Nonvoluntary_Euthanasia

Nonvoluntary Euthanasia The meaning of Nonvlountary Euthanasia is the killing of individual people who has no capacity to understand what is involved,again out of kindness or a paternal consideration of patient’s best interest.issues that are usually to be considered In this situation first,is the loss capacity to understand what is involved reversible' And if it is,then killing such persons will be in the category of the previously discussed involuntary euthanasia.Secondly,the person is either brain dead or dying if the loss of consciousness is permanent.Thirdly,they must be differentiated from one another if the cases of coma include in these situation and the coma may be reversible. Brain-stem dead The brain has 3 layers structure,the brain stem(the base) has command of vital functions like respiration and swallowing and without it we cant perform our body.but organ like heart can function if receive oxygen through machines.If the person is a respirator-dependant,we are not dealing with a living being because of the fulfillment of the loss of brain-stem.Sometimes,emotional problems involved,but switching off the machine is not the cause of death. Kennedy argued that patients with severe brain damage deserve mechanical ventilation at hospital for the purpose of facilitating diagnosis assessment.No legal objection regarding to dispense the ventilator with other tools used for diagnosis.Conference of The RoyalMedical Colleges and their faculties supported this in the English-Speaking wolrd. So this means that the person is already dead if their Brain-stem dead.Some issues to be dealing with are: (1) To switch of the macines,court ruling is necessary sometimes (2) A person can be left on the machines for a suitable time for removal his organ in cases of beating heart donation or post mortem.This was supported by Mason and McCall Smith. (3) If the person left a living will to donate organs ,can that be proceeded with' (4) If such persons left no will nor expressed any view relating on organ donation,can the relatives donate their organs' (5) If there’s no relatives,could the ‘state’ authorise removal of their organs' Patients in the permanent vegetative state(PVS) In this situation,the brain is not dead and the patients are not respirator-dependent because they can breath normally but they can interact with their relatives.This caused by a prolonged cerebral hypoxia and its always happens after heart stoppage.They can live for years with intensive care but it can be very expensive and usually emotionally draining with no hope of recovery. Coma Some people that was in coma for a long time regain consciousness and in this case,the traumatised cells of the brain recovered.Others would be diagnosed as brain dead or permanent vegetative state sooner and some will die.the classification of coma has become confusion and doubt.But the main issue here is,whether we should feed a person in permanent vegetative state or not. Should Persons In The Permanent Vegetative State and Other Mentally incompetents be Fed' (a) Western Views This case was in relation to withholding food and nourishment from a neonate unti death occurred.Dr Arthur once was charged with murder after ‘kill’ a baby that was born with down’s syndrome by not feeding the baby.But after the trial,the charged was reduced to an attempt of murder.Farquhason J stated that we have no right to kill a baby just because just because it is likely to be mentally retarded.In other case,Anthony Bland suffered in the crush of football stadium,after that incident he suffered in permanent vegetative state.His doctors belive that his condition will never improve and decide to withdraw the machine.Hoffman LJ supported this and said that a judge cant always decide what’s the best for the patients and we should consider all of pros and cons from the withdrawal.Motgomery also gave his comment in this case and said that the law is not clear,and the professionals(doctors) in this case are the best people to decide.This doesn’t mean that live should be preserved at all costs.The House of Lord(churchs)said that its lawful to end his life only if to let him die peacefully in dignity. (b) Islamic View In islam,all humanbeing has right to live and not to be harmed.Nonvoluntary in islam wiil be discussed in 3 category: (1) infanticide In islam,we shouldn’t committed homicide.what matters is life.kicking,crying and breathing are accepted as signs of life.In case of R v Arthur,there would be a conviction of murder on the part of fuqaha in the maliki,shafi’e and hanbali schools.Hanafi school would consider as manslaughter.Abu hanifah’s view would absolved the doctor from Qisas(murder) and diya(manslaughter). (2) Killing the minors and those under care Parents are responsible to their minors.Parents have to provide them with protection,love and so on.Killing them is murder.”qalt al-ghila” is a category from the maliki al fuqaha punishment for killing their children.Killing our children is the gravest sins after no to believe in Allah. (3) Killing,or Terminating the life, of the unconscious Murdering a persons who is asleep and not aware of it is an act of murder and Qisas.The hanafi school said that no matter howthe physical,health and mental state of person,life is always sacred.Islamic fiqh would have held any other members of the hospitals staff to be liable for prosecution along with dr Arthur as accomplices.