Study_Guide

tudy guideWhich is most likely to be a limiting nutrient in a freshwater pond' A. phosphorus A mathematical formula designed to predict population fluctuations in a community could be called a(an) ecological model An organism that cannot make its own food is called a(an) A. heterotrph The algae at the beginning of the food chain are C. producers The rate at which organic matter is created by producers in an ecosystem is called primart procuctivity -Biogeochemical cycling ensures that B. nutrients will be circulated throughout the bioshpere -What animals eat both producers and consumers' B. omnivores -The lowest level of environmental complexity that includes living and nonliving factors is the C. ecosystem -Organisms that obtain nutrients by breaking down dead and decaying plants and animals are called A. decomposers -An organism that uses energy to produce its own food supply from inorganic compounds is called a(an)D. autotrophs -The rate at which organic matter is created by producers in an ecosystem is called D. primary productivity -Carbon cycles through the biosphere in all of the following processes EXCEPT B. transpiration -Organisms need nutrients in order to B. carry out essential life functions -Plant-eating animals such as cows are called ___herbivores________. -Which of the following is NOT a basic method used by ecologists to study the living world'b. Classifying -An organism that uses energy to produce its own food supply from inorganic compounds is called a(an) D. autotroph -Organisms that break down organic matter and return it to the environment are called __decomposers____. -In which way are plants in a sunny mountain meadow and sulfur bacteria in a deep-sea volcanic vent alike' B. they both produce carbohydrates and oxygen -Most of the energy available to a consumer trophic level is used by organisms for B. respiration, movement, and reproduction -If a nutrient is in such short supply in an ecosystem that it affects an animal's growth, the B. substance is a limiting nutrient -The combined portions of Earth in which all living things exist is called the D. bioshpere -All of the members of a particular species that live in one area are called a(an) B population -Matter can recycle through the biosphere because C. biological systems do not use up matter, they transform it. -Organisms that obtain nutrients by breaking down dead and decaying plants and animals are called decomposers -What is the term for each step in the transfer of energy and matter within a food web'trophic level -The chemical substances that an organism requires to live are called _water, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen. -Which of the following has a direct role in the nitrogen cycle' Bacteria legumes, and decomposers -Which of the following is NOT recycled in the biosphere' D.energy -Ponds and lakes are c. standing-water ecosystems A snake that eats a frog that has eaten an insect that fed on a plant is a third-level consumer -Living organisms require nitrogen to make nitrates and nitites, which are used to build proteins. - Which of the following organisms does NOT require sunlight to live' Chemosynthetic bacteria -The lowest level of environmental complexity the includes living and nonliving factore C.ecosystem -Autotrophs capture energy from sunlight or chemicals chemicals to produce food -Decomposers break down deal plants and animals -Nitrogen fixation is carried out by' C bacteria -ground water, when taken up by the roots of plants, eventually reenter the atmosphere by the process of transpiration -James Hutton attempted to explain how rock layers form and change over time -Thomas Malthus=human population overtaking earth -Lamarck’s theory that body structure can change according to the actions of the organisms -the same kinds of cells that grow in similar patterns in different but related organisms produce homologous structures such as wings and arms -natural selection= changes in the inherited characteristics of a population -foccils records= detailed record of evolution -Darwin based ideas on heritable variation and natural selection - In each generation, the wings of experimental fruit flies were clipped short for fifty generations. The fifty-first generation emerged with normal-length wings. This observation would tend to disprove the idea that evolution is based on inheritance of acquired characteristics. - in whales pelvis and femur bones are vestigial structures - Lamarch’s theory=body structure can change according to the actions of the organisms