Respones_to_Hist1301

November 15, 2011 Notes David Ramsay – Early Historian of revolutionary era Mercy Otis Warren – Early Historian of Revolutionary Era George Robert Twelves Hewes – wrote “Shoe Maker and the Tea Pary”. He personally witnessed the Boston Tea Party, Massacre, and more. He was at many key events during the Revolutionary Era. TWO THEMES FOR LAST PART OF SEMESTER – National Expansion, Sectional Crisis(Tensions between Free North and Slave South) Manifest Destiny: This was divinely ordained for the nation to expand westward. Mostly used by democrats in order to justify their nation’s expansion. James Monroe President after Madison. Won presidency in 1816 and 1820, his opponent was John Quincy Adams. John Quincy Adams Became president in 1824, but Andrew Jackson nearly won. Apparently Adams won due to a “backroom bargain” that put him ahead. Major Terms: Adams-Onis Treaty, Missouri Compromise Adams-Onis Treaty – Treaty between US and Spain to settle border dispute. Granted Florida to the US, and the US negotiated a new boundary. This was negotiated by John Quincy Adams while he was Secretary of State. Spain had no choice but to do this practically. IMPORTANT: US Now has territorial claims stretching all the way to the Pacific. Negotiated in 1819. Missouri Compromise(1820): Since 1815, four states had joined the union. All followed the ordinance that laid out the blueprint for state. Missouri applied for statehood, but came into a problem. A huge majority of people in Missouri were slaves, and was lateral to a free state Illinois. They were suggested that they come in and accept gradual emancipation, and allow no more new slaves within the state. The state did not like this because the economy effect, but also because the tipping of power between the free states and south states would affected. Missouri’s statehood was put on the backburner until the next congress. In 1820, they came up with a compromise. They carved Maine out of Massachusetts, and made that a free state while simultaneously allowing Missouri as a slave state. Missouri Compromise Line – drew a line at where slave states can reach, and where free states can. Monroe Doctrine – No more European colonization in the western hemisphere. He did not want France or Spain in these new, independent nations. He warned that if Europe powers tried to mess with any of these new nations, they will face America as well. This was not an approved statement, and was all talk. However, it does prove significant later down the road. Market Revolution Eerie Canal – Completed in 1825. Became central hub of America for a while. The first railroad consisted of 13 miles of track. America is starting to look morelike a nation, less state indentification, and a better national structure. Lowell Mills – Textile factory. By 1830s, Lowell had about 8 mills and employed about 5,000 young women(18-25 roughly). These women were very carefully supervised. Required to attend church. They came here for this, little, but still existing amount of freedom. It was kind of a chance for them to educate themselves. However, this did not last forever. Lowell soon had to cut prices, etc. The women eventually went on strike, saying they were basically treating them like slaves. So Lowell Mills started employing immigrants instead. Andrew Jackson(1829-1837') During these years, more and more Americans are starting to participate in politics. 3x more Americans voted in a 4 years span. Political parties still haven’t really taken full labels, but by 1828 they did. National Republicans(whigs) were for federal government to help commerce progress. National Republicans said they represented more for the people. Jackson’s Party: Democrats. Republicans: Whigs Jackson’s campaign defined Jackson as an overly intelligent thinker, and also showed Adams as a spoiled president with no connection to the common man. Adams backroom bargain: He won by one vote by a guy who changed his mind to vote for Quincy Adams while Jackson was currently in lead. Jackson wins 178 electoral votes to Adams’ 83. Jackson was most popular in southern and western states. Unfortunately for Jackson, his first term was rough. His wife past away before inauguration. He suffered from depression, and also physical pain from a bullet wound. He believed in a smaller federal government. At the top of his priorities, he’s going to establish an Indian Removal Policy. In early 19th century, there’s a big push to civilize Indians. Education, religionizing, etc. There is a creation of a Bureau of Indian Affairs. Given responsibility to deal with Indian’s annual payments we gave them(annuity, usually paid in goods). There were these medals that became a crucial part of Indian Diplomacy. Indians wanted to receive some medals. These medals represented friendship, power, and more to them. Indian Removal Talking about removal a couple more eastern tribes, and then the western tribes. On one side of the policy, we want to assimilate them into our society, but on the other side they want to segregate them. Officials are realizing that civilizing Indians is an unrealistic goal, saying that not all of these Indians are really going to give into conformity. Indian Removal also came to solve the problem that Indian tribes were trying to claim their independence from America, make their own states, etc. US was quite disturbed by Cherokee Indians. Cherokee Indians had a deep attachment to their land, not wanting to give it up at any costs. Unlike most Indian groups, the Cherokees were progressing like crazily because they were adapting to a lot of the American cultures. In 1820s, they started printing their own newspaper in both English and their language. They had their own slaves. On top of that, they are doing everything white America is asking them to do. They are more or less assimilating. But, in 1827, the Cherokee Nation adopted a national constitution. Major terms today: Trail of Tears, Westward Expansion, Texas Revolution, Fifty-Four Forty or Fight, Treaty of Guadalupe, Gadsden Purchase Trail of Tears: FILL THIS IN By 1843, about a 1000 immigrants are leaving Independence to the Pacific Coast on the Oregon Trail. The transcontinental railroad, restless American Population, and more paced the westward expansion. After Mexican Independence in 1821, on the Northern borderlands there is a collision of culture between white anglo people and Mexico. Mexico’s borders were poorly defined, and its outer regions were very sparsely populated. The Mexican nation is also very unstable in its early years. Around 1820, the assault of Mexico’s north border, it was very subtle. The Mexicans welcomed the anglo Americans. Santa Fe was a major commercial pub as Mexico is making its economic conquest and eventually military. The early, first, anglo Texans were extended an invitation by Mexico to come settle in Texas. They were promised they could bring their slaves, get free/cheap land, etc. and the settlers felt this was a chance to expand the amount of slave states. Empresario: Define this. There was about 35,000 anglos in Mexico eventually. Americans here had no interested in becoming assimilated into Mexican culture. Mexican soon realizes that they were never be good Mexican citizens, so they outlawed slavery. Texans simply got around this ban by calling their slaves, “servants”. The Texans soon became very upset because they had no say within Mexican government. Santa Anna responds to the Texans’ Declaration of Independence by sending troops to handle the rebellion. Texans in this war: David Crockett,' David Bouie The Alamo was a former mission. Santa Anna sends his men to attack the Alamo, and it took them 13 days to finally penetrate the Alamo and killed everyone but 3 people. A few weeks later, in Goliad, Texas, the military captured the Texans there. They said they would submit to the government after being promised some favor, but Santa Anna then ordered all 300 of them to be executed. General Sam Houston and his army crush Santa Anna’s troops, and even capture Santa Anna who is forced to recognize Texas as independent. When US does annex Texas, the Mexican nation is absolutely furious. James Polk promised to get ahold of Oregon Trail. Fifty-Four Forty or fight: 52 degrees and 40 minutes was the Extreme US Claim, and they would get ahold of this land even if they had to fight. James Polk didn’t fulfill his exact promise, but he did manage to compromise with Britain by getting everything below 49 degrees to 42 degrees. James Polk wanted Mexico’s northern provinces very badly. California, parts of Colorado, etc. He tried to reach out and buy these lands from Mexico, but Mexico refused because they didn’t want to give up any more land. There was a border dispute between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande. The US touches onto what land Mexico believes is theirs, and shots were exchanged. This is when the war started. Polk now had the justification to take war on Mexico. The Whig party condemned the shit out of this war that was being declared. Massachusetts’ officials said this expansion was only for the expansion of slavery. Abraham Lincoln stood up in congress and challenged Polk’s intelligence, sanity, etc. This was his first important speech, but Polk ignored him. Polk led the war himself, and said it would be a very short war. Initially, the US had the upperhand in this conflict. Zachary Taylor won a lot of his fights. Colonel Carney(spelling) won over New Mexico’s Santa Fe without having to fire a gun. They handed it over. Zachary Taylor in September, 1846 took Monterrey, then he went onto Buena Vista. Santa Anna and his men had to retreat after enduring catastrophic casualties. Epidemics are taking many, many lives from Americans. About 50,000 vs 13,000 deaths for Mexicans to Americans. Americans decides they’ll have to take Mexico’s capitol because they would not give up. After a few days of fighting at Veracruz, they win and start heading out to Mexico’s capitol. In the first day of battling in Mexico City, Mexico lost about 4,000 people. September 14, Mexico City falls. Soon after, Polk sends representative to make peace. Trist is this representative. On February of 1848, the Treaty of Guadalupe is established. Terms of this treaty: Mexico gave up all of Texas above Rio Grande, they had to give up the Territory around California. In Exchange, America is paying them 15 million dollars'