Ubranization_Trends

This paper is about the organizational trend in poor countries and what causes urbanization in these poor countries. According to Macionis 2006 “Urbanization is the concentration of humanity into cities. Urbanization both redistributes population within a society and transforms many patterns of social life.” “Living in socioeconomically disadvantaged areas is associated with increased childhood mortality risks. As city living becomes the predominant social context in low- and middle-income countries, the resulting rapid urbanization together with the poor economic circumstances of these countries greatly increases the risks of mortality for children 5 years of age (under-5 mortality).”(Antai, Moradi, 2010) “In this study we examined the trends in urban population growth and urban under-5 mortality between 1983 and 2003 in Nigeria. We assessed whether urban area socioeconomic disadvantage has an impact on under-5 mortality. Methods: Urban under-5 mortality rates were directly estimated from the 1990, 1999, and 2003 Nigeria Demographic and Health Surveys. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was performed on data for 2,118 children nested within data for 1,35Moradi, 2010)0 mothers, who were in turn nested within data for 165 communities.” (Antai, Moradi, 2010) According to Antai, Moradi, 2010 “Urban under-5 mortality increased as urban population steadily increased between 1983 and 2003. Urban area disadvantage was significantly associated with under-5 mortality after adjusting for individual child- and mother-level demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Conclusions: Significant relative risks of under-5 deaths at both individual and community levels underscore the need for interventions tailored toward community- and individual-level interventions. We stress the need for further studies on community-level determinants of under-5 mortality in disadvantaged urban areas.” (Antai, Moradi, 2010) This also brings us to the question: What causes urbanization in poor countries' I feel that it is a natural of humans to seek recourse in the company of others. This is to both nourish the need for social interaction and to find work, work can be found by offering labor or skills to others so when you have a group of people with needs it is easier to find labor to full fill those needs in a group. If we expand this reasoning we get larger groups, more needs , more labor and skills available to meet those needs and thus we have a fully functioning town. It slowly increases to become a city etc. By not having to travel too far it is much easier to function therefore it is a mutual function of groups of people to assist with work needs etc in a close location not having to search far and wide. So that man will always gather in urbanization affect. According to Mary O’Donnell, 2001, located just north of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, the largest and oldest of China's Special Economic Zone (SEZ) has been both a project and symbol of post-Mao modernization. In this paper, I trace how the Shenzhen built environment mediates images and experiences of 'Hong Kong', arguing that transnationality in the SEZ is an everyday practice where tradition, colonialism, and the Cold War provide raw materials for the local reworking of the changing relationship between the Chinese state apparatus and finance capital. My story has a double focus: the ideology of urbanization as modernization and historic preservation. On the one hand, the ideology of urbanization-as-modernization legitimates a spatial order in which the rural is always posed to be superseded by the urban. Both the rural and the urban are empty signifiers that are created through comparison and deployed to guide action. In this important sense, ‘Hong Kong' has been urban with respect to rural 'Shenzhen' (formerly Baoan County), even as 'Shenzhen' has been urban with respect to the Chinese hinterland (neidi). On the other hand, historic preservation domesticates 'Hong Kong' as Shenzhen's past through the figure of Xi’an County, the geographic predecessor of both Shenzhen and Hong Kong. These complimentary displacements produce nostalgia peculiar to the SEZ: a desire for a past that entitles contemporary Shenzhen residents to Hong Kong's prosperity. This nostalgia is structured with reference to a shared origin - Xi’an County - where Hong Kong's postwar history (1950-1979) becomes the past that Shenzhen (rural Baoan) would have had, if not for a cruel twist of socialist fate. (Mary O’Donnell, 2001“BECOMING HONG KONG, RAZING BAOAN, PRESERVING XIN'AN: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC ACCOUNT OF URBANIZATION IN THE SHENZHEN SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE”). Reference Antai, Diddy Moradi, Tahereh 2010Urban Area Disadvantage and Under-5 Mortality in Nigeria: The Effect of Rapid Urbanization Macinois John J., 2006 Society: The Basics, Eighth Edition BECOMING HONG KONG, RAZING BAOAN, PRESERVING XIN'AN: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC ACCOUNT OF URBANIZATION IN THE SHENZHEN SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE.. (2001). Cultural Studies, 15(3/4), p419-443, 25p.