Robots

A robot is a virtual or mechanical artificial agent. In practice, it is usually an electro-mechanical machine which is guided by computer or electronic programming, and is thus able to do tasks on its own. Another common characteristic is that by its appearance or movements, a robot often conveys a sense that it has intent or agency of its own. Contents [hide] * 1 Origins * 2 Etymology * 3 History o 3.1 Early modern developments o 3.2 Modern developments * 4 Definitions o 4.1 Defining characteristics * 5 Modern robots o 5.1 Mobile robot o 5.2 Industrial robots (manipulating) o 5.3 Service robot * 6 Social impact o 6.1 Regional perspectives o 6.2 Autonomy and ethical questions o 6.3 Military robots * 7 Contemporary uses o 7.1 General-purpose autonomous robots o 7.2 Factory robots o 7.3 Dirty, dangerous, dull or inaccessible tasks o 7.4 Military robots o 7.5 Schools o 7.6 Research robots * 8 Future development o 8.1 Technological trends o 8.2 Technological development o 8.3 Reading robot * 9 Problems depicted in popular culture * 10 Timeline * 11 Literature * 12 See also * 13 References * 14 Further reading * 15 External links Origins This article is written like a personal reflection or essay and may require cleanup. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. (November 2010) Building the robot of Leonardo da Vinci Since the beginning of civilization, man had a fascination for a human-like creation that would assist him. Societies in the early part of the first millennium engaged in slavery and used those slaves to perform the tasks which were either dirty or menial labours. Having slaves freed the enslavers to carry on their society, so they could concentrate on what they perceived as "more important tasks", such as business and politics. Man had discovered mechanics and the means of creating complex mechanisms, which would perform repetitive functions, such as waterwheels and pumps. Technological advances were slow but there were more complex machines that were generally limited to a very small number, which performed more grandiose functions, such as those invented by Hero of Alexandria. In the first half of the second millennium, man began to develop more complex machines, as well as rediscovering the Greek engineering methods. Men, such as Leonardo Da Vinci in 1495, through to Jacques de Vaucanson in 1739, have made plans for (and have actually built) automata and robots, leading to books of designs, such as the Japanese Karakuri zui (Illustrated Machinery) in 1796. As mechanical techniques developed through the Industrial age, people found more practical applications, such as Nikola Tesla in 1898, who designed a radio-controlled torpedo and the Westinghouse Electric Corporation creation Televox in 1926. From here, there was a more android development, as designers tried to mimic more human-like features, including designs, such as those of biologist Makoto Nishimura in 1929 and his creation Gakutensoku, which cried and changed its facial expressions, and the more crude Elektro from Westinghouse in 1938. Electronics now became the driving force of development instead of mechanics with the advent of the first electronic autonomous robots created by William Grey Walter in Bristol, England in 1948. The first digital and programmable robot was invented by George Devol in 1954 and was ultimately called the Unimate. Devol sold the first Unimate to General Motors in 1960, where it was used to lift pieces of hot metal from die casting machines in a plant in Trenton, New Jersey. Since then, people have seen robots finally reach a more true assimilation of all technologies to produce robots such as ASIMO, which can walk and move like a human. Robots have replaced slaves in the assistance of performing those repetitive and dangerous tasks which humans prefer not to do or unable to do due to size limitations or even those such as in outer space or at the bottom of the sea where humans could not survive the extreme environments. Robots come in those two basic forms: Those which are used to make or move things, such as Industrial robots, mobile or servicing robots and those which are used for research into human-like robots, such as ASIMO and TOPIO, as well as those into more defined and specific roles, such as Nano robots and Swarm robots. Man has developed a fear of the autonomous robot and how it may react in society, such as Shelley's Frankenstein and the EATR, and yet people still use robots in a wide variety of tasks, such as vacuuming floors, mowing lawns, cleaning drains, investigating other planets, building cars, entertainment and in warfare. Etymology See also: Robots in literature A scene from Karel Čapek's 1920 play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots), showing three robots The word robot was introduced to the public by the Czech interwar writer Karel Čapek in his play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots), published in 1920.[3] The play begins in a factory that makes artificial people called robots, though they are closer to the modern ideas of androids, creatures who can be mistaken for humans. They can plainly think for themselves, though they seem happy to serve. At issue is whether the robots are being exploited and the consequences of their treatment. Karel Čapek himself did not coin the word. He wrote a short letter in reference to an etymology in the Oxford English Dictionary in which he named his brother, the painter and writer Josef Čapek, as its actual originator.[3] In an article in the Czech journal Lidové noviny in 1933, he explained that he had originally wanted to call the creatures laboři ("workers", from Latin labor). However, he did not like the word, and sought advice from his brother Josef, who suggested "roboti". The word robota means literally "work", "labor" or "corvée", "serf labor", and figuratively "drudgery" or "hard work" in Czech and many Slavic languages. Traditionally the robota was the work period a serf (corvée) had to give for his lord, typically 6 months of the year. The origin of the word is the Old Church Slavonic rabota "servitude" ("work" in contemporary Bulgarian and Russian), which in turn comes from the Indo-European root *orbh-.[4] Serfdom was outlawed in 1848 in Bohemia, so at the time Čapek wrote R.U.R., usage of the term robota had broadened to include various types of work, but the obsolete sense of "serfdom" would still have been known.[5] The word robotics, used to describe this field of study, was coined by the science fiction writer Isaac Asimov. Asimov and John W. Campbell created the "Three Laws of Robotics" which are a recurring theme in his books. These have since been used by many others to define laws used in fact and fiction. Introduced in his 1942 short story "Runaround" the Laws state the following: “ 1. A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. 2. A robot must obey any orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. 3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law. ” History Main article: History of robots Many ancient mythologies include artificial people, such as the mechanical servants built by the Greek god Hephaestus[6] (Vulcan to the Romans), the clay golems of Jewish legend and clay giants of Norse legend, and Galatea, the mythical statue of Pygmalion that came to life. In Greek drama, Deus Ex Machina was contrived as a dramatic device that usually involved lowering a deity by wires into the play to solve a seemingly impossible problem. The beginning of the robots may be traced to the Greek engineer Ctesibius.[7] In the 4th century BC, the Greek mathematician Archytas of Tarentum postulated a mechanical steam-operated bird he called "The Pigeon". Hero of Alexandria (10–70 AD), a Greek mathematician and inventor, created numerous user-configurable automated devices, and described machines powered by air pressure, steam and water.[8] Su Song built a clock tower in China in 1088 featuring mechanical figurines that chimed the hours.[9] In the 3rd century BC text of the Lie Zi, there is a curious account on automata involving a much earlier encounter between King Mu of Zhou (Chinese emperor 10th century BC) and a mechanical engineer known as Yan Shi , an 'artificer'. The latter proudly presented the king with a life-size, human-shaped figure of his mechanical 'handiwork' made of leather, wood, and artificial organs.[10] Al-Jazari (1136–1206), a Muslim inventor during the Artuqid dynasty, designed and constructed a number of automated machines, including kitchen appliances, musical automata powered by water, and programmable automata.[11][12] The robots appeared as four musicians on a boat in a lake, entertaining guests at royal drinking parties. His mechanism had a programmable drum machine with pegs (cams) that bumped into little levers that operated percussion instruments. The drummer could be made to play different rhythms and different drum patterns by moving the pegs to different locations.[11][12] Al-Jazari's programmable humanoid robots Tea-serving karakuri, with mechanism, 19th century. Tokyo National Science Museum. The first Unimate Early modern developments Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) sketched plans for a humanoid robot around 1495. Da Vinci's notebooks, rediscovered in the 1950s, contain detailed drawings of a mechanical knight now known as Leonardo's robot, able to sit up, wave its arms and move its head and jaw.[13] The design was probably based on anatomical research recorded in his Vitruvian Man. It is not known whether he attempted to build it. In 1738 and 1739, Jacques de Vaucanson exhibited several life-sized automatons: a flute player, a pipe player and a duck. The mechanical duck could flap its wings, crane its neck, and swallow food from the exhibitor's hand, and it gave the illusion of digesting its food by excreting matter stored in a hidden compartment.[14] Complex mechanical toys and animals built in Japan in the 18th century were described in the Karakuri zui (Illustrated Machinery, 1796)