Pd_-_Factors_Affecting_Performance_in_Soccer

pd Assignment- Factors Affecting Performance 3 Positions Centre Midfield Striker Goal Keeper Centre Midfield in soccer, there are usually 3 or 4 Midfielders. The Midfielders play between the Fullbacks and the Forwards. They are often in the "Middle Third" of the field. There can be "Offensive Midfielders" who play closer to the Forwards and "Defensive Midfielders" who play closer to the Fullbacks. The centre Midfielders are between the offensive and defensive midfielders. 40 % of energy requirements for a centre midfielder comes from the Aerobic system. This is due to the fact that this position incorporates periods of jogging for just over 2 minutes. Aerobic activity is defined as any activity lasting over 2 minutes where oxygen mist be present in order to generate adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP). The system which uses energy which can supply a player jogging for over 800 m at one time is the lactic acid system. The lactic acid system uses glucose as its source of fuel and the duration of this energy system is just up to 3 minutes. When the player exceeds 800m and further runs approximately 1500m the aerobic system becomes dominant as this long distance requires the presence of oxygen to ensure the continuation of muscular contraction. However, 60% of energy requirements for a centre midfielder comes from the anaerobic system. Anaerobic activity is defined as an activity that requires shorter bursts of energy usually lasting anywhere from less than 10 seconds up to two minutes. The anaerobic system is dominant as sprinting occurs in numerous short 10 – 40 meter bursts. 90% of the Anaerobic system is used in sprints under 100 meters. Explosive anaerobic movements such as sprinting requires speed, agility and quickness. This explosive movement along with kicking, tackling, quick passes and changing pace consequently causes the ATP-PC energy system to come into action. Further muscular work relies on creatine phosphate breaking down to create creatine and phosphate. This releases energy in the process, thus there is sufficient power for the muscles required in one explosive movement. Striker Soccer also consists of a striker. A striker is the team's most powerful and best-scoring forward who plays towards the centre of the field. The aim of the striker is simply to score on every offensive attack and so running fast is a great advantage, consequently 80% of energy contribution comes from the ATP/PC and anaerobic glycolysis system. Short burst of energy are particularly important as a striker needs power to score on every chance when in front of the opponents goal . Explosiveness, speed, agility and quickness are all primary movements involved as a striker. These movements show that the ATP system supplies energy which will continually supply movements that need a high demand of energy. It is evident that as a striker the majority of play is in intervals and the types of activities do not last for long periods of time. For example chasing a lose ball at a high intensity. This may take seconds until passed to another player. The efficiency of ATP production used here is very quick at extremely high intensity which is about 95-100% maximal effort. Shooting is particularly very important and this also requires short bursts of energy. It can be seen that the Alactacid system is consequently a dominant and essential energy system for this position in the game of soccer. As well as shooting a striker needs to run, sometimes, around 30 seconds and therefore, the lactic acid system comes into play. 10% of the lactic acid system is used during this position as a striker is likely to run with the ball in order to score a goal. The aerobic system is used 10% of the time due to the fact that the intervals are repeated at various intensities and duration over the course of a 90 minute match. Goalkeeper The Goalie's job is to defend their team's goal and usually stay close to his goal. Goalkeeper components include: catching balls on the ground in air Punching and deflecting high balls Jumping, diving and landing Winning the ball from an attacker Punting, kicking, passing and throwing These components are prime examples of why 80% of the time the ATP-PC system is used for a goal keeper position. Because of these components the goal keeper needs to have strength, power, mobility, agility and a high speed of reaction and basic core endurance in order to perform to the best of their ability. 20% of the lactic acid system is required for the position of the goal keeper. The goal keeper might need to run up to an upcoming ball and kick it out if defenders haven't got to it first. Thus the contribution of the lactic acid system is used. Through these positions, there is a clear correlation between energy systems and the types of activities each player is required to execute. Various intensities require different energy systems. the body needs a continuous supply of energy to meet its needs, therefore to power muscular contraction for movement. Analysis of the types of training required for each position Midfield Centre For this position the recommended type of training which will be beneficial to the athlete is Fartlek training which is a type of aerobic training . The nature of this position includes responsibility of keeping possession of the ball, defending and attacking. These aspects can be improved upon with the use of Fartlek training. Participants vary their speed and the terrain in which they are working on in Fartlek training. This ultimately engages both anaerobic and aerobic energy systems. Fartlek training helps players who are frequently asked to sprint, stop, change direction and accelerate. Midfielder's are very likely to vary their speed and intensity and thus, Fartlek training is beneficial as it incorporates this idea of random use of variations. As a Midfielder regular bursts of speed are particularly important. For example, when a player notices he should defend the goal by kicking the ball out, he sprints towards his opponent and kicks the ball. This explosive movement of kicking requires a great deal of energy. For the player to also run towards the ball, agility and speed is essential. Soccer speed is not only straight ahead speed. It is the ability to accelerate quickly, run on diagonals and bow shaped curves. Soccer speed consists of running shoulder to shoulder with opponents trying to either react to their next move or out pace your defender. There are many speed drills for soccer which can be incorporated in training. Sprinting on a slope of 5.8 degree increases the athlete's maximum speed by an average of 35seconds. Hence, sprinting on a slope is a great training technique to enhance speeding. Fartlek training can ultimately assist in these movements. Interval training, another type of aerobic training also is of great benefit for a Midfielder as the majority of play is in intervals and the activity does not last for long periods of time – such as chasing a lose ball. Aerobic interval training involves alternating sessions of work and recovery. The rest period, which is very short, about 20 seconds, is important in differentiating aerobic interval training from anaerobic interval training. Striker To prepare the striker, the best type of training is anaerobic training. Anaerobic training uses high intensity work coupled with limited recovery to developed systems of energy supply that function in the absence of oxygen. There are 3 types of anaerobic training which include of Short anaerobic training Medium anaerobic training Long anaerobic training Long anaerobic training lasts one to two minutes and develops the lactic acid and aerobic system. These systems are important to train as strikers require periods of high energy. Anaerobic interval training will mean strikers will improve their sprints using maximal effort. For example, to develop short bursts, the athlete needs to sprint for at-least 30 seconds at 100% of their maximal speed. They get a 30-90 second rest duration so that lactate is able to disperse, as lactate build-up inhibits the development of quality with the sprinting action. A study conducted by Jan Helgerud at the Norwegian University of Science and technology has proved that anaerobic training benefits soccer players. Those who performed the interval training over the period of the 8 week study, increased the total distance covered during games by 20%. They also doubled the number of times they sprinted during games. After 8 weeks, the athletes spent 19 minutes longer in the high intensity zone (above 90% of max. heart rate) during an actual game. Goalkeeper It is vital that a goalkeeper is strong in the air and that their goal kicks are hard, powered by force. Goalkeeper's also need to be able to release the ball quickly with a strong and accurate throw and have a strong vertical leap when saving a goal. For all these aspects to be executed properly strength training is a appropriate method to improve on techniques involved. Good upper and lower body strength is important, therefore a resistant training program is beneficial to improve on a stable core. Goalkeepers have to be constantly aware of the action on the field. They must be ready and able to move quickly – backwards, forwards, and side-to-side – in a short amount of time. Explosive movements are evidently vital to this position, as well as throwing, kicking, and the ability to concentrate on players all aiming at the goal. Goalkeeper's have seen to rush out of the box to head the ball clear, or run up for a corner kick at the end of a game. These quick sprints and movements require speed, concentration, and strength, and therefore weight lifting and plyometrics (a type of exercise training designed to produce fast, powerful movements, and improve the functions of the nervous system) can assist greatly. Reflexes are also crucial skills a goalkeeper must have. The goalkeeper’s reaction time must be extremely acute and cautious to deflections, sudden shots, switches in angle of attack, and flight of the ball. These reflexes can be improved a great deal, also through weight lifting and plyometrics. Basically, the goalkeeper must build strength, agility, balance, and quickness through goalkeeper-specific training programs. Research, recommended and justify a psychological strategy that could be applied to the training program in order to enhance motivation and manage the anxiety that team member may be experiencing leading up to the world cup As athletes advance in their sport, it becomes crystal clear how influential the mind can be in altering performance. -- Caroline Silby, Games Girls Play Soccer players can use a number of techniques to enhance motivation and manage anxiety that they may be experiencing leading to the world cup. These techniques can include of concentration/attention skills, mental rehearsal, visualisation, relaxation and goal setting. It is greatly suggested that as a goalkeeper they have very strong attention skills. The position of goalkeeper is one of the most psychologically demanding on the soccer field. Mistakes are final. The glory is usually reserved for the players at the other end of the field. Soccer goal-keeping technique is focused on the mechanics of catching the ball. Footwork is the key, because if a keeper's feet can't get them to where the ball is going, their hands will be useless. Catching is important, since sloppy catching technique can allow the ball to slip through the hands and into the net. Proper positioning allows the keeper to cover the largest portion of the goal possible, however occasionally desperate diving attempts are made to catch difficult shots. These techniques outlined all incorporate concentration, thus mistakes can be minimised when awareness is increased by focusing on the task with practise. Practise is essential as it helps the goalkeeper develops good habits, therefore executing proper technique. Teaching a goalkeeper good technique will result in successful outcomes. When technique is taught it is vital to then hammer it in with repetition. It is not suggested to allow any lazy or sloppy technique, even when they're not officially doing drills or playing. Good habits will show themselves in games just like bad habits. Repetition is the key. Consistency is what separates a good goalkeeper from a great one. These aspects outlined can manage anxiety as it builds concentration. This can consequently mean they feel positive so they are likely to improve on their skills. It is for this reason that attention skills are detrimental as getting an athlete to focus on the outcome places great importance on the result. Enhancing motivation is essential for a soccer player as they will have a high self-belief in their ability to succeed. For this to happen, it is ideal for elite athletes to set personal goals. Thus, through empowering athletes to set their own goals, they are more likely to accept challenges and most importantly, pursue the goals with enthusiasm. * Stay positive when goals are scored It can be tough to be positive, especially when a simple lapse has just let in the game-losing goal with seconds to play. Goalkeepers need to be able to put mistakes behind them quickly and recover, so try to put a positive spin on things: o Credit the shooter. Sometimes the opposing team has just made a great play; give them credit - it's not always a mistake by the keeper that lets a goal in. o Don't dwell on it. Help the goalkeeper shake it off quickly, make a fast coaching point if necessary, and move on once the kickoff has been taken. You can cover problems in more depth at the next practice. o Look for the technique that needs improvement. Coaching PointFocus on the skill that needs work, not the fact that the goal was allowed. Very often it's just basic footwork or catching that needs brushing up. * Give credit for other than direct saves A keeper can keep the soccer ball out of the net in more ways than making a direct save - forcing a missed shot gets the job done too. Aggressiveness goes a long way here - by making the shooter decide too early, a keeper can force a miss or a pass on an otherwise open shot. A goalkeeper who can get into the heads of opposing forwards early has a huge advantage. * Don't panic after a save This applies to both coach and goalkeeper. Give the keeper time to internalize the save (builds confidence), calm down, give field players time to recover, and look upfield to restart the attack. Six seconds is plenty of time to do all this. If you stay calm, you're showing that you have confidence in the keeper's ability to control the ball and the game. * Don't allow less than full effort, every time, every shot Every shot deserves an attempt at a save, even if it seems futile. Eventually, the shots that seemed impossible to stop before will start coming into range. If the effort is there, the results will start to come. * If things aren't going well, pull the goalkeeper with care Many coaches will pull a keeper if they are getting shelled, but be aware of the repercussions of this. Some players will take this as a sign you lack confidence in them, and only go downhill. Make sure you stay positive, and point out you're not pulling them because they are a poor player or person, just that it's not their day. * Encourage additional training There isn't always time to properly train a keeper in normal practice sessions, especially when that player needs to develop foot and field skills as well. Encourage them to attend club or private training sessions, goalkeeper camps, rent or buy books or videos, or visit this and other web sites. A player who is serious about goalkeeping needs all the extra training and practice they can get.