Sludge_Report

Sludge Report By: Kate Price Partner: Michaela Shotley Hour: 2 Sludge Number: 11 *One Soluble Solid *Two Pigments *Three Insoluble Solids *Two Liquids *One Soluble Solid *Two Pigments *Three Insoluble Solids *Two Liquids Flow Chart Decant /Filter Decant /Filter *Three Insoluble Solids *Three Insoluble Solids *Two Liquids *Two Pigments *One Soluble Solid *Two Liquids *Two Pigments *One Soluble Solid Blue Pigment Blue Pigment Red Pigment Red Pigment Solid One Solid One Solid Two Solid Two Solid Three Solid Three Chromatography Chromatography Fractional Distillation Fractional Distillation *Two Pigments *One Soluble Solid *Two Pigments *One Soluble Solid *Two Liquids *Two Liquids Distill Distill Physical Means Physical Means Liquid Two Liquid Two Liquid One Liquid One Introduction/Abstract The purpose of sludge is to separate and identify five properties for each of the substances in the sludge. Sludge number eleven looked like a purple/brown liquid resting at the top mixed with yellow granules, silver pebbles, and a metal rod resting at the bottom of it. There was also a soluble solid that was brown and powdery that went away when the sludge mixture was shaken. We separated our sludge by using the following techniques. We began by decanting our sludge. We did this so we could separate the insoluble solids from the liquid, pigments, and soluble solid. Next we separated our insoluble solids by physical means. We did this so that we could separate the three solids from each other. After that we distilled. We did this to separate the two liquids from the soluble solid and pigments. Then we did chromatography. That was done to find out which of the three pigments were in our soluble solid. Lastly we fractionally distilled. Fractionally distilling allowed us to separate our two liquids from each other. After separating our sludge we then proceeded to identify five properties for each substance. The properties we identified of the insoluble solids were density, magnetism, color, odor, and malleability. The properties of the soluble solid we chose were density, melting point, color, odor, and crystal shape. The properties we identified for the liquids were density, boiling point, color, odor, and flammability. Methods The first step to separating sludge is to decant. To do this you take the sludge contained in the test tube and pour off the liquid portion of sludge into a beaker. You do not pour the insoluble solids into the beaker. The next step is to filter the remaining liquid that is with the insoluble solids in the bottom of the test tube. Suspend a funnel with filter paper over the beaker containing the sludge liquids and pour what remains in the test tube into the funnel. After having filtered separate all of the insoluble solids from each other. Do this by physical means. To do that pour out insoluble solids from the test tube onto a paper towel. Then use a plier to separate all of the different insoluble solids into groups so all of the insoluble solids are separated from the other ones. Then it is time to distill. To distill have the liquid in a test tube and put a cork on it. The cork should be connected to a thermometer and tube. The tube is about a foot long and is leading into another test tube resting in a beaker full of water. Then have a Bunsen burner that is connected to a gas line. With that turn on the gas line and light a fire with a flint sparker. To do that hold the sparker so it will cup the gas as it comes out and squeeze the handle - bearing down so that the flint makes strong contact with the roughed steel surface to light the fire. After that control the flame, being sure the liquid does not boil over into the other test tube. After most of the liquid is in the other test tube and what’s left in the main tube is starting to look mushy and less like a liquid stop the fire and get the insoluble solid from the bottom of the tube. Next is to do chromatography. With the solid from distilling use a paint brush to dab into the soluble solid and then dab what is on the paint brush onto a strip of chromatography paper. Then stick the chromatography paper onto a pencil. Place the pencil with the chromatography strip on it into a beaker with a small amount of water (solution) in it. The amount of water should just barely reach the end of the chromatography strip. Watch it until the solution has almost reached the pencil and then take it out and identify which pigments are there. The next thing to do is to fractional distill the liquid. This consists of the same set up used to distill, except just pouring your liquid into the test tube with the stopper on it. Right down the thermometers temperature before starting. Light the fire and control it. Write down the temperature of the liquid every thirty seconds to determine whether there is just one liquid or two by the number of plateau’s there are. That was a trial distillation. Repeat what was just done except this time once you reach the first plateau halfway through it replace the test tube with an empty one. Do that again if you originally had two liquids. What is in the first test tube is liquid one, the second test tube is junk and the third one (if there was a third) is liquid number two. Lastly is to find the density of all substances. To do this is similar for all of the substances. You have to know the mass and volume before the density can be found. For the insoluble solids densities place a container on the scale make the weight equal to zero, place an amount of you insoluble solid in the container and the amount of grams shown is the mass of the insoluble solid. To find the volume of it, put a set amount of water in a graduated cylinder and put the same amount of substance used with finding the mass in the graduated cylinder and the amount of milliliters the water level went up by is the volume. The only thing that is different in finding other densities is finding the volume for them. To find the volume for the soluble solid put it into a graduated cylinder and times the amount found by .5. Then to find the volume for the liquid(s) just pour it into a graduated cylinder and the amount that is shown is the volume. Results Time (min.) | 0 | 0.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 2 | 2.5 | 3 | 3.5 | 4 | 4.5 | 5 | 5.5 | 6 | 6.5 | 7 | 7.5 | 8 | 8.5 | 9 | 9.5 | 10 | 10.5 | 11 | Temp (°C) | 21.5 | 24 | 28 | 31 | 35 | 74 | 78 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 82 | 82 | 85 | 91 | 95 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | Time (min.) | 0 | 0.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 2 | 2.5 | 3 | 3.5 | 4 | 4.5 | 5 | 5.5 | 6 | Temp (°C) | 23 | 24 | 28 | 30 | 37 | 69 | 80 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | Time (min.) | 0 | 0.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 2 | 2.5 | 3 | 3.5 | 4 | Temp (°C) | 35 | 43 | 49 | 78 | 87 | 95 | 96 | 96 | 96 | | Mass (grams) | Volume (milliliters) | Density (g/mL) | Average (g/mL) | Yellow Granules 1 | 18.6 | 13.5 | 1.38 | 1.43 | 2 | 18.55 | 13 | 1.43 | | 3 | 18.61 | 13 | 1.43 | | Silver Pebbles 1 | 5.57 | 2.1 | 2.65 | 2.7 | 2 | 5.57 | 2 | 2.79 | | 3 | 5.6 | 2.1 | 2.67 | | Metal Rod 1 | 7.41 | 0.8 | 8.925 | 8.925 | 2 | 7.43 | 1 | 7.43 | | 3 | 7.41 | 0.8 | 8.925 | | Soluble Solid 1 | 1.86 | 0.9 | 2.07 | 2.02 | 2 | 1.79 | 0.9 | 1.99 | | 3 | 1.81 | 0.9 | 2.1 | | Liquid 1 1 | 1.16 | 1.6 | 0.73 | 0.73 | 2 | 0.46 | 0.8 | 0.58 | | 3 | 1.03 | 1.4 | 0.74 | | Liquid 2 1 | 3.88 | 4 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 2 | 3.5 | 3.8 | 0.92 | | 3 | 3.85 | 4.1 | 0.94 | | The trial distillation graph explains that I have two liquids in my sludge. You can see this because of the two plateaus there are. The first plateau shows the boiling point for liquid one and the second plateau shows the boiling point for liquid two. The two other graphs on the last page explain the liquids purity after being separated from each other. The density table below shows the mass, volume, density, and average of densities for each of my substances. Density is mass divided by volume. To find the average you add up all of the densities for the certain substance and divide it by how many densities you added together. The shown average density for the yellow granules are, 1.43 g/mL, silver pebbles equal, 2.7 g/mL, metal rod is, 8.925 g/mL, soluble solid is, 2.02 g/mL, liquid one is, 0.73 g/mL, and liquid two is, 0.95 g/mL. Discussion and Conclusions The yellow granules were obtained by first decanting, then filtering our sludge. Next we separated each of our three solids by using physical means. We found their density to be 1.43 g/mL. The color was yellow, it wasn’t magnetic, it was malleable, and it didn’t have and odor. The metal rod was obtained by first decanting, then filtering our sludge. Next we separated each of our three solids by using physical means. We found its density to be 2.70 g/mL. The color was rusty gray, it smelt like rust and metal, was magnetic, and wasn’t malleable. The silver pebbles were obtained by first decanting, then filtering our sludge. Next we separated each of our three solids by using physical means. We found their density to be 8.925 g/mL. The color was silver, it smelt like coin money, and was not magnetic or malleable. To find our soluble solid we first decanted, then filtered our sludge. Then we distilled the liquid portion of our sludge. Its density was 2.02 g/mL. We found its color to be purple and blue, its melting point was above 100 °C, its odor was similar to that of finger paints, and its crystal shape was no specific shape but very jagged. To find the pigments of our sludge we stared by decanting, then filtering our sludge. Then we decanted the liquid followed by chromatography. We found two pigments which were red and blue. Liquid number one was obtained by first decanting, then filtering our sludge. We then distilled the sludge followed by fractional distillation at which time the liquid was the first to vaporize and condense in the collecting tube. After its purity was verified we recorded its boiling point as 81°C. After three trials we found it’s density to be 0.73 g/mL. The liquid’s color is clear and it was flammable. Lastly, the liquid has a rubber-like odor. Liquid number two was obtained by first decanting, then filtering our sludge. We then distilled the sludge followed by fractional distillation at which time the liquid was the second to vaporize and condense in the collecting tube. After its purity was verified we recorded its boiling point as 96°C. After three trials we found it’s density to be 0.95 g/mL. The liquid’s color is clear and it was flammable. Lastly, the liquid has a rubber-like odor. Discussion and Conclusion Continued We encountered many problems while doing sludge. One problem was that while decanting our colored liquid boiled over many times. Also while finding densities the amount of substance used to find mass and volumes could have been different. The last problem we faced was that while fractionally distilling we didn’t pull out our liquid one test tube fast enough, so we had to re-do it in order for it to be pure. What I learned from the experience is that if you have to work with someone for even a week you must be able to get along otherwise you will not be able to get much done and done well. I also learned that if you are doing a big project like this that is worth so much of your grade that you really have to pay attention to details! Advice I have for doing sludge is to pick your partner wisely (like I did), to definitely not procrastinate, and to go back and look at your previous labs carefully to make sure you’re doing your sludge procedures right.