look like silhouette under the black-figure techniques, and their internal structure seem to be carved by lines. The color of this pottery has become rich, and in addition to black, there is also red and white of Column Krater. In addition to the black-figure technique, this pottery’s shape become very complex with the function of being a mixing bowls, compared to early ones. Its ears reflect its practicality. The pot shape is simple and dignified. In addition, for Greek pottery during this period, they often left the producers and designers of the name. For Column Krater, there is a label of Rycott painter. Thus, the then producers and designers have a certain social status, and received the attention of society. With a special black mud glaze, human characters on the pottery decorated with a the black-figure technique are more complex and vivid. At the bottom and upper body of it, it is the bright black, depicting the four human figures to play the game or make a sacrifice scene in religion. The shape of those four people has a perfect combination with the bottle. Also, four figures on the pottery dressed differently and have different looks, whose themes may come from fairy tales and historical legends. There seems to be an activities carried out among them, and the pottery seem to tell a story. It also shows that there is the emergence of professional division of labor.

Figure 3 Column Krater of the periods utilizing the black-figure technique

Oil bottle of periods utilizing the red-figure technique

During this period, the development of the ancient democracy of Athens slave reached the peak, and the ancient Greek entered into the golden age. The so-called red-figure technique is using black or dark brown as the outline and decoration in the reddish-brown or tawny body of pottery, and then the rest part of the image was coated with black pigment. Compared to the black-figure technique, its effect is more flexible, comfortable, and colorful. Also, the red-figure technique pays attention to not only the correct observation, and description of the human body structure and muscle tissue, but also begins to take into account the three-dimensional performance of the object. Objects utilizing the red-figure technique can be divided into two categories: one is large pottery for the mixed wine; the second is the cup, pots, and other small pottery.

For the selected work, it belongs to the second kind of objects utilizing the red-figure technique. In this oil bottle, the pottery decoration tends to focus on the rich level of performance, scenes, and the characters. This work reflects the imitation of composition of the mural, which commonly used level to show space and time. At the same time, there are some magnificent, rigorous and skillful works. It shows the composition of complexity and phenomenon of focusing on three-dimensional effect. There is pursuit of painting effect for pottery decorative, which is achieved with the use a variety of lines to describe the flexibility to form a similar painting effect. Also, it depicts a scene of a human being in daily life. The scenes in this oil bottle is more realistic with increased degrees of freedom, flexible use of various lines. In addition, with the focus on not only the correct observation and description of the human body structure and muscle tissue of the red-figure technique, human body structure and muscle tissue of the figure in the oil bottle is presented very vividly.

Figure 4 Oil bottle of periods utilizing the red-figure technique

Conclusion

To sum up, specific historical, economic, and cultural context lead to the unique techniques, subjects, and artistic features of Heron Class Olla from Greek pottery of geometric period, Perfume flask of the Orientalizing period Column Krater of the periods utilizing the black-figure technique, oil bottle of periods utilizing the red-figure technique. There is a gradual maturation and complexity in the use of color. As for subject matter, the first two potteries focus on the objects from the natural world, and the later two turned to human beings.

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