Natrual_Science

Natural Science 201 1. Biology and the tree of life Organism – living entity made up of one or more cells. Five fundamental characteristics: Energy, cells, information, replication, evolution Smallest organism: bacteria Theory- explanation for a very general class of phenomena or observations. Cell- highly organized compartment that is bounded by a thin flexible structure, plasma membrane and that contains concentrated chemicals in a watery solution. Cell theory- All organisms are made of cells and all cells come from preexisting cells. BUT! Direct challenge: where cells come from' (Spontaneous generation) Two hypotheses: cells from cells & cells from non-living material Louis Pasteur did experiment about this with straight necked flask& swan necked flask. RESULT: CELLS FROM CELLS-> ONLY STRAIGHT NECKED FLASK HAD CELLS. Theory proves multicellular organism are connected by common ancestry. Evolution – change in the characteristics of a population over times. (Darwin and Wallace) Other scientist had already come to same conclusion, BUT Darwin did natural selection. Aristotle: Great chain of being, also called the scale of nature. Species were organized into a sequence based on increased size and complexity, with humans at top Characteristic of species were fixed & some species are higher Jean Baptiste Lamark: France Biologist Formal theory of evolution (EX/ GIRAFFES) Evolution to complex, better specie Darwin vs. Lamark. George Lecler( Compte de Buffon): France Biologist Also, formal theory of evolution. Against Darwin George Cuvier: France biologist Detailed analysis of and extinct species. Think fossil species were victims of the flood at the time of Noah. Darwin: Two conditions of natural selection: 1. Heritable – trait that can be passed on off spring 2 particular environment. + If certain heritable traits lead to increased success in producing offspring, then those traits become more common in the population overtime. Artificial selection: changes in populations that occur when human select. Long term experiment with ( MAZIE CORN) Fitness: ability of an individual to produce offspring. High Fitness->High offspring Adaptation, trait that increases the fitness of an individual in a particular environment. Tree of Life- Family tree of organisms Speciation: natural selection has caused populations of one species to diverge and form new species. Two important implications: Species come from preexisting species and past and present trace their ancestry back to a single common ancestor. Carl woese and his crew analyze chemical components of organism to understand relationship -> Phylogeny: actual genealogical relationships. NEW STUDY GUIDE - PEOPLE Geology George Cuvier: France Zoologist Catastrophism Think fossil species were victims of the flood at the time of Noah Against Darwin&Wallace Founder of Paleontology James Hutton: Scotland Geologist (Founder of Geology) “Theory of the earth” 예나 지금이나 지구의 변화는 같다(격변좆까) 현재 자연법칙에 따라 과거 지질, 시대변화 다윈에게 영향 Geological changes could be accounted for by slow natural process. Charles Lyell: Scotland Geologist Father of Geology Present is the key of past “Principles of Geology” -> UNIFORMITARIANISM (based on Hutton) James Ussher: Archbishop Use Old Testament listing and ancestries to determine the age of earth. William Paley: England philosopher “NATURAL THEOLOGY” Watchmaker Theory Classification Aristotle: First person to classify organism SCALA NATURAE (GREAT CHAIN) Different anatomy= different classification Simple-> complex Note that inanimate objects are included Arises from plato’s essentialism/ NO changes permitted Inform Christian idea Dioscorides: Named plant in alphabetical order Classify by USE Georges Louis Leclerc (Buffon): 44 volume encyclopedia -> HISTOIRE NATURELLE Species could have descent with modification by Env. (Lamark) Carl von Linne (Carolus Linneaus): Swedish botanist Scientific Name for specie Binominal Nomenclature -GEUNUS – SPECIES Function and structure of organism was linked to the env. John Ray: English Naturalist Father of natural history “Historia Plantarum” (Base of taxonomy) Monocot/Dicot Evolution Jean Baptiste Lamarck: France Biologist Formal Theory of evolution Theory of use and disuse -> Giraffe Thomas Malthus: England socioeconomist “Essay on the principle of population” Plants and animals produce for more offspring than can survive Henry Bates: Mimicry w/ Wallace Etienne Geoffrey st. Hilarie: Homology Erasmus Darwin: Grandfather of Charles Darwin First formal hypothesis of evolution/ thought species evolved by competition THEORIES/CONCEPTS What is Science' Scientia, meaning “to know” Allows prediction, testing, re formulating Ways of knowing Perception (USE OF SENSE) Reason (USE OF LOGIC, GOOD REASON OR COMMON SENSE) Language/ Authority (USE OF COMMUNICATION) Emotion (USE OF FEELING) The scientific Method Things that can be observed Things that can be measure directly, indirectly Scientific process Observation should lead question Question should lead hypothesis Experiment: test hypothesis Experimental variable – change Control variable – unchanged Naturalistic Philosophy (Galilean experiments) Use null hypotheses (assumption that there is no difference) Use EV/ CV Need experiments over and over Hypothesis -> Theory -> LAW Mimicry (Bates found) Similar looking species were always found near each other/ help species to avoid predator. Batesian Mimicry: Harmless species mimicked the form of harmful species Mullerian mimicry: Both harmful and both looks similar