Black language in America

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- Black language in America，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国的黑人语言。黑人语言，就是一种具有非裔美国人特征的美式英语方言，它主要通用于居住在美国南部及其他城市里，教育程度不高，经济收入较低且社会地位也相对较低的黑人和少数白人之间。尽管黑人语言和所谓的标准美国英语不同，但是它并不是一个混乱而且任意变化的语言变体，它在语音和句法等方面的变化都有一定的规律可循，有着自己的语言体系。

The so-called black language is an American English dialect with African American characteristics. It is mainly used by blacks and white minorities living in the southern United States and other cities. In recent years, however, black English in the United States has gradually become an important social dialect rather than a pure national dialect. It has become popular at awards ceremonies, in popular rap songs and in various movies and TV series made in Hollywood. The practice of discriminating against or discriminating against black English as inferior is absolutely wrong and totally unfounded linguistically. Although black English is different from the so-called standard American English, it is not a chaotic and randomly changing language variant. It has certain rules to follow in terms of phonetic and syntactic changes. In other words, black English has its own language system. So, let's have a preliminary understanding and discussion of black English.

The first black slaves were transported to the United States in 1619. There were two main arguments in the academic world, one dialect hypothesis, that after the first slaves arrived in the United States, they were sold to work on plantations in the southern states. For the need of communication, they could only learn English from white people, but because of racial discrimination and segregation, white people and black people could not communicate on an equal basis. They only learned the basic syntactic structure and kept some differences. These retained differences were reinforced by the use of learned white English by slaves in their own communities, and eventually became a variant of the English language. Another is Creole hypothesism, which argues that black English is the result of early Creole changes to English. Between the 16th and 19th centuries, many African slaves who spoke different languages were brought together, and "language contact led to the production of the lingua franca". Through communication, different languages come into contact with each other, so they begin to borrow some language forms from each other, and eventually form a pidgin language that can be understood by each other. This simple pidgin language became Creole in the second and third generations when black people learned it as their mother tongue from their parents. As the influence of white English grew, "Creole became un-creolized because of the influence of prestigious languages," and Creole evolved, eventually producing black English. The second view above has been accepted by most scholars. Although these two views are different and somewhat controversial, they still have their merits. However, the origin of black English has not been decided yet.

In black English, the most common phonetic feature is that th often sounds like t or d, and Thursday, for example, sounds like Dursday, and though grows out into dough. In addition, the absence of /r/ after vowels is also a phonetic feature of black English. Remember will usually be remembered, but ever will be evah. Black English tends to weaken the final consonant, especially in informal situations. For example, in standard American English, passed in black English would weaken the consonant at the end of the word and pronounce it like pas, and desk would also be pronounced as des. Consonants ending in -st, -sk, and -nd tend to weaken in black English. In terms of phonetic differences, the last characteristic of black English is to put the stress of words before the word, especially in two-syllable words such as police and motel.

There are many differences between black English and standard American English, and even some spelling rules have been accepted by most people and become a common spelling method in the United States. The most obvious rule is to change the -er ending all to -a ending, and player, for example, will write playa. In addition, the ending of ks or CKS will be changed into a single x, and the most popular one is "thanks" written as "thanx". Re and e, which are often hard to hear in rapid speech, are also often omitted in black English, such as "more", which is directly omitted as mo. These rules have become almost their spelling rules in black English, while the following are almost universal spelling rules in the United States. Gotta, wanna, outta, kinda and sorta, which have been used many times in Hollywood movies, are going to, want to, out of, kind of and sort of black English. The "g" at the end of "ing" is already a national spelling rule, such as goin ', nothin 'and so on.

The most obvious syntactic difference between black English and standard American English is usually in the use of the be verb. In black English, the be verb is usually omitted if the action or state is habitual or frequent. Kathy always be telling lie. The Socks are mine. In addition to being used to express habitual events, the verb "Be" can also Be used to indicate future tense in black English. In addition, in the present tense, black English tends to omit the be verb or use the be verb prototype, such as Daniel really good boy. Or Linda be hot girl. In standard American English, Daniel really is a good boy and Linda is a hot girl.

Another obvious syntactic feature of black English is the double negation or even multiple negation. I ain't know nothin 'about it. Double negatives can also trace their origins in standard English to the time of Shakespeare, so multiple negatives like Don't nobody say nothin 'after that. If the listener is a non-black English speaker or is not familiar with black English, such language will certainly leave him in a cloud.

As the main language used by the special group of African americans, afro-american English reflects the culture, tradition and long history of enslavement and discrimination of African americans. As the most widely used minority language in American society, black English is bound to play an increasingly important role.

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