War_and_Its_Effects

Effects of war [pic] [pic] Disability-adjusted life year for war per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004.[59]      no data      less than 100      100-200      200-600      600-1000      1000-1400      1400-1800      1800-2200      2200-2600      2600-3000      3000-8000      8000-8800      more than 8800 It is estimated that 378 000 people died due to war each year between 1985 and 1994.[60] [pic] [pic] The Apotheosis of War (1871) by Based on 1860 census figures, 8% of all white American males aged 13 to 43 died in the American Civil War, including 6% in the North and 18% in the South.[61] Of the 60 million European soldiers who were mobilized in World War I, 8 million were killed, 7 million were permanently disabled, and 15 million were seriously injured.[62] [pic] [pic] Why', from The Disasters of War (Los desastres de la guerra), by Francisco Goya, 1812-15. A collection of depictions of the brutalities of the Napoleonic-Peninsular War. During Napoleon's retreat from Moscow, more French soldiers died of typhus than were killed by the Russians.[63] Felix Markham thinks that 450,000 crossed the Neman on 25 June 1812, of whom less than 40,000 recrossed in anything like a recognizable military formation.[64] More soldiers were killed from 1500-1914 by typhus than from all military action during that time combined.[65] In addition, if it were not for the modern medical advances there would be thousands of more dead from disease and infection. [pic] [pic] Les Grandes Misères de la guerre depict the destruction unleashed on civilians during the Thirty Years' War. On civilians Many wars have been accompanied by significant depopulations. During the Thirty Years' War in Europe, for example, the population of the German states was reduced by about 30%.[66][67] The Swedish armies alone may have destroyed up to 2,000 castles, 18,000 villages and 1,500 towns in Germany, one-third of all German towns.[68] Estimates for the total casualties of World War II vary, but most suggest that some 60 million people died in the war, including about 20 million soldiers and 40 million civilians.[69] The Soviet Union lost around 27 million people during the war, about half of all World War II casualties.[70] The largest number of civilian deaths in a single city was 1.2 million citizens dead during the 872-day Siege of Leningrad. On the economy See also: Military keynesianism Once a war has ended, losing nations are sometimes required to pay war reparations to the victorious nations. In certain cases, land is ceded to the victorious nations. For example, the territory of Alsace-Lorraine has been traded between France and Germany on three different occasions. Typically speaking, war becomes very intertwined with the economy and many wars are partially or entirely based on economic reasons such as the American Civil War. In some cases war has stimulated a country's economy (World War II is often credited with bringing America out of the Great Depression) but in many cases, such as the wars of Louis XIV, the Franco-Prussian War, and World War I, warfare serves only to damage the economy of the countries involved. For example, Russia's involvement in World War I took such a toll on the Russian economy that it almost collapsed and greatly contributed to the start of the Russian Revolution of 1917. World War II One of the starkest illustrations of the effect of war upon economies is the Second World War. The Great Depression of the 1930s ended as nations increased their production of war materials to serve the war effort.[71] The financial cost of the World War II is estimated at about a $1944 billion U.S. dollars worldwide,[72][73] making it the most costly war in capital as well as lives. Property damage in the Soviet Union inflicted by the Axis invasion was estimated to a value of 679 billion rubles. The combined damage consisted of complete or partial destruction of 1,710 cities and towns, 70,000 villages/hamlets, 2,508 church buildings, 31,850 industrial establishments, 40,000 miles of railroad, 4100 railroad stations, 40,000 hospitals, 84,000 schools, and 43,000 public libraries.[74] Factors ending a war |[pic] |This section does not cite any references or sources. | | |Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and | | |removed. (June 2008) | |[pic] |This section may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. | | |Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talk page. | | |(January 2010) | [pic] [pic] Women and priests retrieve the dead bodies of Swabian soldiers just outside the city gates of Constance after the battle of Schwaderloh. (Luzerner Schilling) The political and economic circumstances in the peace that follows war usually depends on the "facts on the ground". Where evenly matched adversaries decide that the conflict has resulted in a stalemate, they may cease hostilities to avoid further loss of life and property. They may decide to restore the antebellum territorial boundaries, redraw boundaries at the line of military control, or negotiate to keep or exchange captured territory. Negotiations between parties involved at the end of a war often result in a treaty, such as the Treaty of Versailles of 1919, which ended the First World War. A warring party that surrenders or capitulates may have little negotiating power, with the victorious side either imposing a settlement or dictating most of the terms of any treaty. A common result is that conquered territory is brought under the dominion of the stronger military power. An unconditional surrender is made in the face of overwhelming military force as an attempt to prevent further harm to life and property. For example, the Empire of Japan gave an unconditional surrender to the Allies of World War II after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (see Surrender of Japan), the preceding massive strategic bombardment of Japan and declaration of war and the immediate invasion of Manchuria by the Soviet Union. A settlement or surrender may also be obtained through deception or bluffing. Many other wars, however, have ended in complete destruction of the opposing territory, such as the Battle of Carthage of the Third Punic War between the Phoenician city of Carthage and Ancient Rome in 149 BC. In 146 BC the Romans burned the city, enslaved its citizens, and razed the buildings. Some wars or aggressive actions end when the military objective of the victorious side has been achieved. Others do not, especially in cases where the state structures do not exist, or have collapsed prior to the victory of the conqueror. In such cases, disorganised guerilla warfare may continue for a considerable period. In cases of complete surrender conquered territories may be brought under the permanent dominion of the victorious side. A raid for the purposes of looting may be completed with the successful capture of goods. In other cases an aggressor may decide to end hostilities to avoid continued losses and cease hostilities without obtaining the original objective, such as happened in the Iran–Iraq War. Some hostilities, such as insurgency or civil war, may persist for long periods of time with only a low level of military activity. In some cases there is no negotiation of any official treaty, but fighting may trail off and eventually stop after the political demands of the belligerent groups have been reconciled, a political settlement has been negotiated, or combatants are gradually killed or decide the conflict is futile. List of wars by death toll |[pic] |It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into List of wars and disasters by death toll. (Discuss)| These figures include deaths of civilians from diseases, famine, atrocities etc. as well as deaths of soldiers in battle. This is an incomplete list of wars. • 60,000,000–72,000,000 - World War II (1939–1945), (see World War II casualties)[75][76] • 36,000,000 - An Shi Rebellion (China, 755–763)[77] • 30,000,000–60,000,000 - Mongol Conquests (13th century) (see Mongol invasions and Tatar invasions)[78][79][80][81] • 25,000,000 - Qing dynasty conquest of Ming dynasty (1616–1662)[82] • 20,000,000 - World War I (1914–1918) (see World War I casualties)[83] • 20,000,000 - Taiping Rebellion (China, 1851–1864) (see Dungan revolt)[84] • 20,000,000 - Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945)[85] • 10,000,000 - Warring States Era (China, 475 BC–221 BC) • 7,000,000 - 20,000,000 Conquests of Tamerlane (1360–1405)[86][87] • 5,000,000–9,000,000 - Russian Civil War and Foreign Intervention (1917–1921)[88] • 5,000,000 - Conquests of Menelik II of Ethiopia (1882–1898)[89][90] • 3,800,000 - 5,400,000 - Second Congo War (1998–2007)[91][92][93] • 3,500,000–6,000,000 - Napoleonic Wars (1804–1815) (see Napoleonic Wars casualties) • 3,000,000–11,500,000 - Thirty Years' War (1618–1648)[94] • 3,000,000–7,000,000 - Yellow Turban Rebellion (China, 184–205) • 2,500,000–3,500,000 - Korean War (1950–1953) (see Cold War)[95] • 2,300,000–3,800,000 - Vietnam War (entire war 1945–1975) o 300,000–1,300,000 - First Indochina War (1945–1954) o 100,000–300,000 - Vietnamese Civil War (1954–1960) o 1,750,000–2,100,000 - American phase (1960–1973) o 170,000 - Final phase (1973–1975) o 175,000–1,150,000 - Secret War (1962–1975) • 2,000,000–4,000,000 - Huguenot Wars [96] • 2,000,000 - Shaka's conquests (1816–1828)[97] • 2,000,000 - Mahmud of Ghazni's invasions of India (1000–1027)[98] • 300,000–3,000,000[99] - Bangladesh Liberation War (1971) • 1,500,000–2,000,000 - Afghan Civil War (1979-) o 1,000,000–1,500,000 Soviet intervention (1979–1989) • 1,300,000–6,100,000 - Chinese Civil War (1928–1949) note that this figure excludes World War II casualties o 300,000–3,100,000 before 1937 o 1,000,000–3,000,000 after World War II • 1,000,000–2,000,000 - Mexican Revolution (1910–1920)[100] • 1,000,000 - Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)[101] • 1,000,000 - Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)[102] • 1,000,000 - Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005) • 1,000,000 - Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970) • 618,000[103] - 970,000 - American Civil War (including 350,000 from disease) (1861–1865) • 900,000–1,000,000 - Mozambique Civil War (1976–1993) • 868,000[104] - 1,400,000[105] - Seven Years' War (1756–1763) • 800,000 - 1,000,000 - Rwandan Civil War (1990–1994) • 800,000 - Congo Civil War (1991–1997) • 600,000 to 1,300,000 - First Jewish-Roman War (see List of Roman wars) • 580,000 - Bar Kokhba’s revolt (132–135CE) • 570,000 - Eritrean War of Independence (1961–1991) • 550,000 - Somali Civil War (1988- ) • 500,000 - 1,000,000 - Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) • 500,000 - Angolan Civil War (1975–2002) • 500,000 - Ugandan Civil War (1979–1986) • 400,000–1,000,000 - War of the Triple Alliance in Paraguay (1864–1870) • 400,000 - War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) • 371,000 - Continuation War (1941–1944) • 350,000 - Great Northern War (1700–1721)[106] • 315,000 - 735,000 - Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639–1651) English campaign ~40,000, Scottish 73,000, Irish 200,000-620,000[107] • 300,000 - Russian-Circassian War (1763–1864) (see Caucasian War) • 300,000 - First Burundi Civil War (1972) • 300,000 - Darfur conflict (2003-) • 230.000 - 2,000,000 - Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) • 270,000–300,000 - Crimean War (1854–1856) • 234,000 Philippine-American War (1898–1913)[108] • 230,000–1,400,000 - Ethiopian Civil War (1974–1991) • 224,000 - Balkan Wars, includes both wars (1912–1913) • 220,000 - Liberian Civil War (1989 - ) • 217,000 - 1,124,303 - War on Terror (9/11/2001–Present)[citation needed] • 200,000 - 1,000,000[109][110] - Albigensian Crusade (1208–1259) • 200,000–800,000 - Warlord era in China (1917–1928) • 200,000 - 400,000 - Politionele acties (Indonesian war of independence) (1946–1949) • 200,000 - Second Punic War (BC218-BC204) (see List of Roman battles) • 200,000 - Sierra Leone Civil War (1991–2000) • 200,000 - Algerian Civil War (1991- )[111][112] • 200,000 - Guatemalan Civil War (1960–1996) • 190,000 - Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871) • 180,000 - 300,000 - La Violencia (1948–1958) • 170,000 - Greek War of Independence (1821–1829) • 150,000 - Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990) • 150,000 - North Yemen Civil War (1962–1970) • 150,000 - Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905) • 148,000-1,000,000 - Winter War (1939) • 125,000 - Eritrean-Ethiopian War (1998–2000) • 120,000 - 384,000 Great Turkish War (1683–1699) (see Ottoman-Habsburg wars) • 120,000 - Third Servile War (BC73-BC71) • 117,000 - 500,000 - Revolt in the Vendée (1793–1796) • 103,359+ - 1,136,920+ - Invasion and Occupation of Iraq (2003–Present) • 101,000 - 115,000 - Arab-Israeli conflict (1929- ) • 100,500 - Chaco War (1932–1935) • 100,000 - 1,000,000 - War of the two brothers (1531–1532) • 100,000 - 400,000 - Western New Guinea (1984 - ) (see Genocide in West Papua) • 100,000 - 200,000 - Indonesian invasion of East Timor (1975–1978) • 100,000 - Persian Gulf War (1991) • 100,000–1,000,000 - Algerian War of Independence (1954–1962) • 100,000 - Thousand Days War (1899–1901) • 100,000 - Peasants' War (1524–1525)[113] • 97,207 - Bosnian War (1992–1995)[114] • 80,000 - Third Punic War (BC149-BC146) • 75,000 - 200,000' - Conquests of Alexander the Great (BC336-BC323) • 75,000 - El Salvador Civil War (1980–1992) • 75,000 - Second Boer War (1898–1902) • 70,000 - Boudica's uprising (AD60-AD61) • 69,000 - Internal conflict in Peru (1980- ) • 60,000 - Sri Lanka/Tamil conflict (1983–2009) • 60,000 - Nicaraguan Rebellion (1972–91) • 55,000 - War of the Pacific (1879–1885) • 50,000 - 200,000 - First Chechen War (1994–1996) • 50,000 - 100,000 - Tajikistan Civil War (1992–1997) • 50,000 - Wars of the Roses (1455–1485) (see Wars involving England) • 45,000 - Greek Civil War (1945–1949) • 41,000–100,000 - Kashmiri insurgency (1989- ) • 36,000 - Finnish Civil War (1918) • 35,000 - 40,000 - War of the Pacific (1879–1884) • 35,000 - 45,000 - Siege of Malta (1565) (see Ottoman wars in Europe) • 30,000 - Turkey/PKK conflict (1984- ) • 30,000 - Sino-Vietnamese War (1979) • ~28,000 - 1982 Lebanon War (1982) • 25,000 - Second Chechen War (1999–present)[115] • 25,000 - American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) • 23,384 - Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 (December 1971) • 23,000 - Nagorno-Karabakh War (1988–1994) • 20,000 - 49,600 U.S. Invasion of Afghanistan (2001–2002) • 19,000+ - Mexican–American War (1846–1848) • 14,000+ - Six-Day War (1967) • 15,000–20,000 - Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) • 11,053 - Malayan Emergency (1948–1960) • 11,000 - Spanish-American War (1898) • 10,000 - Amadu's Jihad (1810–1818) • 10,000 - Halabja poison gas attack (1988) • 7,264–10,000 - Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 (August-September 1965) • 7,000–24,000 - American War of 1812 (1812–1815) • 7,000 - Kosovo War (1996–1999) (disputed) • 5,000 - Turkish invasion of Cyprus (1974) • 4,600 - Sino-Indian War (1962) • 4,000 - Waziristan War (2004–2006) • 4,000 - Irish Civil War (1922–23) • 3,500 - The Troubles (1969–1998) • 3,000 - Civil war in Côte d'Ivoire (2002–2007) • 2,899 - New Zealand Land Wars (1845–1872) • 2,604–7,000 - Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 (October 1947-December 1948) • 2,000 - Football War (1969) • 2,000 - Irish War of Independence (1919–21) • 1,975–4,500+ - violence in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict (2000 -) • 1,724 - War of Lapland (1945) • 1,500 - Romanian Revolution (December 1989) • ~1,500 - 2006 Lebanon War • 1,000 - Zapatista uprising in Chiapas (1994) • 907 - Falklands War (1982) • 62 - Slovenian Independence War (1991)