Psychology_Final_Teststudy_Guide

Name: 1. | Joe made a big mistake when he decided to put vodka into his lemonade. After many glasses, he ended up very sick. Now poor Joe can no longer enjoy lemonade during the hot summer. The mere sight or smell of lemonade makes him feel sick. What is the unconditioned stimulus' | A) | the sight or smell of lemonade | B) | vodka | C) | nausea to the lemonade | D) | nausea to the sight or smell of lemonade | 2. | Rescorla and Wagner showed that predictability rather than the number of times a CS and UCS are paired is important for classical conditioning. This finding highlights the importance of ________ in conditioning. | A) | cognition | B) | discrimination | C) | generalization | D) | spontaneous recovery | 3. | When an organism produces the same response to similar stimuli, behaviorists say _______ has occurred. | A) | conditioning | B) | discrimination | C) | generalization | D) | learning | 4. | Brad proposed to Angelina at an Italian restaurant and to his great delight, she said “Yes.” Now every time Brad goes to that restaurant he gets a happy feeling. What is the unconditioned response' | A) | the restaurant | B) | feeling happy in the restaurant | C) | the acceptance of the proposal | D) | feeling happy when the proposal was accepted | 5. | While playing in the yard, little Amanda was stung by a bee. The sting made her cry. The sting was a: | A) | response. | B) | stimulus. | C) | discriminator. | D) | reinforcer. | 6. | A mental representation of a place is: | A) | a maze. | B) | a cognitive map. | C) | a Skinner box. | D) | shaping. | 7. | When a learned response is no longer followed by reinforcement, it will become weaker and disappear. This is known as: | A) | extinction. | B) | generalization. | C) | discrimination. | D) | shaping. | 8. | Without ________ we would keep repeating the same failed strategies over and over again. | A) | generalization | B) | extinction | C) | discrimination | D) | shaping | 9. | Secondary reinforcers are reinforcing because: | A) | getting two reinforcers changes behavior more quickly. | B) | most people think about them in favorable ways. | C) | they occur after an event so we associate them with a specific stimulus. | D) | we learned to pair them with primary reinforcers. | 10. | We can only know if a consequence is reinforcement by observing if it: | A) | strengthens a behavior. | B) | weakens a behavior. | C) | has little effect on a behavior. | D) | fits the predetermined definition. | 11. | Automatic processing occurs when: | A) | information is captured with no conscious effort. | B) | we go to sleep and encode dream information. | C) | we choose to focus on important information. | D) | our sensory memory encodes sensory information. | 12. | Long-term potentiation describes how memories may be physically stored in the brain by strengthening what part of neural transmission' | A) | axon terminals | B) | neurotransmitters | C) | synapses | D) | dendrites | 13. | Identifying information you previously learned is called: | A) | recall. | B) | recognition. | C) | storage. | D) | rehearsal. | 14. | Memorizing someone's name by associating his name with the name of someone you already know is an example of which semantic encoding technique' | A) | flashbulb memory | B) | context effect | C) | mnemonic device | D) | self-reference effect | 15. | The self-reference effect is a specific example of which of the following types of encoding' | A) | acoustic | B) | automatic | C) | semantic | D) | sensory | 16. | Loftus and Palmer asked two groups of observers how fast two cars had been going in a filmed traffic accident. Observers who heard the vividly descriptive word “smashed” in relation to the accident later recalled: | A) | significantly greater speeds. | B) | that the drivers of the vehicles were intoxicated. | C) | that the drivers of the vehicles were males. | D) | the details of the accident with vivid accuracy. | 17. | Which of the following statements best defines the misinformation effect' | A) | when older memories misinform recall and disrupt the retrieval of newer information | B) | incorporating misleading information into a memory | C) | moving an anxiety-producing memory into the unconscious | D) | interference of recently encoded information | 18. | Permastore memory refers to: | A) | especially long-lasting memories. | B) | memories of our infancy and childhood that we will never forget. | C) | our long-term memory and our short-term memory. | D) | personal identity information such as our name and birth date. | 19. | When we incorporate misleading information into a memory, what has occurred' | A) | proactive interference | B) | retrieval | C) | misinformation effect | D) | repression | 20. | The title of a song is on the tip of Gerard's tongue, but he cannot recall it until someone mentions the songwriter's name. Gerard's initial inability to recall the title was most likely caused by: | A) | encoding failure. | B) | repression. | C) | retrieval failure. | D) | storage failure. | 21. | The most common treatment for sleep apnea involves: | A) | taking a REM-inhibiting stimulant. | B) | maintaining the same nightly sleep schedule. | C) | a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine. | D) | taking over-the-counter sleeping medications. | 22. | Which theory is supported by evidence that dreams of a third grader are less dynamic and active than those of a 20-year-old' | A) | activation synthesis | B) | cognitive development | C) | information processing | D) | physiological function | 23. | Which of the dream theories would support this statement, “If you have never heard of a Native American sweat lodge, you're not going to dream about them”' | A) | information processing | B) | activation synthesis | C) | cognitive development | D) | physiological function | 24. | Alex fell asleep in geometry class. When her teacher called her name, she jumped to attention. Even though she had been asleep, she really didn't feel like she had been. Which sleep stage was Alex in when awakened' | A) | Stage 2 | B) | REM | C) | Stage 1 | D) | Stage 3 | 25. | You nod off during your Latin class. According to sleep theory, which stage of sleep are you in just after you fall asleep' | A) | REM | B) | Stage 1 | C) | Stage 4 | D) | unconscious stage | 26. | Dennis wanted to be hypnotized, but was afraid of looking “dumb” onstage in front of the audience at the hypnotist's show. The effect of these forces on his suggestibility would best support: | A) | the divided consciousness theory. | B) | the Stanford Hypnotic Suggestibility Scale. | C) | the placebo effect. | D) | the social influence theory. | 27. | Research demonstrates that hypnotized subjects will sometimes act in antisocial ways. However, it is important to remember that: | A) | hypnosis may function as a type of placebo—producing an effect simply because of an individual's expectations. | B) | hypnotically induced memories are unreliable. | C) | our tendency to obey authority figures could produce the same results without hypnosis. | D) | according to social influence theory, hypnotized subjects may be simply faking it. | 28. | Many psychologists are suspicious of memories retrieved through hypnosis because: | A) | a subject might involuntarily manufacture a false memory and believe it to be true. | B) | hypnosis is a very rare state, and very few people can be hypnotized. | C) | memories recalled during hypnosis are accurate but can be disturbing. | D) | the hidden observer hides important memories from our consciousness. | 29. | The strongest support for the social influence theory is: | A) | that behaviors produced with hypnosis can often be produced through other forces. | B) | evidence of special powers of hypnosis, like pain control and dramatic memory enhancement. | C) | the finding that some people cannot be hypnotized. | D) | the presence of the “hidden observer.” | 30. | The belief that a treatment will work is called: | A) | the hidden observer. | B) | pseudoscience. | C) | the placebo effect. | D) | dependence. | 31. | Which of the following statements about language is true' | A) | We combine morphemes to form phonemes. | B) | The system of rules that govern how we combine the building blocks of language to form sentences is called syntax. | C) | Words often have more than one morpheme. | D) | Phonemes don't have meaning in and of themselves. | 32. | Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis predicted that: | A) | babbling must precede two-word speech. | B) | children must acquire language by the time they are 7 years old. | C) | humans learn language faster than other species can. | D) | language structures the ways we can think about the world. | 33. | A prototype is a: | A) | set of phonemes used to solve a problem. | B) | specific application of a heuristic. | C) | type of algorithm that guarantees the correct answer. | D) | typical best example of a concept. | 34. | The earliest stage of speech development is called the ________ stage. | A) | babbling | B) | grammatical | C) | one-word | D) | semantic | 35. | The sound “sh” that begins the word “short” is an example of one of the _______ used in the English language. | A) | morphemes | B) | phonemes | C) | prototypes | D) | semantics | 36. | Which of the following people best illustrates Sternberg's concept of practical intelligence' | A) | Cindy, a young mother who prefers playing with her children to cleaning her house | B) | Gareth, a graduate student who generates many creative research ideas | C) | Jamal, a college student who quickly recognizes the correct answers to multiple-choice test questions | D) | Shelley, a newspaper reporter who has a knack for making connections with very important people | 37. | Charles has a mental age of 10 and a chronological age of 8. His IQ is: | A) | 100. | B) | 110. | C) | 125. | D) | 80. | 38. | The fact that people who excel in one area tend to also excel in others provides support for: | A) | a general intelligence. | B) | multiple intelligences. | C) | the three factor approach to intelligence. | D) | both Gardner's and Sternberg's approaches to intelligence. | 39. | Which of the following regarding the nature-nurture debate is correct' | A) | Nature is dominant in determining one's intelligence. | B) | Nurture is dominant in determining one's intelligence. | C) | Nature and nurture both play a role in determining one's intelligence. | D) | It is impossible to scientifically study the nature-nurture debate. | 40. | Dr. Potter has devised a test to predict success as a wizard. He gives the test to a group of wizard hopefuls on Monday and again on Wednesday. If the hopefuls score about the same on Wednesday as they did on Monday, we can expect that the test is: | A) | valid. | B) | constructive. | C) | reliable. | D) | standardized. | 41. | After George learned that Mrs. Min suffered from schizophrenia, he mistakenly concluded that her tendencies to laugh easily and smile frequently were symptoms of her disorder. This best illustrates the: | A) | biasing power of diagnostic labels. | B) | dangers of the psychoanalytic perspective. | C) | shortcomings of the bio-psycho-social model. | D) | unreliability of DSM-IV. | 42. | A psychological disorder is: | A) | a brain abnormality. | B) | a harmful dysfunction. | C) | a type of depression. | D) | a type of insanity. | 43. | The oldest explanations for psychological disorders usually involved: | A) | diet-based causes. | B) | family relationship causes. | C) | spiritual causes. | D) | physical accident causes. | 44. | Psychological disorders, like Alzheimer's disease, that are known to be linked to specific biological problems, support which perspective on disorders' | A) | demon possession model | B) | legal model | C) | medical model | D) | memory model | 45. | What does it mean if a specific diagnosis in the DSM is unreliable' | A) | The causes listed for the disorder are not based on valid research. | B) | Different psychologists do not use the diagnosis in the same way. | C) | Statistics on the diagnosis are not available, so that DSM cannot accurately describe it. | D) | The bio-psycho-social model may better describe this disorder. | 46. | Which of the following disorders has been associated with famous creative artists because of bursts of the creative energy associated with the disorder' | A) | major depressive disorder | B) | generalized anxiety disorder | C) | bipolar disorder | D) | obsessive-compulsive disorder | 47. | A child who is physically abused develops major depression later in life. Which of the following social-cognitive factors may be an important cause of the depression' | A) | heredity | B) | predisposition | C) | learned helplessness | D) | brain function | 48. | Which of the following summaries regarding biological factors and anxiety and mood disorders is most correct' | A) | Brain scans indicate lower than normal brain function in people with anxiety disorders, and higher than average brain function in people with mood disorders. | B) | Evolutionary theory can offer no explanation for the existence of either anxiety or mood disorders. | C) | Heredity may play a role in anxiety disorders, but probably not mood disorders, which are more affected by social-cognitive factors. | D) | Identical twin studies indicate possible biological predispositions for some anxiety and mood disorders. | 49. | If one fraternal twin is diagnosed with major depressive disorder, what percentage chance does the other twin have of developing depression' | A) | 20% | B) | 40% | C) | 60% | D) | 80% | 50. | According to research presented in the text, which of the following kinds of people are statistically more likely to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder' | A) | wealthy people | B) | women | C) | Americans | D) | men | 51. | Which of the lobes of the cerebral cortex shows less activity in people diagnosed with schizophrenia' | A) | frontal lobes | B) | temporal lobes | C) | parietal lobes | D) | occipital lobes | 52. | A person who is so detached from emotional relationships that they avoid intimate interactions with others at all costs might be diagnosed with which of the following personality disorders' | A) | avoidant personality disorder | B) | antisocial personality disorder | C) | borderline personality disorder | D) | schizoid personality disorder | 53. | Lasting, rigid patterns of behavior that seriously impair one's social functioning are called: | A) | anxiety disorders. | B) | mood disorders. | C) | personality disorders. | D) | social disorders. | 54. | What are lasting, rigid behavior patterns that disrupt social functioning called' | A) | somatoform disorders | B) | dissociative disorders | C) | personality disorders | D) | mood disorders | 55. | Mr. Hunt believes that he is the President of the United States and that he will soon become the “King of the Universe.” Mr. Hunt is most clearly suffering from: | A) | delusions. | B) | dissociative identity disorder. | C) | hallucinations. | D) | obsessions. | 56. | In a therapy session with Joan, Dr. Lewis expresses his belief that her inability to express herself stems from repressed childhood feelings of anger and resentment toward her parents. Dr. Lewis statement best reflects which of the following' | A) | active listening | B) | an interpretation | C) | cognitive restructuring | D) | counterconditioning | 57. | Treatment programs in which alcoholic clients consume alcohol that contains a nausea-producing drug are using a technique known as: | A) | aversive conditioning. | B) | free association. | C) | systematic desensitization. | D) | transference. | 58. | To encourage Mrs. Haan, a withdrawn schizophrenia patient, to be more socially active, institutional staff members give her small plastic cards whenever she talks to someone. She is allowed to exchange these cards for candy and cigarettes. Staff members are making use of: | A) | a token economy. | B) | active listening. | C) | free association. | D) | systematic desensitization. | 59. | Which type of therapists try to help depressed people take more responsibility for things that go well and to encourage them to give less permanent and devastating explanations for failure' | A) | behavioral | B) | humanistic | C) | cognitive | D) | psychoanalysts | 60. | In treating one patient, Dr. Terry might use dream analysis, active listening, and token economies. Dr. Terry would most likely be considered a(n): | A) | psychoanalyst. | B) | humanistic psychologist. | C) | eclectic therapist. | D) | behaviorist. | 61. | Memory loss is a serious side effect associated with which of the following biomedical therapies' | A) | antidepressants | B) | antianxiety drugs | C) | antipsychotic medications | D) | electroconvulsive therapy | 62. | Electroconvulsive therapy has proven to be effective in the treatment of: | A) | depression. | B) | dissociative disorders. | C) | phobias. | D) | schizophrenia. | 63. | Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder that usually involves: | A) | obsessive thinking and repetitive, maladaptive behaviors. | B) | profound sadness, loss of interest in activities, suicidal thoughts. | C) | distorted thinking and perception in the forms of delusions and hallucinations. | D) | physical complaints without physical causes. | 64. | Wilson is a 25-year old man with a history of depression. He has tried many different antidepressant medications but has not yet found relief for his depression. His doctors may decide to: | A) | cut out specific brain regions involved in emotional responses. | B) | administer electroconvulsive therapy, as it is sometimes used to treat major depression when drugs have failed. | C) | cut the connections between Wilson's frontal lobe and limbic system in the brain. | D) | try Thorazine treatment, wait for 1 month, and evaluate the effectiveness of the dosage again. | 65. | Interpret the following graph.Which of these statements best represents the relationship between a given year and the number of patients in state and county mental hospitals' | A) | When drug therapies were first introduced in the 1950s the number of patients in mental hospitals increased significantly. | B) | The numbers of patients in mental hospitals has remained steady since the 1950s. | C) | When medications for serious mental disorders were introduced in the 1950s the number of people in mental hospitals dropped dramatically. | D) | There are now more people in state and county mental hospitals than at any time since 1900. | 66. | You notice that a new student at your school backs down when a teacher challenges her about an answer on a test. You conclude that the new student doesn't have much willpower or confidence. You may be using ________ and underestimating the power of ________. | A) | deindividuation; conformity | B) | fundamental attribution error; obedience | C) | groupthink; group polarization | D) | self-fulfilling prophecies; social facilitation | 67. | Which of the following factors determine whether our attitudes will affect our actions' | A) | genetics, environment, brain anatomy | B) | outside influences, awareness of attitude, relevance of attitude | C) | situational factors, cognitive dissonance, deindividuation | D) | social factors, cultural factors, personal factors | 68. | Which of the following comments is most likely to be made in a group characterized by groupthink' | A) | “As a group, we have to think carefully about all the pros and cons surrounding this issue.” | B) | “Do any of you see any potential problem with our group's position'” | C) | “To proceed democratically, we need to know the honest opinions of all group members.” | D) | “We all seem to be in basic agreement, so there's no sense continuing our discussion of this issue.” | 69. | The improved performance of tasks in the presence of others is called: | A) | social loafing. | B) | social facilitation. | C) | conformity. | D) | group polarization. | 70. | When we act in ways that cause a belief to come true, we are: | A) | engaging in a self-fulfilling prophecy. | B) | committing the fundamental attribution error. | C) | exhibiting the actor-observer effect. | D) | demonstrating social facilitation. | 71. | Prejudice is best defined as: | A) | a perceived incompatibility of actions or goals. | B) | an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. | C) | the belief that victims of misfortune deserve their fate. | D) | the tendency to favor members of one's own group. | 72. | Mr. Harmony wants to get rid of the hostility that exists between the different ethnic groups in his company. According to research by Sherif, what might be an effective plan of action' | A) | Create work shifts in which all ethnic groups must work side by side. | B) | Assign workers from different ethnic groups to work together to complete a common project. | C) | Bring social psychologists in to talk to the individual workers. | D) | Have the various ethnic groups compete in games at the company picnic. | 73. | A characteristic of companionate love in which people reveal intimate aspects of themselves to others is known as: | A) | equity. | B) | sharing. | C) | self-disclosure. | D) | the mere exposure effect. | 74. | Sherif demonstrated that ________ is not usually enough to break down the barriers between groups. | A) | cooperation. | B) | contact | C) | competition | D) | the ingroup mentality | 75. | Shared goals that break down the barriers between two different groups are called: | A) | super goals. | B) | subordinate goals. | C) | superordinate goals. | D) | common goals. | Answer Key 1. | B | 2. | A | 3. | C | 4. | D | 5. | B | 6. | B | 7. | A | 8. | B | 9. | D | 10. | A | 11. | A | 12. | C | 13. | B | 14. | D | 15. | C | 16. | A | 17. | B | 18. | A | 19. | C | 20. | C | 21. | C | 22. | B | 23. | C | 24. | C | 25. | B | 26. | D | 27. | C | 28. | A | 29. | A | 30. | C | 31. | D | 32. | D | 33. | D | 34. | A | 35. | B | 36. | D | 37. | C | 38. | A | 39. | C | 40. | C | 41. | A | 42. | B | 43. | C | 44. | C | 45. | B | 46. | C | 47. | C | 48. | D | 49. | A | 50. | B | 51. | A | 52. | D | 53. | C | 54. | C | 55. | A | 56. | B | 57. | A | 58. | A | 59. | C | 60. | C | 61. | D | 62. | A | 63. | C | 64. | B | 65. | C | 66. | B | 67. | B | 68. | D | 69. | B | 70. | A | 71. | B | 72. | B | 73. | C | 74. | B | 75. | C |