Refugees_and_Internally_Displaced_Persons_(Idps)

This paper will present a synopsis of concern pertaining to refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) from the perspective of the situation of refugee and IDP women. Significantly, there are two groups of people who are not heard or do not have power, especially women. The majority of IDP’s and refugees are needy people who are caught in conditions beyond their control. Therefore, not enough attention is given to the impact on internally displaced persons in exile by assistance agencies, which are frequently inadequately understood by assistance organisations. When displaced groups of people leave their homeland due to civil unrest and natural disasters, which know no boundaries, women are especially exposed. Whereas, states have asserted their obligation to protecting the wellbeing of refugees by consenting to the principal resource of refugee law; United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) offers support for refugees and coordinates the efforts of other UN and non-governmental organization (NGO) groups. Nonetheless, human rights law and international humanitarian safeguards civilian IDPs through varies apparatus; while they stay in their own native country they are not eligible for aid from global organisations. Despite widespread regulations, guidelines and procedures the situation still remains the same for refugee and displaced persons, as there are large breaches in policies and execution. This paper will argue that the reality of refugees and IDPs, especially women, are frequently perceived as a sign of the occurrence and concentration of armed fighting and are exposed economically, psychologically politically and socially. As they have been displaced from their native homes, after losing the right of entry to their habitual way of life and most significantly they are disliked by their hosts. Over a period of time, nation states have developed a legal structure that sustains the international refugee protection system. As states have asserted their duty to protecting the wellbeing of refugees by consenting to the principal resource of refugee law, the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, and its 1967 protocol and customary international law. Post World War II saw the large movements in Europe of refugees, in 1951 the Convention was launched. The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees is the foundation apparatus of refugee protection and identifies a refugee basically as; “a person who, as a result of well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality, and is unable to or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country.” The fundamental belief of the 1951 Convention is that human rights of refugees in the state of asylum must be on par with other resident foreigners staying in that state. Therefore, protection of refugees is covered by the concept of non-refoulement, basically means that they shall not be coerced into returning to their own if nation they have a rational concern that if they did, they would place their lives in danger. Nonetheless, there are three very significant devices that have regional relevant relevance. These are the Bangkok Principles, implemented in 1966 which was referred to as the Asian-African Legal Consultative Committee, the Organization of African Unity Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, implemented in 1969, and the 1984 Cartagena Declaration on Refugees in Central America. The events of 9/11 in 2001, gave rise to solemn US apprehensions about refugees and IDP’s populaces in that the situation of terrorists was being harboured. In September 2004, the 9/11 event triggered the UNHCR to released a statement, stating that the 1951 Refugee Convention disqualified anyone who had carried out grave crimes and offered terrorists with safety from prosecution. In 1994, Rwandan Interahamwe militias took flight to the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and were responsible for being executors of the April 1994 genocide, while concealing themselves among the refugee populaces. The UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) normally acknowledges persons who are taking flight from conflict area as refugees. However, numerous regimes which include the United States and the majority of European regimes decided on the standing of asylum seekers on the belief of individual concerns of maltreatment. Whereas, the 1998 Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement depicted IDPs as; “persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of, or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalised violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognised State border.” Most significantly, referred to as the potential reasons for flight are armed conflict and natural disasters, individuals and groups are defined under these classifications. Whereas, Human rights law and international humanitarian safeguards civilian IDPs through varies apparatus; the 1949 Geneva Conventions, 1977 Additional Protocol and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). However, at the present time there is no device considered to exclusively to tackle the rights of IDP. As numerous nation states have opposed steps to be taken for the introduction of detailed protection procedures for IDPs on the basis that to do so would violate their national sovereignty. Nevertheless, IDPs are put into camps and given hardly or any aid and no medical provisions or foodstuff from establishments, such as; the United Nations or the Red Cross. Nonetheless, at present there is no UN agency consent is in force to guarantee the interests of IDPs. When people who are affected by armed conflict remain within the borders of their native country, automatically they become internally displaced persons. Whereas, if they had taken the action of crossing an international border they would consequentially inherit the status of refugees. Immediately as refugees, they would have the right to be given aid from international organisations. Therefore, who makes available shelter and protection for refugees and IDP’s' This paper would argue, with the establishment of The UN Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) in 1949, education, health care, social services and emergency aid to Palestinian refugees living in the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon had been provided. In 2003 over 4 million Palestinian refugees were under the care of UNRWA. In 1951, The Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) was set up, originally focusing on the requirements of refugees. The role of the UNHCR’s is; to undertake and synchronise worldwide achievement for the global caring of refugees and the resolution of refugee troubles. While UNRWA continues to accept the onus for the wellbeing of Palestinian refugees, the consent of UNHCR, however, was broaden to deal with all refugees globally as continued numbers increased rapidly. In 2004, UNHCR was caring for 17.1 million people, made up of refugees, recently returned refugees, stateless people and IDPs, whereas, 49 percent were refugee women. Nonetheless, Asia has over 46 percent of refugees, Africa 22 percent, Europe 21 percent, Latin America 10 percent and 0.3 percent are in the Oceania area. IDP’s and refugees are powerless and needy who have subjected to situations beyond their control, such as; armed conflict and natural disasters which know no boundaries; the 2004 tsunami tragedy displaced over 500,000 people, of which the bulk were women and children. As already has been argued in this paper, the Principles on Internally Displaced Person, the principal accountability for the wellbeing of IDPs is the primary responsibility of the resident state. Nevertheless, while IDP’s continue to stay in their place of origin, they are not eligible to any assistance from international organisations except if the administrations of the country they reside in ask for it. However, in 2003, IDP’s estimates varied in 52 states globally between 20 and 25 million, for example; the largest recorded numbers of IDPs were; Sudan 4 million, Democratic Republic of the Congo 3 million, Colombia 2.9 million, Uganda 1.2 million and Iraq 1.1 million. Within the UN framework the major organisations deemed responsible with supplying direct support to refugees is UNHCR and UNRWA. Whereas, OCHA offers support for IDPs and UNHCR offers support for refugees and coordinates the efforts of other UN and NGO groups. NGO’s are nonprofit organisations with an aim to give assistance to persons in developing countries. Depending on the location, an NGO could donate to the requirements of a specific group of people or a whole nation. Furthermore, other UN organisations are the World Food Programme (WFP), which offers food relief and the International Organization for Migration (IOM), which coordinates the traffic of people, as well as refugees and IDPs that require global aid. UNHCR, UNRWA and OCHA all work in conjunction with specific UN groups, for instance; United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) supports children’s matters, UNDP is concerned with development matters and UNIFEM is relating to women. The United States of America is the principal government contributor to refugee aid and to humanitarian assistance. Whereas, worldwide organisations that are assisting refugees and IDPs are classified under two groupings: operational and non-operational groups. Projects that are carried out by International operational organisations; guarantee essential material requirements, skills training, health and education, access to livelihoods support and micro- finance, protection and advocacy. Most significantly, these agencies work with both displaced and non-displaced populations; The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), Save the Children, Oxfam and CARE are a few of the leading organisations worldwide involved in this type of assistance. This paper must address how women are affected by displacement, as women are confronted with specific problems. Nevertheless, persons accountable for safeguarding refugees and IDPs, and host regimes, UNHCR and international peacekeeping forces commonly disregard the dilemma and do not make available the necessary protection that is required, as identified in Somali refugee camps in Kenya. With the migration of displaced persons women in particular are very helpless, especially when they are pregnant or have small children. They face the risk of rape and other kinds of sexual or physical cruelty. UNHCR statistics have revealed fifty per cent of refugee populations are women. In Colombia, for example; more than fifty percent of IDPs are women. Women are definitely entitled to the same rights as men concerning protection in international humanitarian and human rights law. Therefore, what international laws, policies and guidelines are in existence that is relevant to refugee and IDP women. The Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict Article 6 states: “Women and children belonging to the civilian population and finding themselves in circumstances of emergency and armed conflict in the struggle for peace, self-determination, national liberation and independence, or who live in occupied territories, shall not be deprived of shelter, food, medical aid or other inalienable rights, in accordance with the provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Declaration of the Rights of the Child or other instruments of international law.” Furthermore, reference to the safeguarding of women affected by armed clashes is stated in the UN Security Council Resolution 1325. Women are bestowed rights as civilians. The resolution recommends that nation states and their armed forces and international peacekeeping services obtain instruction in women rights and protection, and the distinctive requirements of refugee and displaced women. The UNHCR took on the Guidelines on the Protection of Refugee Women in 1991. Which were aimed at incorporating the requirements of women into all scheduling to make sure of their wellbeing. In 2000, an assessment observed that the Guidelines were inadequately implemented and did not deal with existing challenges. In 2004, a Guidelines update was well under way for IDPs, domestic violence and urban refugees. As a consequence, the UNHCR resulted in developing its Five Commitments to Refugee Women. There are several avenues for international assistance available for refugees and IDP women through different organisations, such as; UNIFEM, the UN Development Fund for Women, this offers monetary and technical support to new methods that endorse women’s rights, economic security and women’s involvement in politics. Whereas, direct assistance has not been given by UNIFEM but UNIFEM will provide strategic support to women’s involvement in peace procedures and policy development. UNIFEM has offered strategic assistance in the past for refugee and displaced women by way of a requirements assessment for Burundian refugees in Tanzania, performed by its African Women in Crisis programme (AFWIC), and making certain that the 2002 Consolidated Appeals for the Great Lakes deals with human rights exploitations of displaced women. Also another organisation that assists is UNRWA which endorses women’s organisations in Palestinian, together with the Women’s Studies Centre, and the Women’s Centre for Legal Aid and Counselling. Furthermore, The Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children works on behalf of refugee and internally displaced women to preserve their rights and to make their lives better. Another well known organisation is Refugees International which advocates for displaced women’s rights established on domestic know-how and investigation. Nevertheless, in West Africa the awareness of global peacekeepers has been raised to understand the necessity to setting up monitoring procedures for violent behavior against women, along with urging the Chinese government into taking measures over the abduction of North Korean women as forced brides and has made certain that UNHCR has taken action in Tanzania in their refugee camps, concerning the shortage of protection for refugees helping as counselors and addressing the urgent requirement for psychosocial agenda in Guinea to give assistance to refugee women. The trafficking of women refugees is organized by way of documents through Human Rights Watch 2047. International NGO’s and Multilateral associations offer financial assistance, along with teaching and networking to women’s programs at different levels to refugee and displaced women. The Women’s Commission on Refugee Women and Children is a good example; this organisation conducts the Protection Partners Project, which is an affiliation with local women’s organisations and individuals who observe and give an account on the requirements of women in Colombia and Afghanistan/Pakistan. Women’s organisations in numerous western countries have worked very closely with their governments on asylum matters. Nevertheless, despite widespread regulations, guidelines and procedures, the situation still remains the same for refugee and displaced women, as there are large breaches in policies and execution. As there is a shortage of effective course of action on how UNHCR personal have to deal with domestic mistreatment, according to The Women’s Commission. As this paper has emphasised there is much needed change required in bringing about alertness and comprehension of guidelines and policies among personnel, for example; one requirement under international law and which is important is that refugees have the right to ask for asylum in a third country. Unfortunately the down side to this notion is that most refugee women do not know they can claim individually or separately from their husbands. Nonetheless, numerous governments throughout the world have taken the perspective that men are the only applicant because they are acknowledged by organisations as the principle figure of the family, therefore, the wives and children are disregarded. Most significantly, what is required is a much needed link between head office and field operations amongst personal to carry out current procedure for protecting refugee and IDP women. 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