Woman_in_the_Japanese_Employment_System

1) In 1939, League of Nations couldn`t deter Fascism and military power policy of major power countries, after the outbreak of WWⅡ, League of Nations failed to function properly. When WWⅡended in 1945, Germany gave unconditional surrender, and Yalta Conference was held by USSR, US and UK. The United Nations was formed this year to replace the League of Nations. In 1947, Marshall Plan was published. After this year, Western European Union and Organization for European Economic Cooperation was organized in the same year as the blockade of Berlin. 2years later, 1949, North Atlantic Treaty Organization was founded. After this, in 1954, the Treaty of Paris was made for West Germany rearmament and joining NATO and WEU. Opposing to this treaty, Warsaw Treaty Organization was founded in 1955. This dissolved in 1991, and after that World Trade Organization was formed from it. When is 1958, European Economic Community was inaugurated, after this year, the Cuba revolution was occurred. In 1960, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, European Free Trade Association and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development were organized. After year the Cuba crisis, Organization of African Unity was formed. In 1967, the same year as the third Middle East War happened; Association of Southeast Asia Nations and the European Community were organized. In 1993, Israel and Palestine Liberation Organization reached an peace agreement and the same year, European Union formed from EC. 2) Some international organizations are governed by unanimity rule, some others by a majority system. Still others have moved from one system to the other over time. The existing voting models, which generally assume that decisions made by voting are perfectly enforceable, have a difficult time explaining the observed variation in governance mode, and in particular the widespread occurrence of the unanimity system. A model whose main departure from standard voting models is that there is no external enforcement mechanism: each country is sovereign and cannot be forced to follow the collective decision, or in other words, the voting system must be self-enforcing. The model yields unanimity as the optimal system for a wide range of parameters, and delivers rich predictions on the variation in the mode of governance, both across organizations and over time. 3) The growth of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) at both international and national levels are due to the changing attitude of donor agencies about development assistance and the increased demand for NGO services in Third World countries. Considered part of the civil arena in society which also includes trade unions, people's associations and membership organizations, cooperatives and religious-based charities, NGOs provide a third approach to development between market-led and state-led strategies. In the post-Cold War era, governments in Third World countries are experiencing a steady decline in both fiscal support and public credibility. 4) The voting structures and 5) The first of main organs of the United Nations is General Assembly, this is the mail deliberative assembly of the United Nations. Composed of all United Nations member states, the assembly meets in regular yearly sessions under a president elected from among the member states. Over two-week period at the start of each session, all members have the opportunity to address the assembly. The second organ is Security Council. This organ is charged with maintaining peace and security among countries. While other organs of the United Nations can only make recommendations to member governments, the Security Council has the power to make binding decisions that member governments have agreed to carry out, under the terms of Charter Article 25. The decisions of the Council are known as United Nations Security Council resolutions. Third organ is Secretariat. This is headed by the Secretary-General, assisted by a staff of international civil servants worldwide. It provides studies, information, and facilities needed by United Nations bodies for their meetings. It also carries out tasks as directed by UN bodies. Next organ is the International Court of Justice. It is the primary judicial organ of the United Nations. Its purpose is to adjust disputes among states. The court has heard cases related to war crimes, illegal state interference and ethnic cleansing, among others, and continues to hear cases. Economic and Social Council is the fifth organ. ECOSOC assists the General Assembly in promoting international economic and social cooperation and development. It is well-positioned to provide policy coherence and coordinate the overlapping functions of the UN`s subsidiary bodies and it is in these roles that it is most active. Formerly sixth organ was the Trusteeship Council suspended operations in 1994. Because Palau that used to be a region of Trusteeship Council became independent in 1994. 6) United States, United Kingdom, France, Russia, and China have permanent representation at the United Nations and veto power. Veto power enables them to prevent the adoption of any “substantive” draft Council resolution, regardless of the level of international support for the draft. The veto does not apply to procedural votes, which is significant in that the Security Council`s permanent membership can vote against a “procedural” draft resolution, without necessarily blocking its adoption by the Council. 7) UN peace keeping operations can be further divided into two broad categories: military observer missions and peace-keeping forces. Military observer missions are composed of unarmed officers and range in strength from a few observers to several hundred. Peace-keeping forces are composed primarily of armed military units; their strength has ranged from about a thousand to tens of thousands of troops. 3 examples include UN operations in Cyprus, the Golan Heights and Kashmir. 8) There are several lessons which have emerged from recent experience of regional organizations. It is imperative that regional security operations be mandated by the Security Council if the legal basis of the international security system is to be maintained. Frequently, such operations will also need the wider political support that only the United Nations can provide, and peace settlements will often require United Nations involvement under Security Council authority. (9)In the Iran crisis, The UN Security Council made a resolution 1696; acting under Article 40 of Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations. United States proposal on 31 May 2006 of direct talks with Iran in return for Iran's commitment to suspend its nuclear enrichment and reprocessing work represents a glimmer of possibility that a potentially dangerous international crisis can be defused. NATO is supposedly a body for coordinating political-military policy across the Atlantic. If Iran is seeking, and eventually obtains, nuclear weapons, then NATO will be called upon to deter and counter Iran. NATO member Turkey borders Iran, they would want Article V guarantees against a nuclear-armed Iran. So this is a security situation in which all NATO members have a profound interest. If NATO were to make a declaration that it wishes peace with Iran, and enter into talks on confidence and security building measures, it could have a positive effect on Iran's engagement with the West. (10)The four principle of WTO is Non-Discriminations, Binding and enforceable commitments, Transparency and Safety values. Non-Discrimination has the most favored nation (MFN) rule, and the national treatment policy. Both are embedded in the main WTO rules on goods, services, and intellectual property, but their precise scope and nature differ across these areas. The MFN rule requires that a WTO member must apply the same conditions on all trade with other WTO members. National treatment means that imported and locally-produced goods should be treated equally and was introduced to tackle non-tariff barriers to trade. The second principle; Binding and enforceable commitments is the tariff commitments made by WTO members in a multilateral trade negotiation and on accession are enumerated in a schedule of concessions. Transparency is that the WTO members are required to publish their trade regulations, to maintain institutions allowing for the review of administrative decisions affecting trade, to respond to requests for information by other members, and to notify changes in trade policies to the WTO. The last principle; Safety valves is that governments are able to restrict trade in specific circumstances. There are three types of provisions in this direction: articles allowing for the use of trade measure to attain noneconomic objectives; articles aimed at ensuring “fair competition”; and provisions permitting intervention in trade for economic reasons. Exception to the MFN principle also allow for preferential treatment of developing countries, regional free trade areas and customs unions.