Palmer_Notes

SECTION 35 VOCAB TERMS (PARIS HEART OF ENLIGHTMENT MOVEMENT) Ancients and Moderns- Moderns are pointing to science, art, literature and invention, said that it was natural for people of their time to do better than the ancients because they came later and built upon their predecessor achievements. Quarrel never really settled but many were Moderns than. Also this was part of the challenge to official theorist in Louis XIV achievements. The Messiah- Handel’s piece. First performed in 1741. Adeste fideles means o come, all ye faithful. Germaine de Stal- Famous salonniere, wrote widely red books. Criticized that the revolution didn’t do much to change. Origin of Inequality Among Men- The spirit of Laws- Philosophical Letters on the English- Freemasonry- Formed in England. Soon spread to continent. Masons were people who held Enlightenment views. Willing towards reason, progress, toleration, humane reforms, and respectful towards God as architect of universe. Met secretly in lodges. Nobles, clergy, middle class belonged to lodges. Some allowed women. Effect which brought people of different class together. Aroused suspicion because of secrecy. Laissez Faire- “Let them do as they see fit” Political Arithmetic- Madame de Geoffrin- For 25 years beginning about 1750 organized conversations of artists and writers at dinners. Sometimes helped family financially, introduced them to persons of influence in high society or in government. Welcomed visiting foreigners, like Horace Wapole, David Hume from England, Stanislas Poiatowski before he became king of Poland. (women) Decline and the Fall of the Roman Empire- Book written by Edward gibbon, who shocked the religious people by his attacks on Christianity. Pietism- Stirred the Lutherans of Germany, stressed inner spiritual experience of ordinary persons as separate from the doctrines taught and debated in theological faculties. Emile- De Chatelet French writer. (women) Translated Newton and explained significance of the new theories in her scientific essays. Philosophes- French for Philosopher. Being “philosophical” in 18th C meant to approach any subject in critical and interested spirit. Social of literary critics, popularizes, and publicists. Most men, many women also participated. Arts and the Sciences- Salonnieres- Played crucial mediating role in what came to be called “Republic of Letters.” read letters from travelers, spread as the reputation of aspiring philosophers. Condorcet- Thought that the French at that time were in front of civilized thinking. Late became a leading spokesmen of Enlightenment,. Skecth of the Progress of the Human Mind- greatest evidence to Enlightenment By: Condorcet. John Wesley- In Church of England. Student of Oxford, joined group of young men for prayer/ meditation. Engaged in works to relieve sufferings of prisoners/ poor. Distributed food/clothing/ taught them how to write. Did “itinerant Preaching” to giant crowds in open fields. Traveled 25000 miles within Great Britain for 50 years. He and George Whitfield shared his views also preached in English American Colonies. Helped make the Great Awakening of the 1740s. These movements had democratizing effect in stressing individual worth and spiritual consciousness. Died 1791 with half million followers who were called Methodist Societies. After death separate Methodist churches were founded/formed. Mesmar- Created a stir in Paris by arranging “séances” where people touched by wand, sat in tubs, received “animal magnetism” in hope to cure various ills. His “memorizations” discovery of hypnosis. Sophie Condorcet- Became writer and translator of Adam smith. Her “salons” (salonnieres) remained a center of liberal opposition during years of Napoleon. Illuminati- “The enlightened ones” not liked by many. Voltaire. Physiocrats- called “economists” thought to be mildly insulting called this by their critics. Close to government as advisers. Concerned themselves with economic and tax reform with measures to increase national wealth of France. Opposed guild regulations and price controls as obstacles for the establishments of new industries. Wealth of Nations- Book writted by Adam Smith. Appeared 1776, by 1800 it was translated into every west European language besides Portuguese. Adam’s purpose was to increase national wealth by reduction of barriers. He preferred to limit functions of governmet to defense, internal security, provision of reasonable laws, and fair law courts. Diderot- Reading Public- Reading public greatly expanded. 1780s in France reading rates rose to 47% among men 27% among women. Educated middle class much larger than ever. Great demand for dictionaries, encyclopedias. Helevitius- Wrote On the Mind and On Man but also gave entertainments. Became famous as hostesses or solonnieres. Montesquieu (1689-1755)-Inherited a seat in Parlement of Bordeaux. Part of noble resurgence, began 1715 continued through 18th C. Wrote The Sprit of Laws in 1748. developed 2 principles ideas. 1 was that forms of government varied according to climate and circumstances. 2 was aimed at royal absolutism of France, separation and balance of powers. In France believed that power should be divided between kings and other bodies: Parlements, provincial estates, organized nobility, charted towns, and the church. Thought England had separation/balance of powers by King, Lords, and Commons and by separation of the functions of executive, legislative, and judiciary. This had wide influence. Voltaire (1694-1778)- Until 40 he was known only by clever writer of epigrams, tragedies, and epics. Wrote 70 volumes. Like Montesquieu admirer of England. His books Philosophical Letters on the English (1733, Elements of the Philosophy of Newton (1738) increased England’s knowledge band popularized new scientific ideas: inductive philosophy of Bacon, physics of Newton, and psychology of Locke. Mainly admired in England was religious liberty, their tolerance for diverse ideas, scientific examination, relative freedom of the press, its respect for men of letters like him self. Louis XIV hero for him, which lead to him writing Age of Louis XIV. Praised the sun king for arts and literature. Assaulted Catholic church and the whole traditional Christian view of the world as well. Argued for “natural religion”/ “natural morality” Said that belief in super natural revelation made people intolerant, stupid, and cruel. First to present purely secular conception of World History. Spread Spinzoa’s ideas. Wasn’t a liberal or democrat. If government enlightened, didn’t care how powerful it was. Most wanted liberty for the enlightened, like him self. Most philosophers closest to him. Jean Calas- Argued against Voltaire. A protestant, put to death of murdering a son to become Rome. La Barre- A young person who got cleared of defiling a wayside cross because of “Ecrasez L’infame”- “Crush the Infamous King!” Essai Sur Les Moeurs- works of Voltaire. “Universal History”. Began with ancient China and surveyed the great civilizations in turn. Rosseu (1712-1778)- Swiss, protestant, almost of lower class origin. Until 40 he had a horrible life, but when 40 he became successful as a writer. Married Therese had 5 children, who he deposited at an orphanage. He was very unbalanced. Wrote Arts Sciences (1750), and Origin of Inequality Among Men (1753). Argued civilization was source of evil that life in a “state of nature” if possible would make life better. Kindness, unselfishness, honesty, understanding were best traits of human character and nature. He didn’t believe in the church, clergy but had respect for the bible. Became “man of feeling”, “Child of Nature.” Wrote Emile (1762), and Nourvelle Heloise (1760) Social Contract- 1762. By Rosseu. Said human evil was because of evils of society. He said good people could only be produced if society improves. Said that it was an agreement of people and themselves not People and the ruler. It was an understanding by which all individuals surrendered their natural liberty to each other. Considerations on Poland- Book written by Rosseu at the request of Poles who were fighting against the dividing wall of their nation’s territories by foreign powers, Rosseu applied his ideas of the Social Contract In more concrete from and became first systematic theorist of a conscious and calculated nationalism.