Verbal_and_Non_Verbal_Communication_Skills_in_Law_Enforcement

THREE THEORIES OF CRIME 1 THREE THEORIES OF CRIME Angela Paulk Everest University Angela Paulk 2 August 8, 2012 Introduction to Criminal Justice-59 Psychodynamic The psychodynamic theory looks at behavior as driven by instinctive forces, inner conflicts, and conscious and unconscious motivations. This theory says that the way we balance the forces of the mind gives us our personality. This differs from the behavioral theory in that it says that our behavior is shaped by our environment. Persons with psychotic disturbances, alcohol and drug addicts, mentally retarded and delinquents with organic-cerebral damage were not taken into consideration. The method of studying individual cases by means of psychodynamically oriented analysis of the subjects' development and other available data have been applied. The obtained results suggest that socialization defects, located in pre-genital development phase are basis for criminal behavior. Citatons:( National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Acta Med Iugosl. 1991) Biological behavior children born to older fathers are at higher risk to develop severe psychopathology (e.g., schizophrenia and bipolar disorder), possibly because of increased de novo mutations during spermatogenesis with older paternal age. To determine whether advanced paternal age is associated with an increased risk of BPD in the offspring and to assess if there was any difference in risk when analyzing patients with early-onset BPD separately. Because severe psychopathology is correlated with antisocial behavior, we examined possible associations between advancing paternal age and offspring violent offending. Interlinked Swedish national registers provided information on fathers' age at childbirth and violent criminal convictions in all offspring born from 1958 to 1979 (N = 2,359,921). We used ever committing a violent crime and number of violent crimes as indices of violent offending. The data included 3 information on multiple levels; we compared differentially exposed siblings in within-family analyses to rigorously test causal influences. In the entire population, advancing paternal age predicted offspring violent crime according to both indices. Congruent with a causal effect, this association remained for rates of violent crime in within-family analyses. However, in within-family analyses, we found no association with ever committing a violent crime, suggesting that factors shared by siblings (genes and environment) confounded this association. Life-course persistent criminality has been proposed to have a partly biological etiology; our results agree with a stronger biological effect (i.e., de novo mutations) on persistent violent offending. Citations: Kuja-Halkola R, Pawitan Y, D'Onofrio BM, Långström N, Lichtenstein P. Dev Psychopathol. 2012 Aug;24(3):739-53. Cognitive studies employed different algorithms in order to investigate criminal's spatial behavior and to identify mental models and cognitive strategies related to it. So far, a number of geographic profiling (GP) software has been implemented to analyze mobility and its relation to the way criminals are using spatial environment when committing a crime. Since crimes are usually perpetrated in the offender's high-awareness areas, those cognitive maps can be employed to create a map of the criminal's operating area to help investigators to circumscribe search areas. The aim of the present study was to verify accuracy of simple statistical analysis in predicting spatial mobility of a group of 30 non-criminal subjects. Results showed that statistics such as Mean Centre and Standard Distance were accurate in elaborating a GP for each subject according to the mobility area provided. Future analysis will be implemented using mobility information of criminal subjects and location-based software to verify whether there is a 4 cognitive spatial strategy employed by them when planning and committing a crime. Third-party punishment of norm violations ("I punish you because you harmed him") seems especially crucial for the evolutionary stability of cooperation and is the cornerstone of modern systems of criminal justice. In this commentary, we outline some potential cognitive and neural processes that may underlie the ability to learn norms, to follow norms and to enforce norms through third-party punishment. We propose that such processes depend on several domain-general cognitive functions that have been repurposed, through evolution's thrift, to perform these roles. Citations: Luini LP, Scorzelli M, Mastroberardino S, Marucci FS. Cogn Process. 2012 Jul 18. Buckholtz JW, Marois R. Nat Neurosci. 2012 Apr 15;15(5):655-61. doi: 10.1038/nn.3087