Units_of_Meaning_Analysis

1. Introduction Translation equivalence is an important issue for all who apply multilingual skills in a professional or even a non-professional environment. This includes teachers, translators and students. Translation equivalence has therefore to be dealt with academic ways. For bilingual speakers, it is easy to understand meaning in either direction, however translating or interpreting is somewhat different. We all talk in phrases, in ready-made chunks of language. While these chunks do consist of words, we have to keep in mind that it is less the individual word than the chunks that account for the meaning. Therefore the units of meaning in the text should be academically analyzed. In some cases, units of meaning can be a single word. In many cases, it will be more complex. Translated language seems somewhat different from natural language. In this case, translator should be able to tell us how those two languages are linked. There are good translators and bad translators of course. The good translators are the ones who do not translate word by word but learned to identify units of meaning. Translators’ job is to disambiguate the meaning and deliver them so that others have no problem understanding the products. The units of meaning are only rarely the traditional single words. They can be larger chunks, phrases and even full sentences. These are called collocations. They are the real vocabulary in language. Teubert (1999) stated that “Collocations are statistically significant co-occurrences of words in a corpus. But they also have to be semantically relevant. They have to have a meaning of their own, a meaning that is not obvious from the meaning of the parts they are composed of.” To determine if a text is a collocation or just a series of words, it is important to decide from the perspective of a source language. A series of experiments were conducted during this research and the results and analysis will illustrate how the units of meaning were analyzed followed after the literature review. 2. Literature Review 2.1 Learning Consecutive Interpretation Over the past years, the quality of translation or interpretation has become serious issues. This literature is one of the most recent and significant contribution in this field. What makes this writing more important is that it provides systematic approach towards consecutive interpretation. In these literatures, experiment was conducted after collecting data to identify recurring macro-elements. The experiment was conducted over a six month period. The source language was English and target language was Italian. The purpose of the experiment was to observe the students’ learning process. Firstly, recurring problems were observed, analyzed then some improvements were found at the end. The test was consisted of three parts and the results were fruitful but not fully. Some problems regarding the way of traditional teaching methods were pointed out however not discredited. The author suggests that strategic learning approach or method based on self-directed work will develop the students’ best personal system by gaining more skills and techniques. However, even though the learning autonomy is emphasized, there are not many literatures to find the strategy. In addition, students are still depending largely on their teachers. Hence this literature suggests various ways of self directed listening, note-taking and some other ways to develop students’ system. This writing concludes with the emphasis of the importance of systematic and strategic approach towards consecutive interpreting. 2.2 Fixed Expressions and Idioms in English At the beginning of this writing, the importance of identifying the units of meaning was stressed. The direct method and the contrastive method were also introduced. According to the author, direct method can be used in general situations such as traveling overseas or socializing. However, the contrastive method should be applied when using the target language professionally. The author also emphasized the importance of two things: Students should learn to speak more or less like natives as well as acquiring linguistic knowledge. However the students’ linguistic background can surely helpful but not always. This can result students sound the same, not in a natural way. Therefore students should have more understanding for idioms and collocations. For example, a word fire can mean ‘the event of something burning’ or else. Therefore it is not a unit of meaning. In connection with the noun enemy, it becomes a part of the collocation enemy fire, meaning “the shooting of projectiles from weapons to the enemy in an armed conflict.” In this case, this is a unit of meaning. If we look at idioms, there is an old expression such as it is raining like cats and dogs. A translator, with no understanding of that idiom, can just guess the meaning and it can go really wrong. Some of the idioms are in the dictionary but mostly they are not. Therefore it is important for students to have more access to the foreign language as well as their own language in terms of idioms. This can only be acquired by experience and hard working. 2.3 Units of Meaning, Parallel Corpora, and their Implications for Language Teaching In this writing, the author mentioned that “Corpus linguistics replaces our traditional notion of the word by the notion of a unit of meaning.” In a bilingual context, a monolingual corpus may often be useful, but it doesn’t really tell what the target language equivalent is from a given compound, multiword unit, set phrase or sentence. Therefore the author asserts the necessity of parallel corpora. They are corpora of original texts in one language and their translations in the target language and vice versa. However it has also been argued that we have to be very careful using this evidence as the translated language differs from natural language. After all it is translators who can tell people how the two languages are linked in terms of meaning. Often the goal of translators is to make the text sound as possible. Teubert addressed the methodological aspect of working with collocations. His aim was to demonstrate the impact the appreciation of the collocation phenomenon can make for translation. As empirical bases, he produced evidence from several parallel corpora. This writing concludes with stressing the importance of identifying through understanding collocations. 3. Text Analysis. Experiment-1 In this part, I conducted consecutive interpreting, sight-translation and translation for three different articles however the articles are dealing with the same issues and similar in length. However the length of units of meaning is different from each other. Let’s see what made them different through the experiment. 3.1 Consecutive interpreting [Please refer to the appendix 1 for original text] Transcript 에너지 공급을 확보하는 것은 APEC 경제 내에서 중요하다./ 제대로 작동하는 에너지 시장은 공헌할 수 있는데,/ 인센티브, 새 기술, 효율증대 등을 제공하면서 이다./ 그리고 대체에너지 개발의 초석을 제공한다./ 에너지 시장을 개선하기 위해서는 정부는 규제, 경쟁이 커지도록, 그리고 투자 바리어를 없애는 것이다./ 해외 투자자를 확보하고 합작투자로 기술확보와/ 효율성 증대를 할 수 있다./ 국내 법적인 초석이 잘되고 지적재산권이 잘되면 투자가 유치될 것이다./ 현재 불확실성이 커지는데/ 이는 정부가 기후변화에 대한 대책을 내놓고 있지 않아서이다./ 에너지 지원금을 줄이는 것은 /에너지 소비를 줄이고 효율을 높일 것이다./ 그러나 잘 지정된 지원이 가난한데 되어야 한다. /에너지 시장의 정부의 과도한 개입은 가격상승과 수입창출에도 해가 된다./ Analysis Even though the speaker spoke in a clear accent and reasonable speed, I was a little bit lost. First reason would be the lack of practice and second is that there was no consecutive interpreting class in this semester. Therefore I was not fully ready to do this act. Besides all these excuses, the quality is of course no better than translated materials as there was a time limit and the text was not given. In this part, a unit of meaning is most likely shorter than a sentence. Let’s see more details. Securing adequate and reliable energy supplies is a key concern for all APEC economies./ 에너지 공급을 확보하는 것은 APEC 경제 내에서 중요하다. Analysis 1: There is no major mistakes in this part however some parts were omitted. I missed this part: adequate and reliable. The correct one should look as this: 충분하고 안정적인 에너지를 확보하는 것은 APEC 경제 의 주요 과제이다. Well-functioning energy markets can contribute to increased energy security by providing clear incentives for investment in new supply, adopting new technologies to improve efficiency, and provide a basis for the development of energy alternatives./ 제대로 작동하는 에너지 시장은 공헌할 수 있는데,/ 인센티브, 새 기술, 효율증대 등을 제공하면서 이다./ 그리고 대체에너지 개발의 초석을 제공한다./ Analysis 2: This sentence was a bit lengthy however there is only one unit of meaning. If we look at the transcript, there are three units of meaning. Comparing with the original text, it is clearly a mistake. This was resulted by the lack of ability in note-taking. In consecutive interpreting, gathered pieces should be put together in a right order but when the sentence is complicated and lengthy, sometimes it goes in a wrong direction. Above would be a good example. To improve the operation of energy markets, governments can review regulatory frameworks to further expand competition in markets and remove barriers to investment./ Improving access for domestic and foreign investors and permitting joint ventures can encourage greater investment in new supply and also promote technology transfer and improvements in efficiency./ 에너지 시장을 개선하기 위해서는 정부는 규제, 경쟁이 커지도록, 그리고 투자 바리어를 없애는 것이다./ 해외 투자자를 확보하고 합작투자로 기술확보와 효율성 증대를 할 수 있다./ Analysis 3: For the first sentence, I got all the meanings right except the word “operation” however the structure itself is somewhat awkward looking. The correct one should look as this: 에너지 시장의 기능을 개선하기 위해서 정부는 경쟁이 확대 되도록 규제를 개선하고 투자 장벽을 낮춰야 한다. The second sentence is confusing as it is, I was totally lost while listening to it. If the sentence was divided into two shorter sentences, it might have been easier to translate. In this part, some of the major elements were omitted such as “domestic”, “encourage”, “new supply” and “promote technology”. We can see my sentence is wrongfully structured. This is also resulted from the length of the sentence. Sound domestic legal frameworks and secure property rights promote certainty for investors and encourage investment./ Currently there is a high degree of uncertainty about future government responses to climate change that may also be holding back investment in certain energy sectors./ 국내 법적인 초석이 잘되고 지적재산권이 잘되면 투자가 유치될 것이다./ 현재 불확실성이 커지는데/ 이는 정부가 기후변화에 대한 대책을 내놓고 있지 않아서이다./ Analysis 4: With the pressure I was feeling at the moment of interpretation, some words were wrongfully used. For example, I could have chosen better words for “Sound domestic legal frameworks” instead of using “국내 법적인 초석이 잘되고”. In original text, there are only one unit of meaning for each sentence however the transcript has three units. This is because I tended to catch small units and later tried to puzzle all those units together into one sentence. In other words, I have failed to create a sentence but managed to catch small meanings. This is why there are more units in the transcript than the original text. 3.2 Sight-translation [Please refer to the appendix 2 for original text] Transcript 일산화탄소 배출을 줄이면서 경제 성장을 그리고 발전을 계속하는 것이/ APEC 지역 경제에 있어서 가장 큰 도전과제이다./ APEC 지역은 개발도상국과 개발국이 섞여있고 이들은 에너지 생산국들과 소비국 들이다./ 중요한 것은 그들이 에너지 배출을 최소 비용을 들여서 줄이고 경제 성장과 발전을 지원하여 좋지 않은 결과를 미연에 방지하는 것이다. / 일산화탄소 배출을 줄이는 방법으로는 보조금, 규제 혹은 마켓베이스의 메커니즘인데/ 이는 새로운 기술 도입과 에너지 효율 증대를 촉진한다./ 마켓베이스 메커니즘은 회사들이 배기량을 줄이는데 대한 인센티브를 제공할 수 있는 잠재력이 있는데/ 이는 그들의 작업에도 영향을 최소한으로 준다./ 일산화탄소 배출을 줄이는 마켓 베이스 접근으로는 일산화탄소 세금과 배출 트레이드 기획이 있다./ 장기적으로 마켓 베이스 메커니즘은 기후변화에 집중하고 여러 섹터에 폭넓게 적용하여 가장 효과가 클 것이다./ 마켓 베이스 메커니즘의 좋은 점은 규제와 정부 개입의 역할이 있는데/ 이는 배출을 줄일 수 있는 기술을 개발하는 것이다./ 특히 규제는 표준 기술을 보유하고 환경에 미치는 영향을 잘 알 경우에 효과를 낼 수 있다./ 신 기술의 장기적 이익을 예견하기가 힘이 듦으로/ 정부 정책이 다른 접근법을 배제하지 않도록 하고 비용 또한 신중히 계산되어야 할 것이다./ Analysis This article deals with similar issue as the first one, however the details are little bit different. In addition, this article is little bit more difficult than the first one, however we were given an advantage of reading rather than listening. Therefore the quality is slightly better than interpreted materials as there are, at least, no omitted parts. Reducing carbon emissions, while maintaining economic growth and development, is a key challenge for APEC economies./ The APEC region has a combination of developing and developed economies, /many of which are large energy producers and consumers./ It is important that new policies are assessed comprehensively to ensure they provide a reduction in energy emissions at least cost, support economic growth and development over time, and do not have unintended adverse consequences. / 일산화탄소 배출을 줄이면서 경제 성장을 그리고 발전을 계속하는 것이/ APEC 지역 경제에 있어서 가장 큰 도전과제이다./ APEC 지역은 개발도상국과 개발국이 섞여있고/ 이들은 에너지 생산국들과 소비국 들이다./ 중요한 것은 그들이 에너지 배출을 최소 비용을 들여서 줄이고 경제 성장과 발전을 지원하여 좋지 않은 결과를 미연에 방지하는 것이다. / Analysis 1: The division of units of meaning is equally done in both texts. Although it was not an easy text to translate, there are no major errors found in the transcript. However with the limited time and quick thinking procedure limited my choice of words. Some omissions were found such as “large” but it was a necessary omission, at least I think. The second sentence in the transcript would look better if I have reorganized the structure as this: “APEC 지역은 에너지 생산국과 소비국인 개발도상국과 개발국 들이 섞여있다.” Market-based mechanisms have the potential to deliver least-cost emissions reductions by providing incentives for firms to reduce emissions in areas where there is a minimal impact on their ongoing operations./ Market-based approaches to reducing carbon emissions include carbon taxes and emissions trading schemes. /In the long term, market-based mechanisms for addressing climate change will be most effective when they have broad application across multiple sectors and apply on a non-distortionary basis. / 마켓베이스 메커니즘은 회사들이 배기량을 줄이는데 대한 인센티브를 제공할 수 있는 잠재력이 있는데/ 이는 그들의 작업에도 영향을 최소한으로 준다./ 일산화탄소 배출을 줄이는 마켓 베이스 접근으로는 일산화탄소 세금과 배출 트레이드 기획이 있다./ 장기적으로 마켓 베이스 메커니즘은 기후변화에 집중하고 여러 섹터에 폭넓게 적용하여 가장 효과가 클 것이다./ Analysis 2: Again, there are no major mistakes but some awkward looking sentence structures were found. I also was not able to think of equivalent word for “market-based mechanism” which is in correct Korean terms “시장을 통한 해결방안”. I conducted the sight-translation with no aid such as internet or dictionaries. Therefore some of the professional terms were likely to be mistranslated. To complement market-based mechanisms, there is also a role for regulation and direct government intervention to assist in the development of low-emission technologies./ In particular, regulation can be effective where technologies are relatively standard and their environmental impacts well known. /Recognising the difficulty in predicting the long-term benefits of new technologies,/ it is also important that government policies do not rule out any particular approaches and that the fiscal costs are carefully assessed against the likely benefit./ 마켓 베이스 메커니즘의 좋은 점은 규제와 정부 개입의 역할이 있는데/ 이는 배출을 줄일 수 있는 기술을 개발하는 것이다./ 특히 규제는 표준 기술을 보유하고 환경에 미치는 영향을 잘 알 경우에 효과를 낼 수 있다./ 신 기술의 장기적 이익을 예견하기가 힘이 듦으로/ 정부 정책이 다른 접근법을 배제하지 않도록 하고 비용 또한 신중히 계산되어야 할 것이다./ Analysis 3: The term “To complement” is an idiomatic expression in English. If we translate this term into Korean, it will read as this: “시장을 통한 해결방안을 칭찬 하자면”. This is, of course, complementing the market-based mechanism. In other words, it is explaining the good things of it hence some of the words can be changed but not a must. The units of meaning were equally divided in both texts. 3.3 Translation [Please refer to the appendix 3 for original text] APEC 지역 내의 에너지 소비는 2030 년까지 연 2퍼센트의 증가가 예상되는데/ 이는 전세계 에너지 수요 증가 예상치인 연 1.6퍼센트 보다 더 빠르다./ /APEC 지역 내의 1차 에너지 생산은/ 1.5% 증가할 것이다./ 예를들어 가스와 석탄 같은 형태의 에너지는 APEC 지역이 2030까지 수출자 에서 수입자로 바뀔 것이다./ APEC 지역은 이미 석유의 수입국이다./ 30년동안 에너지 재고가 수요를 충족 시키겠지만 이는 가공되고 시장에 나와야 한다./ 향후30 년 동안 APEC 지역 내의 에너지 인프라 투자는 7조 달러에 이를 것으로 기대된다. / 만약 투자가 이루어 지지 않는다면 에너지 수요와 공급의 불균형이 에너지 가격을 불안정하고 더 높게 만들 것이다./ 지금까지 증가하는 에너지 가격이 지역 내의 경제 활동에 큰 영향을 끼치지는 않았기 때문에/중기간 거시경제적으로 지장이 생기지는 않았다./ 앞을 내다본다면 불안정한 높은 에너지 가격은 그 지역 내의 위험요소이다. / Analysis This experiment, translation, was conducted with the aid of internet as well as dictionaries and there was no time limit. As this work was done at home, in a relaxed and quiet atmosphere, the quality is way better than the first two. This writing has similar length and similar difficulty however slight difference in details. Energy demand in the APEC region is anticipated to increase at the rate of 2 per cent a year to 2030,/ faster than the expected 1.6 per cent annual rise in world energy demand. /Primary energy production in the APEC region will increase by around 1.5 per cent. /For some forms of energy, such as natural gas and coal, the APEC region will move from net exporter to net importer by 2030./ The APEC region is already a net importer of oil. / APEC 지역 내의 에너지 소비는 2030 년까지 연 2퍼센트의 증가가 예상되는데/ 이는 전세계 에너지 수요 증가 예상치인 연 1.6퍼센트 보다 더 빠르다./ /APEC 지역 내의 1차 에너지 생산은/ 1.5% 증가할 것이다./ 예를들어 가스와 석탄 같은 형태의 에너지는 APEC 지역이 2030까지 수출자 에서 수입자로 바뀔 것이다./ APEC 지역은 이미 석유의 수입국이다./ Analysis 1: We can clearly see the sentences are in right places and the units of meaning are longer than the first two articles. This time, except the first sentence, the unit of meaning is mostly a whole sentence. Physical stocks of energy are available to meet the expected increases in demand over the next 30 years/ but these stocks need to be developed and brought to market./ The anticipated investment required within the APEC region in energy infrastructure to meet demand over the next three decades is around US$7 trillion. / 30년동안 에너지 재고가 수요를 충족 시키겠지만 이는 가공되고 시장에 나와야 한다./ 향후30 년 동안 APEC 지역 내의 에너지 인프라 투자는 7조 달러에 이를 것으로 기대된다. / Analysis 2: In the first sentence, there are two units of meaning in original text but in the transcript, there is jut one. When translating from English to Korean, the size of sentence tends to become smaller. In other words, in Korean, some of the lengthy words can be expressed into one or two words. Such as underlined part can be omitted in the process. While I have conducted consecutive interpreting, sight-translation and translation, it is hard to compare the differences as they are even though they were dealing with same issues, all different texts. They were different in length, details and difficulties. Therefore I conducted another experiment and this time, same text was used for translation, sight-translation and consecutive interpreting. 4. Text Analysis. Experiment-2 The length of units of meaning can be varied depending on what kind of action is taken In case of translation, the units of meaning can be a long phrase or even a sentence. Sight translation is somewhat similar in terms of length but it can be little bit shorter than the ones from translation. However, in consecutive interpreting, the length of a unit of meaning is likely to be affected by the person’s skills, difficulty level or by the person’s memory span. I have performed a consecutive interpreting for a short speech followed by translation and sight translation. This part will analyze the interpreted material and compare with translated and sight-translated works. The essay will also analyze what causes the mistakes in consecutive interpreting. 4.1. Consecutive Interpreting [Please refer to the appendix 4 for original text] Analysis Thanks to the pauses that the President Bush made, there was some time to note down his words and prepare for the upcoming speech. However, while I jotted down my words, some of the minor as well as major mistakes were found. These were not caused by the misunderstanding of collocations or idioms but structural ambiguity. This is how I divided my units of meaning from the interpretation. [Please refer to the appendix 4 for the English text] 항상 에너지는 사람들을 이롭게 해 준다./ 에너지로 병원과 학교의 불을 키고 사람들은 더 길고 생산적으로 살 수 있다./ 에너지는 음식을 생산하는 것을 바꾸고 우리가 인구의 증가에./ 에너지는 우리가 여행하고 원거리에 걸쳐 의사소통을 하게 해준다./ 그래서 번영을 가져와 준다./ 에너지로 우리는 질병과 가난으로부터 싸울 수 있다. 에너지 수요는 증가할 것이다./ 개발도상국들에서 에너지 수요가 증가할 것이다./ 에너지는 인프라 구축과 경제성장에 꼭 필요하다./ 2030 년에는 에너지 수요가 50% 증가할 것이다. / 에너지 수요는 경제발전에 따라 더 증가한다./ 그러나 에너지 안보가 도전 과제이다./ 현재 세계 에너지의 대부분은 기름이고 불안정한 지역에서 나온다. /테러리스트들이 선적을 방해할 경우 국제 경제가 위험해 질 수 있다. / Analysis 1: We can see that the units of meaning were divided into long phrases not short ones. Normally the units of meaning are likely to be divided into small pieces in consecutive interpreting but this time, the President Bush made some pauses and spoke in a reasonable accent and speed, the units of meaning were divided into big pieces. Energy transforms the way we produce food/, so we can feed our growing populations 에너지는 음식을 생산하는 것을 바꾸고/ 우리가 인구의 증가에 Analysis 2: I happened to miss the last part as I tried to be more accurate and tried to jot down every single word which resulted missing the last part. Energy enables us to travel and communicate across great distances,/ so we can expand trade and prosperity. 에너지는 우리가 여행하고 원거리에 걸쳐 의사소통을 하게 해준다./ 그래서 번영을 가져와 준다. Analysis 3: My meaning is not incorrect but maybe we can expect something better. For example it can read as this: 에너지는 우리가 먼 거리를 여행할 수 있고 의사소통도 가능하게 해줘 교역을 확대시키고 번영을 가져다 준다. In this sentence, I missed the “trade” part. This is the same mistake I made above. Energy sustains the world's most advanced economies, which makes it possible for us to devote resources to fighting hunger and disease and poverty around the globe./ 에너지로 우리는 질병과 가난으로부터 싸울 수 있다. Analysis 4: This is where I have missed the biggest part. This is the missing part: “Energy sustains the world's most advanced economies” This implies that energy helps the major economies and assists them to fight against hunger, poverty and so on. Normally the President Bush made pauses after one sentence but this time a sentence was a little lengthy. I believe this is resulted from the lack of my note taking capability as well as short in memory span. In this new century, the need for energy will only grow./ Much of this increased demand will come from the developing world,/ where nations will need more energy to build critical infrastructure and grow their economies,/ improve the lives of their people. / Overall, the demand for energy is expected to rise by more than 50 percent by 2030. / 에너지 수요는 증가할 것이다./ 개발도상국들에서 에너지 수요가 증가할 것이다./ 에너지는 인프라 구축과 경제성장에 꼭 필요하다./ 2030 년에는 에너지 수요가 50% 증가할 것이다. / Analysis 5: We can see that the basic meaning was all in places but some details are missing. At the first sentence, “In this new century” is missing. Plus I had to show the relationship between these sentences: 개발도상국들에서 에너지 수요가 증가할 것이다./ 에너지는 인프라 구축과 경제성장에 꼭 필요하다. This was supposed to mean as the developing nations need energies to build infrastructure and for the economic development. However those two sentences somewhat make sense therefore not a major mistake. Also the part “Improve the lives of their people” is missing. The last part was correctly interpreted. This growing demand for energy is a sign of a vibrant, global economy./ Yet it also possesses -- poses serious challenges, and one of them, of course, is energy security. /Right now much of the world's energy comes from oil, and much of the oil comes from unstable regions and rogue states./ This dependence leaves the global economy vulnerable to supply shocks and shortages and manipulation, and to extremists and terrorists who could cause great disruptions of oil shipments./ 에너지 수요는 경제발전에 따라 더 증가한다./ 그러나 에너지 안보가 도전 과제이다./ 현재 세계 에너지의 대부분은 기름이고 불안정한 지역에서 나온다. /테러리스트들이 선적을 방해할 경우 국제 경제가 위험해 질 수 있다. / Analysis 6: The first part is misinterpreted. I think I only heard the global economy therefore I ended up assuming. The last sentence, the units of meanings should be divided as this: This dependence leaves the global economy vulnerable to supply shocks and shortages and manipulation,/ and to extremists and terrorists who could cause great disruptions of oil shipments./ However, according to my work, the whole sentence was classified as a unit of meaning. This is because I missed out “This dependence leaves the global economy vulnerable to supply shocks and shortages and manipulation”. This is a sentence in which careful review is required. The structure itself is different from Korean phrases as the direct translation would look as this: “전세계 경제는 공급충격(서플라이 쇼크), 부족 그리고 교묘한 조작에 노출되어 있다.” This should be translated in a way of the world economy can be affected by supply shocks and shortages and manipulation. Therefore this is the part where I tried to analyze the sentence and did not make then just end up missing the whole part. In this case, the units of meaning can not be clarified. 4.2 Sight Translation The length of units of meaning from this part is almost identical as the consecutive interpreting. There is a common feature between consecutive interpretation and sight translation: The material is not given beforehand therefore there is no time to prepare. Although this material was not totally unfamiliar to conduct sight translation as I already did my recording in the lab and also heard this once more while producing transcript. However there are clear differences between those two acts. First is that this time, I can see exact words of the speech therefore puzzling is not a concern. Second difference is that more detailed approach is possible. Memory span did not seem to be a concern either. Third is the quality. Due to the nature of interpreting, an interpreter can miss out or wrongfully overhear some terms or idioms and in this case, the person is likely to be puzzled. Of course professionals would know how to deal with this kind of situation but non-professionals, such as student, would feel difficulties. As a result, the final product are likely to end up in ambiguity or non-logical. On contrary, the sight translation provides visual aid which allows us to think twice and analyze. Following passage is how I divided my units of meaning after conducting sight translation. [Please refer to Appendix 5] 항상 에너지는 셀 수 없을 만큼의 혜택을 제공해 준다./ 에너지는 새로 지은 병원이나 학교에 전력을 공급하여 우리가 더 오래 그리고 생산적으로 살수 있게 해준다./ 에너지는 우리가 음식을 생산하는 방법을 바꿔준다./ 그래서 우리는 증가하는 인구가 모두 먹을 수 있는 음식을 얻을 수 있다./ 에너지는 우리가 먼 거리를 여행하거나 멀리 사는 사람들과 연락을 할 수 있게 해줘서 교역을 넓히고 번영을 가져다 준다./ 에너지 세계 정상의 경제들이 유지될 수 있도록 하기 때문에 지구상의 가난 질병 빈곤에 맞서 싸울 수 있다./ 이 새로운 세기에 에너지의 필요는 증가한다./ 개발 도상국들의 에너지 수요가 증가할 것이다./ 그 이유는 주요 인프라 구축이나 경제 성장에 있어 에너지가 더 필요하기 때문이다. /그렇게 함으로서 그들의 국민들의 삶의 질이 향상 될 수 있다./ 2030 년에 들어서는 에너지 수요가 50% 증가할 것이다. 에너지 수요의 증가는 전세계 경제의 원기왕성함의 징조이다./ 그러나 도전과제 중 하나는 물론 에너지 안보이다. 현재 전세계 에너지 중 가장 큰 비중을 차지하는 것은 기름 이다./ 그리고 대부분의 기름은 불안정한 지역이나 적대국 에서 생산된다. 이러한 의존성이 전세계 경제가 공급충격, 부족, 조작 그리고 극단주의자나 테러리스트들이 선적을 방해할 경우에는 약점을 드러낼 수 있다./ Analysis7: Comparing with the consecutive interpreting, we can clearly see the improvement in terms of quality. There are no missing or misinterpreted parts. However we can still see that there are hardly any differences in terms of the length of the units of meaning. My theory is that both interpretation and sight translation allow us top down method only as we can only see the sentence from the beginning to the end. This is why the units of meaning are likely to be phrases or short sentences. However the clear difference lies in quality. This time the final product looks way better than the prior one but still improvements should be made. Underlined parts are, what I think, the awkward expressions need to be rewritten. Yet, all the meanings were captured. 4.3 Translation Translation was conducted and dictionary was used this time. There was no time limit therefore I spent some time to make it look as nice as I can. Let’s see how this was translated and divided. [Please refer to appendix 6] 에너지는 항상 사람들에게 셀 수 없을 만큼 많은 혜택을 가져다 준다./ 에너지로 병원이나 학교에 전력을 공급하여 우리가 더 길고 생산적으로 살 수 있게 만들어준다./ 에너지는 음식의 생산방식을 바꿔서 증가하는 인구가 굶주리지 않도록 해 준다./ 에너지는 우리가 멀리 여행을 하고 멀리 사는 이들과도 의사소통을 가능케 해줘서 교역을 확대시키고 번영을 가져다 준다./ 에너지는 세계 선진국들의 경제를 유지해 줘서 우리가 가난과 질병 그리고 굶주림에 맞설 수 있게 해준다./ 21세기 에너지 수요는 증가할 것이다. 특히나 개발도상국들의 에너지 수요는 인프라구축과 경제 성장으로 삶의 질을 향상시키는데 꼭 필요함으로 더욱더 늘게 될 것이다./ 2030년에 들어서는 에너지 수요가 50% 증가할 것이다. 에너지 수요가 증가한다는 것은 전세계 경제가 역동적이라는 것을 의미한다./ 그러나 문제점은 물론 에너지 안보이다. 현재 전세계 에너지의 대부분은 기름과 관련된 것이고 대부분의 기름은 불안정한 지역들이나 적대적인 국가들에서 생산된다./ 이러한 의존도가 공급충격, 부족, 조작 혹은 극단주의자 나 테러리스트들의 선적 방해 시 큰 세계 경제에 큰 영향을 미칠 수 있다./ Analysis 8: This time, the unit of meaning is a sentence. With no time limit, there are more time to review the product therefore there are more improvement in terms of quality. Plus there are no need to worry about the upcoming sentence therefore the units of meaning is longer than the ones from consecutive interpreting and sight translation. 5. How do we avoid errors' It is important to understand fixed expression or idioms. For example, a word fire can mean ‘the event of something burning’. Therefore it is not a unit of meaning. In connection with the noun enemy, it becomes a part of the collocation enemy fire, meaning “the shooting of projectiles from weapons by the enemy in an armed conflict.” In this case this is a unit of meaning. We also have to pay attention to the formality. The text is a speech material for a formal setting. The language or nuance is of course different from the conversations so proper words or expressions should be selected. If we are conducting consecutive interpreting, we need to understand the nature of the context and adjust the tone. Of course it is important to figure out the units while listening however if we listen carefully, there are units that can be divided. This means, we have to clearly understand the structure of the sentence and correct ways of identifying units of meaning will help us to interpret or translate a sentence easier. Given materials of this experiment was not very long and difficult. However, if I have conducted a proper experiment with proper materials and more time was given, it would have been easier and clearer to demonstrate the differences of units. 6. Conclusion It is argued that understanding the units of meaning is a key concern of equivalence. It is important to know what is one unit and what is not. In case of consecutive interpreting, knowing the units of meaning is critical when a sentence is long and you face limitation in the memory span. Unless you have photographic memory, it is important to note down the speech in logically divided units. How do we define a unit' A unit can sometimes be few words, phrases or even a sentence. Idiomatic expressions or collocations can determine a unit and it is hard to spot if we do not have enough knowledge for those. In this case, the units of meaning are not determined by the idioms or collocations. Clear differences were seen between consecutive interpreting, sight translation and translation. As seen from the experiments, the length of units is shorter in interpreting. Sight translation and translation is somewhat similar as when we translate a text, we tend to use top-down method first and then reorganize and edit. However interpreting is totally different from those two as we have to listen then transfer the words into correct forms. Not single words, but units constitute the true meaning. Identifying units of meaning is what students have to learn. No one can make a translation perfect but near it to perfection. The students trained in a foreign language at university level are expected to have to use the target language within the context of their future jobs. The students in English departments, in the countries where English is not yet the national language, will become English teachers, translators or interpreters. This means they are expected to find a solution for a language problem they have not encountered before. However students are likely to face some problems such as traditional linguistic background. This will, of course, help students to develop a sentence however making them only book smart and end up sounding like a book. We all know that two things are needed: Students should learn to speak like native or at least up to near native proficiency level. However students should have the linguistic knowledge to understand what they are doing when they are speaking. (Teubert, 1999) We need to think why it is so hard to combine both. Appendix 1 Well-functioning markets for energy security Securing adequate and reliable energy supplies is a key concern for all APEC economies./ Well-functioning energy markets can contribute to increased energy security by providing clear incentives for investment in new supply, adopting new technologies to improve efficiency, and provide a basis for the development of energy alternatives./ To improve the operation of energy markets, governments can review regulatory frameworks to further expand competition in markets and remove barriers to investment./ Improving access for domestic and foreign investors and permitting joint ventures can encourage greater investment in new supply and also promote technology transfer and improvements in efficiency./ Sound domestic legal frameworks and secure property rights promote certainty for investors and encourage investment./ Currently there is a high degree of uncertainty about future government responses to climate change that may also be holding back investment in certain energy sectors./ Reductions in energy subsidies can help reduce energy consumption and improve overall energy efficiency, but need to be accompanied by well targeted support for the poor./ If governments are heavily involved in energy markets, fluctuations in energy prices can also present challenges for fiscal management, both on the revenue and expenditure side./ Appendix 2 Policy approaches to reduce emissions Reducing carbon emissions, while maintaining economic growth and development, is a key challenge for APEC economies./ The APEC region has a combination of developing and developed economies, /many of which are large energy producers and consumers./ It is important that new policies are assessed comprehensively to ensure they provide a reduction in energy emissions at least cost, support economic growth and development over time, and do not have unintended adverse consequences. / Reducing carbon emissions can be achieved through subsidies, regulation or market-based mechanisms which encourage the adoption of new technology and increased energy efficiency. /Most economies employ a suite of these policies. / Market-based mechanisms have the potential to deliver least-cost emissions reductions by providing incentives for firms to reduce emissions in areas where there is a minimal impact on their ongoing operations./ Market-based approaches to reducing carbon emissions include carbon taxes and emissions trading schemes. /In the long term, market-based mechanisms for addressing climate change will be most effective when they have broad application across multiple sectors and apply on a non-distortionary basis. / To complement market-based mechanisms, there is also a role for regulation and direct government intervention to assist in the development of low-emission technologies./ In particular, regulation can be effective where technologies are relatively standard and their environmental impacts well known. /Recognising the difficulty in predicting the long-term benefits of new technologies,/ it is also important that government policies do not rule out any particular approaches and that the fiscal costs are carefully assessed against the likely benefit./ Appendix 3 Energy outlook Energy demand in the APEC region is anticipated to increase at the rate of 2 per cent a year to 2030,/ faster than the expected 1.6 per cent annual rise in world energy demand. /Primary energy production in the APEC region will increase by around 1.5 per cent. /For some forms of energy, such as natural gas and coal, the APEC region will move from net exporter to net importer by 2030./ The APEC region is already a net importer of oil. / Physical stocks of energy are available to meet the expected increases in demand over the next 30 years but these stocks need to be developed and brought to market./ The anticipated investment required within the APEC region in energy infrastructure to meet demand over the next three decades is around US$7 trillion. / If this investment does not occur, the resulting imbalance between energy demand /and supply is likely to result in higher and more volatile energy prices. /To date, rising energy prices have not significantly affected the region’s economic performance, which can be largely attributed to the sound medium-term macroeconomic frameworks in place in most APEC economies./ Looking forward, high and volatile energy prices remain a key risk to the region. / Appendix 4 Every day energy brings countless benefits to our people./ Energy powers new hospitals and schools so we can live longer and more productive lives./ Energy transforms the way we produce food/, so we can feed our growing populations./ Energy enables us to travel and communicate across great distances,/ so we can expand trade and prosperity./ Energy sustains the world's most advanced economies,/ which makes it possible for us to devote resources to fighting hunger and disease and poverty around the globe./ In this new century, the need for energy will only grow./ Much of this increased demand will come from the developing world,/ where nations will need more energy to build critical infrastructure and grow their economies,/ improve the lives of their people. / Overall, the demand for energy is expected to rise by more than 50 percent by 2030. / This growing demand for energy is a sign of a vibrant, global economy./ Yet it also possesses -- poses serious challenges, and one of them, of course, is energy security. /Right now much of the world's energy comes from oil, and much of the oil comes from unstable regions and rogue states./ This dependence leaves the global economy vulnerable to supply shocks and shortages and manipulation, and to extremists and terrorists who could cause great disruptions of oil shipments./ Appendix 5 Every day energy brings countless benefits to our people./ Energy powers new hospitals and schools so we can live longer and more productive lives./ Energy transforms the way we produce food/, so we can feed our growing populations./ Energy enables us to travel and communicate across great distances,/ so we can expand trade and prosperity./ Energy sustains the world's most advanced economies, which makes it possible for us to devote resources to fighting hunger and disease and poverty around the globe./ In this new century, the need for energy will only grow./ Much of this increased demand will come from the developing world,/ where nations will need more energy to build critical infrastructure and grow their economies,/ improve the lives of their people. / Overall, the demand for energy is expected to rise by more than 50 percent by 2030. / This growing demand for energy is a sign of a vibrant, global economy./ Yet it also possesses -- poses serious challenges, and one of them, of course, is energy security. /Right now much of the world's energy comes from oil,/ and much of the oil comes from unstable regions and rogue states./ This dependence leaves the global economy vulnerable to supply shocks and shortages and manipulation, and to extremists and terrorists who could cause great disruptions of oil shipments./ Appendix 6 Every day energy brings countless benefits to our people./ Energy powers new hospitals and schools so we can live longer and more productive lives./ Energy transforms the way we produce food, so we can feed our growing populations./ Energy enables us to travel and communicate across great distances, so we can expand trade and prosperity./ Energy sustains the world's most advanced economies, which makes it possible for us to devote resources to fighting hunger and disease and poverty around the globe./ In this new century, the need for energy will only grow./ Much of this increased demand will come from the developing world, where nations will need more energy to build critical infrastructure and grow their economies, improve the lives of their people. / Overall, the demand for energy is expected to rise by more than 50 percent by 2030. / This growing demand for energy is a sign of a vibrant, global economy./ Yet it also possesses -- poses serious challenges, and one of them, of course, is energy security. /Right now much of the world's energy comes from oil, and much of the oil comes from unstable regions and rogue states./ This dependence leaves the global economy vulnerable to supply shocks and shortages and manipulation, and to extremists and terrorists who could cause great disruptions of oil shipments./ Reference 1. Teubert, W. (1999), Units of Meaning, Parallel Corpora, and their Implications for Language Teaching, University of Birmingham, Rodopi 2. Ficchi, V. (1999), Learning Consecutive Interpretation: An empirical study and an autonomous approach, John Benjamins Publishing Co 3. Moon, R. (1998), Fixed expressions and idioms in English, Oxford: Oxford University Press