Ms_Thesis

AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Margaret C. Myers for the degree of Master of Science in Radiation Health Physics presented upon July 13, 2012 Title: Use of GIS Software to Map Contaminant Distributions and Determine Integrated Dose for Purposes of Assessing Impact to Biota Abstract approved: Kathryn A. Higley The objective of this research was to estimate the radiological impact on various nonhuman biotas by the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear power plant radiation release resulting from Japan’s tsunami in March 2011 consistent with the recent recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Soil concentration data given by Japan’s Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology in Japan (MEXT) were used to approximate doses to various organisms. Cumulative doses and dose rates were plotted in ArcGIS 10, geographic information system (GIS) software, and Kriging interpolations were performed between the sampling points. The conclusion of this preliminary investigation that there appears to be the potential for adverse biological impacts of the studied biota; however, the magnitude of the impact will require further investigation. ©Copyright by Margaret C. Myers July 15, 2012 All Rights Reserved Use of GIS Software to Map Contaminant Distributions and Determine Integrated Dose for Purposes of Assessing Impact to Biota by Margaret C. Myers A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Presented July 13, 2012 Commencement June 2013 Master of Science thesis of Margaret C. Myers presented on July, 13 2012. APPROVED: Major Professor, representing Radiation Health Physics Head of the Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiation Health Physics Dean of the Graduate School I understand that my thesis will become part of the permanent collection of Oregon State University libraries. My signature below authorizes release of my thesis to any reader upon request. Margaret C. Myers, Author ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank my husband R. Michael Myers and my children Katrina K. and Sarah M. Myers for always supporting me and for enduring my absence. I would also like to thank my parents who knew that I would make it this far. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1 2 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................1 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................5 2.1 2.2 Geographic Information Systems and Radioecology ............................................5 Geostatistics ..........................................................................................................5 Inverse Distance Weight Interpolation ..........................................................8 Variograms .....................................................................................................9 Kriging .........................................................................................................13 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 5 6 7 8 Radiation Effects to Terrestrial Non-Human Biota.............................................16 Reference Animals and Plants.............................................................................19 ERICA Approach ................................................................................................20 Radiological Studies for Nonhuman Biota in Fukushima...................................23 Data compilation .................................................................................................25 Using ERICA ......................................................................................................26 Inverse Distance Weighted Interpolation ............................................................28 Creating the semivariogram ................................................................................29 Radiological effects to biota. ...............................................................................30 Soil Concentrations .............................................................................................32 Cumulative Doses and Dose Rates......................................................................35 Kriging Interpolation Errors for Dose Rates of Organisms ................................44 METHODS ................................................................................................................25 RESULTS ..................................................................................................................32 DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................49 CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................................51 RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE WORK.......................................................51 APPENDICES ...........................................................................................................57 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..............................................................................................................53 APPENDIX A: PARAMETERS FROM ERICA .............................................................58 APPENDIX B: DATA ......................................................................................................61 APPENDIX C: MAPS .....................................................................................................115 APPENDIX D: FREDERICA DATABASE ...................................................................146 APPENDIX E: JAPAN’S ANIMALS .............................................................................187 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page Figure 2.1 Variogram Model .............................................................................................. 9 Figure 2.2 Semivariogam Example.................................................................................. 11 Figure 2.3 Common Variogram Models ........................................................................... 12 Figure 3.1 WWF Ecoregions in Japan .............................................................................. 31 Figure 4.1 Radioactive Soil Concentrations for All Sampling Points Graph ................... 32 Figure 4.2 Map of June Cs-137 Soil Concentrations ....................................................... 33 Figure 4.3 Map of June I-131 Soil Concentrations ........................................................... 33 Figure 4.4 Map of March 2011 Soil Sampling Points ..................................................... 35 Figure 4.5 Map of April 2011 Soil Sampling Points ........................................................ 37 Figure 4.6 Map of May 2011 Soil Sampling Points Map ................................................. 38 Figure 4.7 Map of June 2011 Soil Sample Points ............................................................. 40 Figure 4.8 June Flying Insects Dose Rate Map ................................................................ 42 Figure 4.9 June Deer Dose Rate Map ............................................................................... 42 LIST OF TABLES Table Page Table 2.1 LD 50/30 for various organisms………………………………………………20 Table 2.2 ERICA and ICRP List of Names for Reference Organisms…………………..23 Table 3.1 Radionuclide Half-Lives………………………………………………………26 Table 3.2 Reference Organisms Average Lifespan……………………………………...27 Table 3.3 Variograms used for generating maps………………………………………...29 Table 4.1 Kriging Errors for Cs-137 Soil Concentrations……………………………….34 Table 4.2 IDW Errors for Cs-137 Soil Concentrations…………………………………..34 Table 4.3 Kriging Errors for I-131 Soil Concentrations…………………………………34 Table 4.4 Estimated Median Cumulative Doses for Reference Organisms……………...35 Table 4.5 Estimated Maximum Cumulative Doses for Reference Organisms…………..36 Table 4.6 Estimated March Dose Rates to Reference Organisms……………………….36 Table 4.7 Estimated April Dose Rates to Reference Organisms………………………...37 Table 4.8 Estimated May Dose Rates to Reference Organisms…………………………38 Table 4.9 Estimated May Dose Rates to Reference Organisms (Continued)……………39 Table 4.10 Estimated June Dose Rates to Reference Organisms………………………..40 Table 4.11 Estimated June Dose Rates to Reference Organisms (Continued)………......41 Table 4.12 Median Cumulative Dose Kriging Errors……………………………………43 Table 4.13 Maximum Cumulative Dose Kriging Errors………………………………...43 Table 4.14 Amphibians Dose Rate Errors……………………………………………….44 Table 4.15 Birds Kriging Dose Rate Errors……………………………………………...44 Table 4.16 Bird Eggs Kriging Dose Rate Errors………………………………………...45 LIST OF TABLES (Continued) Table Page Table 4.17 Flying Insects Kriging Dose Rate Errors………………………………….…45 Table 4.18 Grasses & Herbs Kriging Dose Rate Errors…………………………………46 Table 4.19 Large Mammals Kriging Dose Rate Errors………………………………….46 Table 4.20 Small Mammals Kriging Dose Rate Errors………………………………….47 Table 4.21 Soil Invertebrates Kriging Dose Rate Errors………………………………...47 Table 4.22 Trees Kriging Dose Rate Errors……………………………………………...48 LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES Figure Page Figure C.1 Soil Concentration Maps for Cs-137 using IDW Interpolation………….....116 Figure C.2 Soil Concentration Maps for Cs-137 using Kriging Interpolation………....117 Figure C.3 Soil Concentration Maps for Iodine-131…………………………………...118 Figure C.4 Median March Integrated Doses for Amphibians…………………………..119 Figure C.5 Median March Integrated Doses for Birds…………………………………120 Figure C.6 Median March Integrated Doses for Bird Eggs…………………………….121 Figure C.7 Median March Integrated Doses for Flying Insects………………………...122 Figure C.8 Median March Integrated Doses for Grasses and Herbs…………………...123 Figure C.9 Median March Integrated Doses for Large Mammals……………………...124 Figure C.10 Median March Integrated Doses for Small Mammals………………….…125 Figure C.11 Median March Integrated Doses for Soil Invertabrates…………………...126 Figure C.12 Median March Integrated Doses for Trees………………………………..127 Figure C.13 Maximum March Integrated Doses for Amphibian………………………128 Figure C.14 Maximum March Integrated Doses for Birds……………………………..129 Figure C.15 Maximum March Integrated Doses for Bird Eggs………………………...130 Figure C.16 Maximum March Integrated Doses for Flying Insects……………………131 Figure C.17 Maximum March Integrated Doses for Grasses and Herbs……………….132 Figure C.18 Maximum March Integrated Doses for Large Mammals…………………133 Figure C.19 Maximum March Integrated Doses for Small Mammals…………………134 Figure C.20 Maximum March Integrated Doses for Soil Invertebrates………………..135 Figure C.21 Maximum March Integrated Doses for Trees……………………………..136 Figure C.22 Dose Rate Maps for Amphibians………………………………………….137 Figure C.23 Dose Rate Maps for Birds…………………………………………………138 LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES (Continued) Figure Page Figure C.24 Dose Rate Maps for Bird Eggs…………………….……………………...139 Figure C.25 Dose Rate Maps for Flying Insects………………………………………..140 Figure C.26 Dose Rate Maps for Grasses and Herbs…………………………………...141 Figure C.27 Dose Rate Maps for Large Mammals…………………………………..…142 Figure C.28 Dose Rate Maps for Small Mammals……………………………..………143 Figure C.29 Dose Rate Maps for Worms……………………………………………….144 Figure C.30 Dose Rate Maps for Trees………………………………………………...145 LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES Table Page Table A.1 Concentration Ratio…………………………………………………………..58 Table A.2 Occupancy Factors…………………………………………………………... 58 Table A.3 Dose Conversion Coefficient of external beta gamma radiation on soil……. 58 Table A.4 Dose Conversion Coefficient of internal low beta radiation…………………59 Table A.5 Dose Conversion Coefficient of external beta gamma radiation in soil……...59 Table A.6 Dose Conversion Coefficient of external beta gamma radiation in air……….59 Table A.7 Dose Conversion Coefficient of internal beta gamma radiation……………...60 Table D.1 Amphibians………………………………………………………………….146 Table D.2 Birds………………………………………………………………………....152 Table D.3 Insects……………………………………………………………………….154 Table D.4 Plants………………………………………………………………………...157 Table D.5 Mammals…………………………………………………………………….163 Table D.6 Soil Fauna…………………………………………………………………...174 Table D.7 FREDERICA References……………………………………………………176 Table E.1 Types of Species from WWF Ecoregion…………………………………….187 Table E.2 List of Amphibians…………………………………………………………..188 Table E.3 List of Birds………………………………………………………………….189 Table E.4 List of Mammals…………………………………………………………….190 Table E.5 List of Mammals (Continued)……………………………………………….191 USE OF GIS SOFTWARE TO MAP CONTAMINANT DISTRIBUTIONS AND DETERMINE INTEGRATED DOSE FOR PURPOSES OF ASSESSING IMPACT TO BIOTA 1 INTRODUCTION An earthquake with a magnitude of 9.0 occurred on March 11, 2011 in the northwest Pacific Ocean off northeastern Japan. Until the earthquake occurred, units 1, 2, and 3 in the Fukushima No. 1 nuclear power plant, located in Futaba, Fukushima, Japan had been supplying electric power. The earthquake caused the loss of the cooling functions for the reactors. Hydrogen accumulated in a reactor building and caused an explosion. The outer walls collapsed of reactor buildings for units 1, 2, and 3. Additionally, on March 12 exhaust ventilation from a nuclear reactor container was carried out to decrease pressure (Kinoshita, et al., 2011). In June 2011, Japan estimated the release of radioactivity into the atmosphere from the Fukushima Daiichi accident as about one-tenth of that from the Chernobyl accident, however, much of the radioactivity was captured in the water inside the reactor buildings (von Hippel, 2011). In Fukushima prefecture, contamination was monitored around the cities of Iitate and Naka-Dori. The distribution of radionuclides was affected by the physical state of each nuclide as well as geographical features of the surrounding area. It was concluded that the radioactive material transported on March 15 was the major contributor to contamination in Fukushima prefecture, whereas the radioactive material released on March 21 was the major source in Ibaraki, Tochigi, Saitama, and Chiba prefectures and in Tokyo (Kinoshita, et al., 2011). 2 Among the radioactive materials released, Cesium-137, with a half-life of approximately 30 years, causes the largest concern because of its detrimental effects on agriculture, wildlife, and humans for decades (Yasunari, Stohl, Hayano, Burkhart, Eckhardt, & Yasunari, 2011). Cesium-137 emits beta particles and relatively strong gamma radiation. The major dose from cesium-137 is from the barium-137 metastable atom. Because of the chemical nature of cesium, it moves easily through the environment (USEPA). Removal of Cs-137 contaminated soils or land use limitations where land use is not possible is, therefore, an urgent issue (Yasunari, Stohl, Hayano, Burkhart, Eckhardt, & Yasunari, 2011). Since the Chernobyl accident in 1986, there has been a considerable effort in studying radioactive cesium in the environment. Other activities, accidents, and events have stimulated a great deal of research on the distribution, transport, and biological effects of environment radioactivity. Research in these areas is under the scope of “radioecology” (Whicker, Shaw, Voigt, & Holm, 1999). Among the many contributions to the science of radioecology is the introduction of geographic information systems technology. The field of geographic information system, GIS, describes, explains, and predicts patterns and processes at geographic scales (Longley, Goodchild, Maguire, & Rhind, 2011, p. xii). The introduction of GIS combined with radioecological and other types of data and models, has permitted a spatial analysis which reveals geographic areas that are resilient and vulnerable to radionuclide contamination (van der Perk, Burroughs, & Voigt, 1998). The degree of vulnerability is determined by a combination of factors such as soil properties, weather, land use, agricultural practices and human intervention (Whicker, Shaw, Voigt, & Holm, 1999). 3 An advantage of using GIS is the ability to input data points and create a deposition map over an area of interest. Another advantage of GIS is that the deposition maps can easily merge with other maps such as the animal, forest, and plant data to estimate the impact of radiation exposure (Almgren, Nilsson, Erlandsson, & Isaksson, 2006). When combined with estimates of radionuclide deposition, GIS can estimate doses and risks by geographic area (van der Perk, Burroughs, & Voigt, 1998). A framework for protecting humans from ionizing radiation has been developed by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) (ICRP, 1991). The initial assumption made by ICRP was that nonhuman biota would be protected if humans were adequately protected (ICRP, 1991). ICRP has since stated their aim for environmental protection was “preventing or reducing the frequency of deleterious radiation effects to a level where they would have negligible impact on the maintenance of biological diversity, the conservation of species, or the health and status of natural habitats, communities and ecosystems” (ICRP, ICRP 114, 2009). There exist various models created in estimating doses to nonhuman biota (Beresford, et al., 2008). For this research, the ERICA tool was chosen to estimate nonhuman biota doses because it is relatively user-friendly and has been studied extensively (Vives i Batlle, et al., 2007, Beresford, et al., 2008, Brown, et al., 2008, Larsson, 2008). It is also simple to replicate their results, and it is available on the internet at no cost (Authority, 2007). This thesis estimates the cumulative doses to various nonhuman biota and their dose rates for the first four months of the Fukushima Daiichi accident. Additionally, dose 4 contour maps were created to illustrate the distribution of dose and the soil concentration maps illustrate the “movement” of radionuclides throughout the sampling area. 5 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Geographic Information Systems and Radioecology Radioactivity in the environment has been studied for more than five decades. Man-made or anthropogenic radioactivity was introduced in 1945, the starting point of nuclear testing (Whicker, Shaw, Voigt, & Holm, 1999). Since the Chernobyl accident in 1986, there have been considerable efforts to study radioactive cesium in the environment. The introduction of GIS into radioecology has permitted a spatial analysis which reveals geographic areas that are vulnerable to radioactive contamination (Almgren, Nilsson, Erlandsson, & Isaksson, 2006, van der Perk, Burroughs, & Voigt, 1998, Whicker, Shaw, Voigt, & Holm, 1999, Krivoruchko, 2003). The degree of vulnerability is determined by soil properties, land use, agricultural practices and human lifestyles (Whicker, Shaw, Voigt, & Holm, 1999). GIS systems can estimate doses and risks by geographic area from radionuclides deposition data (van der Perk, Burroughs, & Voigt, 1998). These deposition or dose maps can easily merge with maps of population data (Almgren, Nilsson, Erlandsson, & Isaksson, 2006). This can provide support for dose reconstruction and for rapid and appropriate responses to any future large-scale releases of radionuclides in the environment (Whicker, Shaw, Voigt, & Holm, 1999). 2.2 Geostatistics Statistics attempts to find structure in chaos and assumes that observations on a phenomenon are taken under identical conditions, and independently from one another (Cressie, 1989). Geostatistics assume spatial samples taken close to one another may be 6 expected to have more similar values than samples that are farther apart, which is known as Tobler’s First Law of Geography (Tobler, 1970). This phenomenon is referred to as spatial dependence, spatial continuity or autocorrelation (Negreiros, Painho, Aguilar, & Aguilar, 2012). Although mining provided the push for geostatistics in the 1960’s, the idea had its first roots in other fields (Webster & Oliver, 2007). The first record of geostatistics appears in a paper by Mercer and Hall who had examined the variation in the yields of crops in Rothamsted UK (Mercer & Hall, 1911). The paper showed the plot-to-plot variance decreased as the plot size increased. It proposed two sources of variation, one that was autocorrelated and the other completely random. In total the paper showed several fundamental features of modern geostatistics, namely spatial dependence, correlation range, the support effect, and the nugget (Webster & Oliver, 2007). In 1919 R. A. Fisher began working at Rothamsted. He also recognized spatial variation in the field environment, however, his solution to the problem was to remove the effects of short-range variation by using large plots and long-range variation by blocking (Fisher, 1925). Blocking is the practice of grouping together all experimental units (such as plots of ground or animals) that make up a replication in an agricultural experiment (Blocking, 2003). This was so successful that later agronomists came to regard spatial variation as of little consequence. Within ten years Fisher revolutionized agricultural statistics, however, some would say he had hidden the spatial effects and held back the appreciation of them (Webster & Oliver, 2007). Two agronomists, Youden and Mehlich, saw in Fisher’s analysis of variance a tool for revealing and estimating spatial variation. They adapted Fisher’s work so as to 7 analyze the spatial scale of variation, to estimate the variation from different distances, and then to plan further sampling from more information (Youden & Mehlich, 1937). Their paper was dormant for many years and was rediscovered several times in geology and the soil sciences (Krumbein & Slack, 1956, Hammond, Pritchet, & Chew, 1958, Webster & Butler, 1976). The 1930’s saw major advances in the theory of sampling and many of the methods used today were worked out then and later presented in standard texts. For example, Cochran’s Sampling Techniques was first published in 1953 and the fourth edition (Cochran W. , 1953, 1977). Another case is Yate’s Sampling Methods for Censuses and Surveys (Yates, 1949, 1981). In 1950’s, the mining industry developed geostatistical analysis that is used today in a wide range of disciplines (Ecker, 2004). Daniel G. Krige, an engineer in the South African goldfields, observed that he could improve his estimates of ore grades in mining blocks if he took into account the grades of the neighboring blocks (Webster & Oliver, 2007). Georges Matheron honored Daniel Krige by coining the term “Kriging” (Agterberg, 2000). G. Matheron, a mathematician, in the French mining schools, had the same concern to provide the best possible estimates of mineral grades from autocorrelated sample data. He derived solutions to the problem estimation from the fundamental theory of random processes, which he called the theory of randomized variables (Webster & Oliver, 2007). There are two categories of interpolation techniques: deterministic and geostatistical. Deterministic interpolation creates surfaces based on measured points or 8 mathematical formulas, such as inverse function of distance. A geostatistical technique is Kriging and it is based on spatial correlation among variables (Yost, 1982b). 2.2.1 Inverse Distance Weight Interpolation Inverse Distance Weight (IDW) function determines cell values using a linearweighted combination set of sample points. The weight are defined by | | (2.1) The greater the distance, the and scaled so that their sum is 1 (Webster & Oliver, 2007). less influence the data point has on the output predictive value (Childs, 2004). The most popular choice of β is 2 so that the data are inversely weighted as the square of the distance (Webster & Oliver, 2007). IDW behaves as an exact interpolator which is an attractive feature since interpolation is local and there are no discontinuities (Webster & Oliver, 2007); however IDW oversimplifies reality (Mabit & Bernard, 2007). Its disadvantages are as follows:     Choice of the weighting function are arbitrary No measure of error It takes no account of the configuration of the sampling The interpolated surface will have a gradient of zero at the data points (Webster & Oliver, 2007). 9 2.2.2 Variograms The regionalized theory states that unknown regions are correlated to sample ones on the basis of location distance. Under this assumption, local variation is not generally unstructured but is spatially dependent at some scale. The study of such correlation is called structural analysis or variogram, the tool that quantifies Tobler’s Law (Negreiros, Painho, Aguilar, & Aguilar, 2012). In Figure 2.1, the variogram model describes the between sample points variance within a distance class (y-axis) according to the geographical distance between pairs of locations (x-axis) (Mabit & Bernard, 2007). Figure 2.1 (Mabit & Bernard, 2007) The fitted curve minimizes the variance of the errors. The variogram model is used to define the weights of the Kriging function (Webster & Oliver, 2007, p. 77), and the semivariance is an autocorrelation statistic defined as ( ) ( ) ∑ ( ) ( ) (2.2) 10 Where γ (h) semivariance for interval distance or lag interval h. N (h) total number of sample couples or pairs of observations separated by a distance h Z (xi) measured sample value at point i. Z (xi+h) measured sample value at point i+h (Negreiros, Painho, Aguilar, & Aguilar, 2012). The variogram model in figure 1.1 can be described through different parameters: the sill, (C + C0), the nugget (C0), the scale (C) and the range (A). The most important part of the model is its shape near the origin, as the closest points are given more weight in the interpolation process (Mabit & Bernard, 2007). The model tends to level out at a certain distance. The distance where the model flattens out is known as the range. Sample locations separated by distances closer than the range are spatially autocorrelated, whereas locations farther apart than the range are not. The value that the semivariogram model attains at the range is called the sill (Johnston, 2001, p. 68). In theory, at zero separation distance, the semivariogram value should be zero, however, at infinitesimally small separation distance; the measurement does not tend to zero. This is called the nugget effect. The nugget can be attributed to various errors such as measurement error, sampling error, inter-sample error, and unexplained and inherent variability (Mabit & Bernard, 2007). 11 Figure 2.2 (Variogram Example created from June Deer Dose Rate Kriging Interpolation In Figure 2.2, plotting each pair of locations becomes congested and more difficult to interpret. To reduce the number of points in the variogram in ArcGIS 10, the pairs will be grouped based on their distances from one another. This process is known as binning. For each bin only the average distance and semivariance for all pairs in that bin are plotted as a single point (Johnston, 2001, p. 62). The selection of a lag size has important and significant effects on the variogram. Different lag distances have to be tested until a sufficient number of pairs to represent the model are found (Mabit & Bernard, 2007). If the lag size is too small, there may be many empty bins, and sample sizes within bins will be too small to get representative “averages” for bins (Johnston, 2001, p. 66). The effective lag distance cannot be more than half of the maximum distance between data. Directional distance has to be tested in the spatial autocorrelation. The isotrope, no directional dependence, or directional dependence characteristic of the variogram has to be determined. If no directional dependence is found then the value of the variable varies similarly in all directions and the semivariance depends only on the distance between pairs of locations (Mabit & Bernard, 2007). 12 There are two types of directional components that can affect the predictions in your output surface: global trends and directional influences on the variogram. A global trend affects all the measurements in a deterministic way and can be represented by a mathematical formula. It can be removed from the analysis and added back before predictions are made. This process is called detrending. When the shape of the variogram curve varies with direction after the global trend is removed or no trend exists, it is referred to anisotropy. Anisotropy differs from the global trend since it can be described by a physical process and modeled by a mathematical formula. The cause of the anisotropy is usually unknown, so it is modeled as random error (Johnston, 2001, p. 69). There are several types of models that the ArcGIS 10 “Geostatistical Analyst” tool provides: Circular, Spherical, Tetraspherical, Pentaspherical, Exponential, Gaussian, Rational Quadratic, Hole Effect, K-Bessel, J-Bessel, and Stable (Johnston, 2001, p. 66). Figure 2.3 shows an example of the more common models. Figure 2.3 (Mabit & Bernard, 2007) 13 Finally, the best variogram model (spherical, linear, etc.) and its parameters (nugget, sill, range, etc.) have to be determined in order to validate the modeling of the spatial autocorrelation (Mabit & Bernard, 2007). Choosing the best model and fitting them to data remain among the most controversial topics in geostatistics. Fitting models is difficult for several reasons, including the following: i) ii) iii) iv) The accuracy of the observed semivariances is not constant The variation may be anisotropic. The experimental variogram may contain much point-to-point fluctuation. Most models are non-linear in one or more parameters (Webster & Oliver, 2007, p. 101). Two major indicators can be used to find the best variogram model: the coefficient of correlation and the scale to sill ratio, C/(C + C0), which should tend to 1. The nugget, C0, should then tend to 0. If the nugget-to-sill, C0/(C + C0) is less than 25%, then the variable may be considered to have a strong spatial dependence. If this ratio is between 25% and 75%, the spatial dependence will be considered as moderate. If the ratio exceeds 75% then the spatial dependence will be considered weak (Mabit & Bernard, 2007). 2.2.3 Kriging Kriging is a powerful statistical interpolation method used for diverse applications such as health sciences, geochemistry, and pollution modeling. It is most appropriate when a spatially correlated distance or directional bias in the data is known and is often used for applications in soil science and geology (Childs, 2004). 14 There are many kinds of Kriging, a few are listed below.  Ordinary Kriging of a single variable is the most robust method and the one used the most. It is described in the next section   Simple Kriging is not used as much because the mean is usually not known. Ordinary Cokriging is the extension of ordinary Kriging of a single variable to two or more variables. There must be some coregionalization among the variables. It can estimate the more sparsely sampled property with more precision by cokriging using the spatial information from the more intensely measured one (Webster & Oliver, 2007, p. 154). Kriging methods rely on autocorrelation which is the tendency for two types of variables to be related. In geostatistics, the information on spatial locations allows the computation of distances between observations and to model autocorrelation as a function of distance. The formula for Kriging is ( ) ( ) ( ) (2.3) where Z(s) is the variable of interest, decomposed into a deterministic trend ( ), and random, autocorrelated errors form, ( ). The symbol s represents location containing the spatial coordinates. Variations of this formula form the basis for all typed of Kriging (Johnston, 2001, p. 133). Ordinary Kriging is the most common type of Kriging used. It is based on the assumption that the mean is not known (Webster & Oliver, 2007, p. 155). In ordinary Kriging, µ is an unknown constant which allows remarkable flexibility. Ordinary Kriging can use semivariograms, covariance, transformations, and it can remove trends or allow for measurement error (Johnston, 2001, p. 138). 15 The aim of Kriging is to estimate the value of a random variable, Z, at one or more unsampled points or over larger blocks, from more or less sparse sample data on a given support, about z(s1), z(s2),…,z(sn), at points s1, s2, …,sn. Z is estimated at a point s0 by ̂ (s0), ̂( ) where ∑ ( ) (2.4) are the weights. To ensure that the estimate is unbiased the weights are made to sum to 1, ∑ And the expected error is E [{ ̂ ( )-Z ( )}] = 0. The estimation variance is (2.5) [ ̂ ( )] ∑ ( ) [{ ̂ ( ) ∑ ∑ ( )}] ( ) (2.6) Where ( ( ) is the semivariance of Z between the data points and , and (Webster & ) is the semivariance between the ith data point and the target point Oliver, 2007, p. 156). When the Kriging equations are solved to obtain the weights, , generally, only the large weights are those points near the point or block are to be kriged. The factors affecting the weights are as follows:   Near points carry more weight than more distant ones. Clustered points carry less weight individually than isolated ones at the same distance 16  Data points can be screened by ones lying between them and the target (Webster & Oliver, 2007, p. 159). Numerous applications of geostatistics have “re-emphasized” the application of Kriging in maps. Additionally, recent case studies in soil sciences demonstrate that Kriging is used to build models of uncertainty and conditional probabilities that depend on the data configuration (Mabit & Bernard, 2007). 2.3 Radiation Effects to Terrestrial Non-Human Biota Radionuclides may enter the terrestrial environment from atmospheric releases from nuclear facilities. Soils and plants may be contaminated through releases to aquatic systems. Radioactivity released to and dispersed in the atmosphere enters the terrestrial environment due to dry and wet deposition on soil and vegetation. Direct contamination of foliage may also occur and uptake of radionuclides from soil and deposition of resuspended contaminated soil particles. Internal exposures to humans occur from the use of contaminated plants as food or feed for livestock (Prohl, 2003). A framework has been developed for protecting humans from ionizing radiation by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) based on the initial assumption that nonhuman biota would generally be protected if humans were adequately protected. This has no scientific evidence to support it. A variety of scenarios may trigger a radiological assessment of nonhuman biota such as environmental site remediation, radioactive waste disposal, or nuclear power plant accidents, however, protection of the environment should be independent of the presence or absence of humans (Delistraty, 2008). 17 Most of the information on the behavior, effects, and distribution of man-made radionuclides in the environment has also been derived to meet the needs of human protection. There are considerable differences in the means by which non-human organisms may be exposed to radiation, even in the same environment at the same time, hence, there may be substantial differences in the resultant doses and dose rates received by various plants and animals (ICRP, 2003). Ionizing radiation induces many different kinds of DNA damage. Lesions may lead to loss or alterations of genetic information in DNA during repair, which can lead to cell inactivation, mutation, chromosomal aberrations, and cell death (ICRP, 2003). The law of Bergonie and Tribondeau states that cells are radiosensitive if they are mitotically active undergo many cell divisions, and are functionally undifferentiated (Haber & Rothstein, 1969). In mammals, most rapid cell production occurs in the bone marrow, the small intestine and skin. The nervous system is most radiosensitive during early development when neuroblasts are proliferating. It is reasonable to expect that the radiation response of these tissues in mammals are similar to humans and possibly all vertebrates (ICRP, 2003). Plants are usually radiosensitive in the meristem tissues, which are located in the roots and shoot tips and, in trees, and in the annulus around the trunk. The location of the meristem makes it particularly vulnerable to radiation exposure from the deposition of radionuclides (ICRP, A Framework for Assessing the Impact of Ionising Radiation on Non-human Species, 2003). 18 The concept of absorbed dose is a good description of the energy deposited from radiation in biological systems (ICRP, 2003). Radiation damage is dependent on the absorption of energy from the radiation and is approximately proportional to the mean concentration of absorbed energy in irradiated tissue. The basic unit of radiation dose is expressed in terms of absorbed energy per unit mass of tissue (Cember, 2009). (2.7) The unit for radiation absorbed dose in the SI system is called the gray, Gy. One gray is an absorbed radiation dose of joule per kilogram (Cember, 2009, p. 203). (2.8) In humans, biological effects from radiation exposure fall into one of two categories: deterministic and stochastic effects. Deterministic effects result from exposure to larger doses of radiation such as acute radiation sickness, skin burns, and death. These effects have a threshold dose and their severity increases with increasing dose. Deterministic effects are the result from radiation exposure (Cember, 2009, p. 333). Stochastic effects, both in humans or animals, have been observed and are no different from those observed in unexposed populations. The difference is only the frequency of occurrence (Cember, 2009, p. 333). Cancer and genetic effects are stochastic effects, usually caused by a single cell mutation, and the probability of occurrence is assumed to be proportional to the dose in the low-doses and low-dose rates. In humans, stochastic effects are assumed to have no threshold (ICRP, 2003). Radiation effects for non-human biota are grouped into several broad categories:  Early mortality (organism dying earlier than it otherwise would have done) 19  Morbidity (a reduction in general physical and/or mental well-being including effects on growth and behavior)   Reduced reproductive stress (effects on fertility and fecundity) Mutations (ICRP, A Framework for Assessing the Impact of Ionising Radiation on Non-human Species, 2003). The consideration of non-human biota in radiation protection requires widely applicable models to assess doses to biota in different habitats from external and internal radiation sources. Earlier studies are based on analytical models with often simplifying conservative assumptions (Ulanovsky, 2008). For example, organs are not explicitly defined with an exact geometry. Additionally, all energies emitted by radionuclides from within the organism are also absorbed by the organism (Amiro, 1997). In the natural environment, the situation can become very complex because of interaction between individual organisms and its surrounding ecosystem, for example, predator-prey interactions (ICRP, 2003). 2.4 Reference Animals and Plants For human protection, “Reference Man” or “Reference Person” are models developed for the specific purposes of relating exposure to dose, and dose effect. They do not represent any specific type of human being, but are discreetly defined in order to serve their basic purpose. In an attempt to be consistent with the original concept of Reference Man, a Reference Animal or Plant can be described as follows (ICRP, 2003): 20 “A Reference Animal or Plant is a hypothetical entity, with the assumed basic biological characteristics of a particular type of animal or plant, as described to the generality of the taxonomic level of family, with defined anatomical, physiological, and life-history properties, that can be used for the purposes of relating exposure to dose, and dose to effects, for that type of living organism.” Generally, mammals are more radio-sensitive than others. Comparing the LD 50/30, (the dose that is lethal for half of the individuals within 30 days), among the Reference Animals and Plants gives a general idea their radio-sensitivity. Table 2.1 LD 50/30 Ranges (large gamma source) Organism Human (NRC, 2012) Large Mammal (Deer) Small Mammal (Rat) Bird (Duck) Grasses & Herbs (Wild Grass) Amphibians (Frog) Tree (Pine Tree) Soil Invertebrates (Worm) Flying Insects (Bee) * LD 50 for Reference Animals and Plants (ICRP, 2003) Low (Gy) 4 1.2 6 7 16 22 4.6 650 20 High (Gy) 5 7.8 10 11 22 24 63 680 3000 2.5 ERICA Approach Using Monte Carlo techniques for simulation of radiation transport in biota is a more complex approach and avoids too conservative estimations. Dosimetric models for aquatic and terrestrial organisms were developed with the FASSET project. This dosimetric work was further developed in the ERICA project and summarized in a dosimetric module in the ERICA tool that enables estimation of internal and external exposures to biota that cover a wide range of body masses and habitats for all radionuclides listed in ICRP 38 (Ulanovsky, 2008). A key objective of the EC EURATOM funded the ERICA project was to provide the necessary methods to allow scientific, managerial, and societal issues concerning 21 environmental radiation exposures. ERICA stands for “Environmental Risk from Ionising Contaminants: Assessment and Management.” The ERICA integrated approach is the quantification of environmental risk in which the environmental transfer data and dosimetry are combined to provide a measure of exposure which is compared to exposure levels at which detrimental effects are known to occur (Brown, et al., 2008). The ERICA project concluded with the publication of two main outputs: the ERICA Integrated Approach to the assessment and management of environmental risks from ionizing radiation and the associated ERICA Tool, which is a software program with supporting databases. Databases on transfer, dose conversion coefficients and radiation effects on biota were developed specifically for the purpose of the ERICA Integrated Approach, and incorporated into the ERICA Tool. Species sensitivity distributions of biological effects data have been performed and did not reveal any statistical grounds for separation between terrestrial, marine and freshwater ecosystems for chronic exposure. A dose rate criterion of 10µG/h is suggested for exiting the assessment procedure while being confident that the environmental risks are negligible (Larsson, 2008). The ERICA Tool is a computerized, flexible software system that has a structure based upon the ERICA Integrated Approach to assessing the radiological risk to biota. ERICA guides the user through the assessment process, recording information and decisions and allowing the necessary calculations to be performed to estimate risks to selected animals and plants. Tier 1 assessments are media concentration based and use pre-calculated environmental media concentration limits to estimate risk quotients. Tier 2 calculates dose rates but allows the user to examine and edit most of the parameters used 22 in the calculation including concentration ratios, distribution coefficients, percentage dry weight soil or sediment, dose conversion coefficients, radiation weighting factors and occupancy factors. Tier 3 offers the same flexibility as Tier 2 but allows the option to run the assessment probabilistically if the underling parameter probability distribution functions are defined. Results from the ERICA can be put into context using incorporated data on dose effects relationships and background dose rates (Brown, et al., 2008). The Tier 2 method was used in this paper since it requires less input and gave the dose rates for the animals queried. ERICA additionally uses the FREDERICA database for biological effects on nonhuman biota. The information is provided to allow a comparison between the predicted dose rates for the selected reference organisms to a summary of information about the known biological effects of ionizing radiation on non-human species collated within the FREDERICA database. The effects lookup tables are constructed to provide a short statement on the types of biological effect that may be occurring at particular dose rates. For Tier 2, the available information has been summarized to provide the assessor with:  information on the dose rate at which the biological effect has been observed in an experiment or field controlled study;   the species on which the experiment was conducted; the endpoint (MB =morbidity, MT=mortality, RC=reproductive capacity, MUT = mutation); and  a brief statement on the type of biological effect observed (Brown, et al., 2008). 23 ERICA has many organisms listed, in this research, however, only terrestrial Reference Animal and Plants from ICRP were used and listed in Table 2.2. Furthermore, ERICA uses the geometries and other parameters from ICRP 108 (ICRP, 2003). TABLE 2.2 Comparing names for organisms between ERICA and ICRP ERICA organism Amphibian Bird Bird Egg Flying Insect Grasses and Herbs Mammal (Deer) or Large Mammal Mammal (Rat) or Small Mammal Soil invertebrates Tree ICRP Reference Animal and Plant Frog Duck Duck Egg Bee Wild grass Deer Rat Worm Pine Tree 2.6 Radiological Studies for Nonhuman Biota in Fukushima Japan’s Ministry of Agriculture, Forests and Fisheries, MAFF, found significant amounts of radioactive iodine and cesium in meat, milk, and eggs during the first few months (MAFF, 2012). It would be logical for Japan’s wildlife be affected too. A study was done for wildlife dose reconstruction and its impact (GarnierLaplace, Beaugelin-Seiller, & Hinton, 2011). This study is similar to this thesis in that it used five of the nine terrestrial organisms and used ERICA for dose reconstruction from soil concentration data taken by the MEXT. There were some differences as well. The study only used the initial March data and only used three radionuclides, iodine-131, cesium-134, and cesium-137. The author included three marine organisms and this thesis 24 only used terrestrial wildlife. Additionally, no dose contour maps were not created in Garnier-Laplace’s paper nor were cumulative doses calculated (Garnier-Laplace, Beaugelin-Seiller, & Hinton, 2011). 25 3 METHODS 3.1 Data compilation To create the integrated dose maps, soil concentration data was used from Japan’s Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science & Technology in Japan (MEXT) department. A measuring and sampling plan was sent from MEXT’s Emergency Operation Center to MEXT’s monitoring team and Fukushima Prefecture’s monitoring team. Both teams measured radiation dose rates and collected environmental samples. Nuclide analysis of the soil samples was conducted by using germanium semiconductor detectors at 21 research organizations in Japan (MEXT, 2011). Concentrations of Te129m, I-131, Cs-134, Cs-136, and Cs-137 were determined by referring to a standard sample that has the same shape as the soil sample. Statistical error of 1σ in an individual radionuclide’s activity was less than 5% for I-131, Cs-134, and Cs-137 and 10–30% for Te-129m and Cs-136 (Kinoshita, et al., 2011). A table of their half-lives is given in Table 3.1. Soil was sampled at locations with scarce vegetation approximately within 10 meters of the radiation dose rate measuring points. Soil was sampled by pressing down the opening side of a sampling container on the ground surface, and closing the lid when the container was filled with surface soil. The sampling depth was 5 cm (NSC, 2011). Additionally, radioactive decay is not taken into account from sampling to measurement. Radioactive concentration is deemed as a reference value due to large dead time (MEXT, 2011). Assumptions still had to be made in using MEXT’s data. One is that the soil concentrations published take into the efficiency of the detector. This may greatly underestimate the doses to animals and plants. However, since in some of their reports 26 state they used standard samples and calculated an error, they may have taken the efficiency into account though they were not explicit. Another assumption is the same techniques for counting were used among the different organizations. In ERICA, the assumption of the percentage of dry weight of the soil was assumed to be 100%. This gives the most conservative value meaning the doses were calculated to be higher than if the percentage was lower. Table 3.1 List of Isotopes used from MEXT Isotopes Half-life I-131 8 days Cs-134 2.1 years Cs-137 30 years Te-129m 33.6 days Te-132 78.2 hours Cs-136 13.1 days La-140 1.67 days (Baum, Knox, & Miller, 2002) 3.2 Using ERICA To estimate the initial dose rates to non-human biota from the MEXT’s soil concentration samples, ERICA tool’s parameters were used. Because of the large amount of data from the MEXT, it was impractical to run each sample point through the ERICA software. Its parameters for Tier 2 were used instead and dose rates were produced in a spreadsheet. Tables of ERICA’s parameters are located in Appendix A. The ERICA tool was used to confirm the numbers produced from the spreadsheet. The following equations were used to create the spreadsheet: External Dose Rate (µGy/h) = Soil Concentration (Bq/kg)*{Occupancy Factor on Soil*External 27 DCC on Soil + Occupancy Factor in Soil* External DCC in Soil + Occupancy Factor in Air * External DCC in Air} (µGy/h per Bq/kg) Internal Dose Rate (µGy/h) = Soil Concentration (Bq/kg) * Concentration Ratio *{Internal DCC Beta Gamma} (µGy/h per Bq/kg) Total Dose Rate (one radionuclide) (µGy/h) = External Dose Rate + Internal Dose Rate Dose to Organism (µGy/h) = Sum of all Total Dose Rates Cumulative doses were calculated using the March dose rates and integrating them by the lifespan of the reference organism given in ICRP 108 (ICRP, 2009). The average lifespans are given in Table 3.2. Table 3.2 Average Lifespans for Reference Organisms from ICRP ERICA organism Amphibian Bird Bird Egg Flying Insect Grasses and Herbs Mammal (Deer) or Large Mammal (Rat) or Small Mammal Mammal Soil invertebrates Tree from ICRP 108 (ICRP, 2009) ICRP Reference Organism Average lifespan Reference Frog – 10 years Reference Duck – 11 years Reference Duck Egg – 30 days Reference Bee – 100 days Reference Wild Grass – 1 year Reference Deer – 15 years Reference Rate - 2 years Reference Earthworm – 4 years Reference Pine Tree – 100 years Cumulative doses were calculated by taking the internal and external dose rates calculated for each nuclide for individual reference organisms and integrating them by their lifespan. The total cumulative dose, D, during a time interval, t, after deposition of the radionuclide is (3.1) ̇ ∫ 28 where, ̇ is the initial dose rate and λ is the effective half-life (Cember, 236). This can be simplified: ̇ ( ) (3.2) Effective half-life for human internal dosimetry includes the biological time various radionuclides stay within the body (Cember, 2009, p. 235). Only radiological half-life was used for calculating the cumulative dose to the organisms which will predict a higher dose since bioelimination was not considered. Since there were many soil data points taken on the same location during the same month, a median and maximum total cumulative dose for each reference organism was used to create dose contour maps. ArcGIS 10 was the Geographic Information Systems software used to upload total cumulative dose points to the map of Japan. Dose rate maps were also created for the months of March, April, May, and June 2011, however, only the maximum total dose rate for the identical location on the same month was plotted in ArcGIS. 3.3 Inverse Distance Weighted Interpolation Inverse distance weighted interpolation was performed only on soil concentrations on cesium-137 for March, April, May and June 2011. The purpose is to illustrate the differences and effectiveness of IDW versus Kriging. IDW power 2 was used since it is the most popular choice (Webster & Oliver, 2007, p. 40). Comparing the two interpolations with cumulative doses or dose rates would be impractical since there are many varying factors, such as short half-lives, different dose conversion factors for 29 different organisms, which would skew the interpolation. Cesium-137 has a half-life of 30 years and would be relatively stable month to month. 3.4 Creating the semivariogram Each integrated dose map and dose rate map used different techniques for each map but the same technique within the map for each species. Four variograms, stable (linear), spherical, Gaussian, and exponential, were tested along with anisotropy to minimize errors. The Table 3.3 show the different variograms used for each map. Detailed parameters are given in Appendix A. Table 3.3 Table of Variograms for Generated Maps Maps Variogram Median March Integrated Dose Exponential Maximum March Integrated Dose Stable March Maximum Dose Rate Circular April Maximum Dose Rate Gaussian May Max Dose Rate Exponential June Max Dose Rate Spherical March Cs-137 Soil Concentration Stable March I-131 Soil Concentration Stable April Cs-137 Soil Concentration Stable April I-131 Soil Concentration Stable May Cs-137 Soil Concentration Stable May I-131 Soil Concentration Stable June Cs-137 Soil Concentration Stable June I-131 Soil Concentration Stable Anisotropy No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Dose rate maps from the MEXT were created by month and reference organism. Many locations had more than one sample collection during a month so a median and a maximum total dose rate were used. Integrated dose maps were not done for the 30 proceeding months since the maximum dose rate biota was given in March integrated dose. The lifespan for most of the biota categories are longer than 6 months and the initial exposure from March is the maximum exposure. 3.5 Radiological effects to biota. The WWF wildfinder geodatabase was loaded into ArcGIS and relevant layers were created. Relationships were made among different tables to extract the pertinent information. A layer of the ecoregions was overlaid on the base map of Japan see Figure 3.2. These ecoregions have various types of wildlife listed in the WWF database. They are listed in Appendix E. 31 WWF Ecoregions in Japan Figure 3.1 32 4 RESULTS 4.1 Soil Concentrations Radioactive soil concentration data from Japan’s Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology is located in Appendix B. Figure 4.1 illustrates the soil concentration for radioactive contamination for all sampling points combined. Cs-137 and I-131 soil concentration maps are listed in Appendix C. March - June 2011 Radioactive Soil Concentrations (Bq/kg) for All Sampling Points 3,500,000 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 - 3/16/2011 6/2/2011 4/3/2011 4/7/2011 5/3/2011 5/7/2011 3/26/2011 3/30/2011 4/12/2011 4/16/2011 4/21/2011 4/25/2011 4/29/2011 5/11/2011 5/15/2011 5/19/2011 5/23/2011 5/27/2011 6/6/2011 6/10/2011 6/14/2011 6/19/2011 I-131 Cs-134 Te-132 Cs-137 Te-129m Cs-136 La-140 Figure 4.1 6/23/2011 33 June Cs-137 Soil Concentrations Figure 4.2 June I-131 Soil Concentrations Figure 4.3 34 Table 4.1 Kriging Errors for Cs-137 Soil Concentrations Regression function Prediction Errors Samples Mean Root-MeanSquare Mean Standardized Root-MeanSquare Standardized Average Standard Error March 0.103098862950306 * x + 48473.9647889356 14 of 14 4655.22 78135.56 0.06 0.88 April 0.564540834641578 * x + 10975.9554348117 27 of 27 1042.50 44683.90 0.02 0.74 May 0.561658416763476 * x + 16596.1219230912 65 of 65 2257.80 44484.35 0.02 0.90 June 0.634493457202369 * x + 16925.8216509405 72 of 72 1171.03 46746.51 0.01 1.21 91066.50 71733.90 61280.79 43592.77 Table 4.2 IDW Errors for Cs-137 Soil Concentrations Regression function Prediction Errors Samples Mean Root-MeanSquare March 0.201009306849449 * x + 31709.3165121465 14 of 14 -7325.94 74404.35 April 0.36293657134094 * x + 29470.4629121635 27 of 27 13096.26 62919.88 May 0.442513736937972 * x + 27435.7676145762 65 of 65 3439.13 56023.74 June 0.553427971439349 * x + 23699.5124655979 72 of 72 2663.79 47999.17 Table 4.3 Kriging Errors for I-131 Soil Concentrations Regression function Prediction Errors Samples Mean Root-MeanSquare Mean Standardized Root-MeanSquare Standardized Average Standard Error March 0.0932236246800697 * x + 181302.982392798 14 of 14 28232.65 227839.39 0.09 0.89 April 0.365655958334693 * x + 20641.9863812247 27 of 27 3264.63 49817.94 0.04 0.71 May 0.130585931152306 * x + 1333.86798444879 65 of 65 -59.62 4120.09 -0.01 0.84 June 0.385560818813875 * x + 101.600808225988 72 of 72 -7.79 213.06 -0.02 0.94 261908.19 76171.08 5092.73 233.50 35 4.2 Cumulative Doses and Dose Rates Figure 4.2 shows the March sampling points and the Table 4.1 and 4.2 contains the total cumulative doses in milliGray. Kriging interpolation maps are located in Appendix C. Map of March 2011 Soil Sampling Points Figure 4.4 Table 4.4 Estimated Median Cumulative Doses (mGy) for Reference Organisms based on March 2011 Data No. 2 3-10 3-11 3-1 32 33 3-7 72 74 75 83 112 Amphibians 14.70 4.84 1.09 40.23 18.76 4.15 1.63 2.02 2.95 61.00 0.86 Birds 20.05 6.63 1.50 54.89 25.58 5.67 2.23 2.75 4.02 83.48 1.06 Bird Eggs 10.06 0.28 0.01 0.78 0.32 0.10 0.21 0.28 0.25 1.67 0.05 Flying Insects 0.65 0.19 0.04 1.66 0.77 0.17 0.07 0.08 0.13 2.44 0.07 Grasses & Herbs 2.70 0.86 0.19 7.42 3.45 0.76 0.29 0.39 0.59 10.90 0.25 Mammal (Deer) 99.43 33.10 7.46 272.61 126.99 28.22 11.11 13.67 19.90 416.53 4.47 Mammal (Rat) 17.12 5.56 1.25 46.83 21.90 4.80 1.88 2.32 3.43 70.17 1.42 Soil Invertebrates 17.84 5.79 1.31 48.84 22.86 4.99 1.96 2.40 3.56 73.08 1.56 Trees 38.59 12.99 2.93 105.97 49.14 11.07 4.34 5.49 7.92 163.15 0.79 36 Table 4.5 Estimated Maximum Cumulative Doses (mGy) for Reference Organisms based on March 2011 Data No. 2 3-10 3-11 3-1 32 33 3-7 72 74 75 83 112 3-14 3-13 Amphibians 14.70 3.69 7.73 10.47 40.23 18.76 4.15 1.63 2.02 2.95 61.00 0.86 11.33 27.28 Birds 20.05 5.03 10.58 14.33 54.89 25.58 5.67 2.23 2.75 4.02 83.48 1.06 15.53 37.23 Bird Eggs 10.06 2.93 0.44 0.12 0.78 0.32 0.10 0.21 0.28 0.25 1.67 0.05 0.14 14.89 Flying Insects 0.65 0.17 0.31 0.42 1.66 0.77 0.17 0.07 0.08 0.13 2.44 0.07 0.45 1.17 Grasses & Herbs 2.70 0.68 1.38 1.87 7.42 3.45 0.76 0.29 0.39 0.59 10.90 0.25 2.01 4.97 Mammal (Deer) 99.43 24.99 52.76 71.51 272.61 126.99 28.22 11.11 13.67 19.90 416.53 4.47 77.57 184.98 Mammal (Rat) 17.12 4.28 8.90 12.03 46.83 21.90 4.80 1.88 2.32 3.43 70.17 1.42 12.99 31.68 Soil Invertebrates 17.84 4.46 9.27 12.53 48.84 22.86 4.99 1.96 2.40 3.56 73.08 1.56 13.51 33.03 Trees 38.59 9.74 20.66 28.03 105.97 49.14 11.07 4.34 5.49 7.92 163.15 0.79 30.50 71.91 Table 4.6 Estimated March Dose Rates (µGy/h) to Reference Organisms No 2 3-10 3-11 3-1 32 33 3-7 72 74 75 83 112 3-14 3-13 Amphibians 13.93 3.72 3.81 253.93 23.92 49.99 9.94 3.04 0.71 2.09 141.16 19.07 21.69 136.78 Birds 16.35 4.34 4.48 301.64 27.60 58.86 10.83 3.39 0.79 2.29 168.92 20.59 25.92 155.84 Bird Eggs 931.10 271.32 252.19 13,808.57 1,936.17 3,106.51 1,331.07 347.57 83.02 270.13 6,627.11 2,699.93 1,414.00 12,762.93 Flying Insects 11.33 3.04 3.09 205.54 19.74 40.73 8.47 2.56 0.60 1.78 113.78 16.35 17.44 113.71 Grasses & Herbs 12.47 3.34 3.42 232.65 20.76 45.07 7.71 2.47 0.58 1.64 131.12 14.53 20.08 115.86 Mammal (Deer) 47.69 13.86 13.12 952.60 72.74 177.08 16.28 6.58 1.50 3.67 557.22 27.30 83.90 371.40 Mammal (Rats) 39.16 10.79 10.76 745.35 63.17 142.28 20.67 6.98 1.62 4.45 425.20 38.01 64.96 343.73 Soil Invertebrates 25.55 6.78 6.98 474.56 43.45 92.76 16.87 5.29 1.24 3.57 266.34 32.09 40.51 244.47 Trees 11.22 2.99 3.07 206.60 19.20 40.54 7.72 2.39 0.56 1.63 115.41 14.75 17.63 108.88 37 Map of April 2011 Soil Sampling Points Figure 4.5 Table 4.7 Estimated April Dose Rates (µGy/h) to Reference Organisms No 1 2 3-10 3-11 13 3-12 37 38 39 3-7 72 74 75 76 79 83 84 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 3-14 3-13 Amphibians 17.22 17.06 4.33 2.49 1.35 115.68 12.55 2.19 3.81 2.66 4.24 1.11 1.11 1.62 67.58 184.16 0.94 3.43 4.93 3.27 7.10 1.87 0.79 12.25 5.74 20.28 118.08 Birds 21.55 20.18 5.41 3.05 1.70 144.40 15.31 2.63 4.71 3.14 4.75 1.25 1.25 1.90 83.86 227.08 1.16 4.23 6.08 4.05 8.87 2.24 0.98 15.11 6.83 24.20 147.46 Bird Eggs 219.26 1,029.32 152.03 58.86 0.99 2,776.62 392.86 168.52 62.26 251.14 463.55 114.00 114.00 106.70 1,112.95 4,151.43 33.09 78.05 137.34 59.95 250.60 99.22 25.49 258.35 167.62 1,050.86 5,444.75 Flying Insects 13.39 13.81 3.37 2.00 1.05 90.14 9.92 1.79 2.99 2.15 3.55 0.92 0.92 1.31 52.83 144.72 0.74 2.69 3.88 2.57 5.53 1.51 0.62 9.62 4.82 16.32 91.85 Grasses & Herbs 17.31 15.49 4.34 2.43 1.37 115.84 12.06 2.07 3.76 2.41 3.47 0.92 0.92 1.49 66.93 180.38 0.91 3.36 4.83 3.22 7.11 1.74 0.78 12.00 5.34 19.23 118.28 Mammal (Deer) 86.93 61.42 21.61 11.97 7.02 577.70 54.93 9.33 18.70 10.63 9.71 2.72 2.72 6.76 325.78 858.67 4.28 16.10 22.90 15.46 35.48 7.43 3.72 56.98 24.81 92.63 588.58 Mammal (Rats) 59.96 49.23 14.99 8.20 4.79 399.95 40.31 6.87 12.92 7.96 9.95 2.68 2.68 4.96 229.19 612.17 3.08 11.44 16.36 10.96 24.57 5.68 2.65 40.72 17.19 65.60 408.57 Soil Invertebrates 33.67 31.51 8.43 5.01 2.66 225.91 23.83 4.12 7.38 4.91 7.40 1.95 1.95 2.96 130.80 354.60 1.81 6.61 9.49 6.32 13.86 3.49 1.52 23.53 11.84 37.79 229.87 Trees 14.32 13.79 3.59 2.11 1.13 96.13 10.28 1.78 3.15 2.15 3.33 0.87 0.87 1.30 55.89 151.94 0.78 2.83 4.07 2.70 5.90 1.52 0.65 10.09 4.95 16.46 97.93 38 Map of May 2011 Soil Sampling Points Map Figure 4.6 Table 4.8 Estimated May Dose Rates (µGy/h) to Reference Organisms No 1 3-11 3-12 38 39 3-7 76 79 83 84 104 107 108 110 111 112 113 114 181 i1 i10 i11 i12 i13 i14 i15 i16 i17 i18 i19 i2 i20 i25 i26 i28 Amphibians 12.01 2.82 40.93 12.25 3.17 2.74 1.38 52.97 222.23 0.71 11.51 7.49 8.65 2.90 0.75 0.27 45.03 3.22 0.61 25.82 18.38 15.14 4.07 0.15 22.69 3.38 0.62 1.96 9.11 13.97 9.89 14.27 43.10 49.98 59.84 Birds 15.01 3.52 50.78 15.34 3.95 3.39 1.74 66.07 279.00 0.88 14.43 9.33 10.83 3.63 0.93 0.33 56.21 4.05 0.77 32.21 22.93 18.88 5.10 0.19 28.33 4.22 0.78 2.43 11.37 17.46 12.37 17.80 53.68 62.41 74.56 Bird Eggs 37.29 12.46 141.66 49.41 10.36 51.89 11.10 229.04 756.92 5.31 73.39 22.94 24.35 5.23 3.17 3.81 99.46 4.27 1.66 45.55 29.12 23.94 7.24 0.95 36.13 5.85 0.45 5.78 13.00 17.95 14.91 21.82 81.67 84.63 145.94 Flying Insects 9.05 2.11 30.59 9.54 2.37 2.15 1.07 39.66 172.14 0.55 8.93 5.62 6.52 2.20 0.55 0.18 34.12 2.49 0.48 19.40 13.82 11.37 3.08 0.12 17.04 2.55 0.48 1.44 6.87 10.49 7.45 10.76 32.13 37.54 44.89 Grasses & Herbs 12.83 3.04 44.46 12.34 3.40 3.07 1.40 56.98 224.68 0.71 11.61 8.03 9.17 3.07 0.84 0.36 47.59 3.27 0.62 27.65 19.68 16.22 4.29 0.15 24.29 3.60 0.63 2.18 9.69 14.93 10.53 15.22 46.76 53.45 64.28 Mammal (Deer) 60.18 13.99 199.06 62.43 15.74 12.90 7.11 262.91 1,138.22 3.55 58.53 36.88 43.53 14.57 3.59 1.05 225.08 16.67 3.16 128.44 91.50 75.30 20.53 0.75 113.08 16.91 3.21 9.42 45.56 69.92 49.62 71.16 212.32 249.18 295.86 Mammal (Rats) 41.47 9.66 137.61 42.77 10.88 9.16 4.87 181.37 781.68 2.45 40.30 25.56 30.02 10.02 2.50 0.78 155.03 11.39 2.17 88.56 63.06 51.90 14.14 0.52 78.02 11.64 2.19 6.53 31.37 48.22 34.18 48.97 146.80 171.93 204.29 Soil Invertebrates 22.85 5.32 76.93 24.11 5.97 5.28 2.72 100.03 434.75 1.38 22.49 14.13 16.48 5.55 1.39 0.43 86.14 6.33 1.20 48.97 34.90 28.71 7.78 0.29 43.00 6.44 1.21 3.62 17.36 26.48 18.81 27.19 80.96 94.72 113.10 Trees 15.20 3.43 53.33 10.22 3.78 5.96 1.30 63.88 184.76 0.59 11.26 8.97 9.49 3.18 1.11 0.74 49.65 2.68 0.51 30.44 21.64 17.91 4.34 0.12 26.54 3.84 0.52 2.85 10.33 16.08 11.16 16.50 54.39 58.17 72.18 39 Table 4.9 Estimated May Dose Rates (µGy/h) to Reference Organisms (Continued) No i29 i30 i31 i32 i6 i7 i8 i9 K1 K10 K11 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7 K8 K9 3-14 3-13 n10 n11 n2 n3 n4 n5 n6 n7 n8 Amphibians 9.98 10.06 10.06 16.33 23.37 17.00 11.09 11.78 7.37 2.78 3.66 8.51 1.72 11.61 3.62 29.83 49.54 72.17 3.71 14.49 84.04 3.64 105.82 58.37 41.56 63.45 219.06 30.00 64.72 2.85 Birds 12.46 12.56 12.56 20.43 29.17 21.20 13.87 14.71 9.20 3.42 4.59 10.64 2.16 14.26 4.53 37.17 61.71 89.84 4.62 18.09 104.28 4.54 132.19 72.83 51.85 79.21 273.35 37.42 80.75 3.52 Bird Eggs 11.17 21.01 21.01 24.54 43.63 25.31 15.35 21.01 17.91 10.03 8.78 18.80 4.52 29.65 7.67 70.37 91.62 157.33 10.14 60.87 324.22 7.47 164.01 99.98 73.96 102.45 367.31 60.20 118.81 15.87 Flying Insects 7.46 7.55 7.55 12.36 17.52 12.76 8.38 8.88 5.52 1.99 2.80 6.45 1.33 8.27 2.83 22.36 36.87 53.97 2.78 11.21 63.20 2.72 79.66 43.70 31.27 47.59 164.47 22.50 48.65 2.10 Grasses & Herbs 10.75 10.78 10.78 17.25 25.07 18.29 11.76 12.53 7.91 3.22 3.79 8.97 1.74 13.65 3.66 32.11 53.82 78.02 3.98 15.50 90.61 3.93 112.85 62.81 44.45 68.08 234.83 32.20 69.30 3.16 Mammal (Deer) 49.70 50.02 50.02 82.25 116.23 84.42 55.77 58.92 36.57 12.87 18.58 42.74 8.86 53.42 18.42 147.29 244.18 355.70 18.29 73.58 410.75 17.98 529.08 289.81 206.87 315.81 1,089.76 148.86 322.02 13.47 Mammal (Rats) 34.28 34.52 34.52 56.55 80.18 58.14 38.35 40.56 25.27 9.00 12.77 29.42 6.08 37.41 12.69 101.79 168.69 245.39 12.63 50.53 283.08 12.41 364.55 200.06 142.60 217.92 751.69 102.75 221.95 9.40 Soil Invertebrates 18.84 19.03 19.03 31.23 44.20 32.21 21.17 22.43 13.92 4.98 7.07 16.29 3.37 20.68 7.17 56.33 92.93 136.06 7.01 28.29 159.13 6.86 201.13 110.22 78.92 120.08 415.05 56.74 122.75 5.25 Trees 12.00 11.88 11.88 17.75 27.75 20.56 12.30 13.39 8.75 4.81 3.56 9.20 1.43 21.19 3.03 36.34 62.94 90.17 4.49 17.25 106.06 4.50 121.28 70.28 48.67 75.14 258.98 35.82 76.26 4.16 40 Map of June 2011 Soil Sample Points Figure 4.7 Table 4.10 Estimated June Dose Rates (µGy/h) to Reference Organisms No 1 3-11 3-3 3-6 34 38 39 3-7 76 80 84 104 107 108 112 113 114 115 181 i1 i10 i11 i12 i13 i14 i15 i16 i17 i18 i19 i2 i20 i21 i22 i23 Amphibians 17.06 2.90 1.62 5.57 16.89 0.95 4.18 1.95 0.95 0.93 0.93 14.33 6.59 3.67 2.27 5.22 2.56 4.59 2.17 16.14 23.89 25.35 14.01 14.24 43.59 43.59 2.03 11.62 14.32 17.99 22.65 17.49 16.69 47.07 90.20 Birds 20.18 3.65 2.04 7.01 21.17 1.17 5.23 2.39 1.19 1.17 1.17 18.03 8.26 4.62 2.82 6.56 3.20 5.75 2.73 20.27 29.96 31.70 17.58 17.87 54.44 54.44 2.55 14.54 17.95 22.57 28.39 21.93 20.97 58.94 112.84 Bird Eggs 1,029.32 64.07 1.18 5.85 15.93 2.85 4.12 4.91 6.92 0.68 0.68 14.49 6.47 3.26 4.88 3.82 2.67 4.70 3.03 14.03 25.26 30.71 16.86 18.12 58.22 58.22 1.48 12.08 14.05 17.05 21.35 17.65 14.24 45.78 111.20 Flying Insects 13.81 2.23 1.25 4.30 12.81 0.67 3.16 1.36 0.73 0.72 0.72 11.08 4.98 2.85 1.66 4.04 1.92 3.48 1.68 12.31 18.20 19.15 10.69 10.83 32.95 32.95 1.57 8.79 10.85 13.70 17.19 13.27 12.75 35.67 68.28 Grasses & Herbs 15.49 2.95 1.65 5.72 17.73 1.12 4.41 2.34 0.96 0.94 0.94 14.54 6.97 3.73 2.52 5.30 2.72 4.84 2.20 16.76 24.94 26.90 14.59 14.87 46.30 46.30 2.06 12.31 15.05 18.77 23.77 18.38 17.29 49.59 95.32 Mammal (Deer) 61.42 15.07 8.43 28.90 85.80 4.35 21.12 8.84 4.92 4.82 4.82 74.28 33.36 19.06 11.08 27.08 12.85 23.23 11.25 82.62 121.78 127.45 71.55 72.61 218.51 218.51 10.53 58.62 72.69 91.75 115.06 88.83 85.60 238.32 454.82 Mammal (Rats) 49.23 10.32 5.76 19.74 58.93 3.05 14.52 6.22 3.36 3.29 3.29 50.75 22.95 12.99 7.65 18.47 8.84 15.95 7.69 56.67 83.49 87.67 49.03 49.84 150.14 150.14 7.18 40.26 49.93 62.92 78.99 61.00 58.68 163.60 312.38 Soil Invertebrates 31.51 5.65 3.18 10.91 32.41 1.68 7.98 3.39 1.85 1.82 1.82 28.11 12.58 7.23 4.19 10.26 4.86 8.79 4.27 31.16 46.09 48.41 27.08 27.41 83.31 83.31 3.99 22.22 27.45 34.68 43.49 33.58 32.30 90.25 172.66 Trees 13.79 2.40 1.35 6.30 17.49 1.75 4.50 3.86 0.79 0.77 0.77 11.93 7.07 3.55 3.23 4.35 2.89 5.06 1.81 15.58 23.98 28.13 14.78 15.58 49.12 49.12 1.69 12.74 14.91 18.50 23.44 18.19 15.86 50.04 98.12 41 Table 4.11 Estimated June Dose Rates (µGy/h) to Reference Organisms (Continued) No i24 i25 i26 i28 i29 i3 i30 i31 i32 i4 i5 i6 i7 i8 i9 K1 K10 K11 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7 K9 3-13 n10 n11 n2 n3 n4 n5 n6 n7 n8 n9 Amphibians 72.25 36.61 36.61 30.87 32.63 20.60 48.30 45.27 25.52 20.34 18.33 32.56 13.52 8.52 15.43 6.11 5.57 6.10 7.72 6.92 3.19 4.85 11.52 3.91 9.73 88.61 4.12 90.76 50.89 62.63 95.74 219.80 62.62 58.21 15.95 33.99 Birds 90.44 45.79 45.79 38.72 40.91 25.72 60.44 56.67 31.96 25.38 22.88 40.78 16.94 10.69 19.31 7.69 6.99 7.65 9.68 8.67 3.99 6.11 14.43 4.87 12.20 110.68 5.15 113.96 63.72 78.43 119.84 275.22 78.49 72.83 19.97 42.52 Bird Eggs 82.59 46.66 46.66 35.37 31.15 29.33 56.95 44.49 27.82 28.39 26.88 32.07 12.82 7.88 17.41 4.46 5.33 5.92 7.04 6.27 3.27 4.68 10.83 4.53 9.18 103.60 4.08 81.71 58.26 73.96 99.56 237.83 61.06 65.85 17.03 41.01 Flying Insects 54.52 27.61 27.61 23.51 24.71 15.46 36.50 34.30 19.42 15.27 13.81 24.62 10.26 6.46 11.70 4.72 4.22 4.61 5.87 5.28 2.41 3.74 8.76 2.91 7.38 67.18 3.12 69.08 38.59 47.48 72.68 166.67 47.66 44.07 12.11 25.63 Grasses & Herbs 76.57 38.85 38.85 32.20 34.33 22.07 51.15 47.75 26.76 21.79 19.56 34.39 14.19 8.93 16.25 6.20 5.87 6.44 8.06 7.21 3.39 4.93 12.07 4.23 10.22 93.79 4.35 94.60 53.55 65.91 100.73 231.39 65.48 61.50 16.79 36.09 Mammal (Deer) 364.12 184.14 184.14 157.32 165.61 102.78 243.44 228.87 129.44 101.37 91.57 164.70 68.63 43.40 77.98 31.71 28.28 30.92 39.33 35.26 16.08 25.20 58.51 19.39 49.46 445.59 20.81 463.78 257.53 317.11 484.58 1,112.27 318.67 293.75 80.76 170.98 Mammal (Rats) 250.61 126.67 126.67 107.93 113.80 70.85 167.33 157.15 88.74 69.85 63.03 113.18 47.10 29.83 53.51 21.66 19.44 21.26 26.98 24.14 11.05 17.22 40.13 13.36 33.96 305.46 14.29 318.31 176.81 217.75 332.36 763.89 218.48 201.73 55.38 117.61 Soil Invertebrates 137.81 69.78 69.78 59.51 62.52 39.03 92.28 86.78 49.15 38.57 34.88 62.28 25.97 16.35 29.61 11.98 10.67 11.67 14.87 13.39 6.09 9.50 22.17 7.36 18.68 169.98 7.89 174.89 97.62 120.12 183.94 421.65 120.67 111.45 30.65 64.77 Trees 79.24 40.67 40.67 31.00 34.15 24.17 52.98 48.56 26.51 23.96 21.15 35.01 14.06 8.68 16.50 5.08 5.84 6.48 7.76 6.92 3.55 5.09 11.89 4.85 10.08 98.26 4.45 89.49 53.86 66.18 101.50 232.80 66.62 63.17 16.93 37.86 42 June Flying Insects Dose Rate Map Figure 4.8 June Deer Dose Rate Map Figure 4.9 43 Table 4.12 Median Cumulative Dose Kriging Errors Amphibian s Birds 0.1540964 73272137 *x+ 15.656368 586586 Bird Eggs 0.1429765 62530968 *x+ 0.4940944 36808257 Flying Insects 0.1429765 62530968 *x+ 0.4940944 36808257 Grasses & Herbs 0.1371459 41815966 *x+ 2.1772379 5714152 Large Mammals 0.1361114 69561012 *x+ 80.571257 64971 Small Mammals 0.1373535 72644589 *x+ 13.791059 4844032 Soil Invertebrat es 0.13729797 6415921 * x + 14.3808118 153385 Regression function 0.1367510 56762641 *x+ 11.871889 5551621 Trees 0.135443 5622991 71 * x + 31.36051 6822015 3 Prediction Errors Samples 14 of 14 Mean 0.55 Root-MeanSquare 17.18 Mean Standardized 0.04 Root-MeanSquare Standardized 0.94 Average Standard Error 18.69 14 of 14 0.50 23.60 0.03 14 of 14 0.03 0.69 0.04 14 of 14 0.03 0.69 0.04 14 of 14 0.11 3.09 0.04 14 of 14 3.59 117.18 0.04 14 of 14 0.67 19.79 0.04 14 of 14 0.70 20.62 0.04 14 of 14 1.34 45.86 0.04 0.98 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.94 24.97 0.75 0.75 3.38 127.30 21.60 22.51 49.73 Table 4.13 Maximum Cumulative Dose Kriging Errors Regression function Amphibians 0.24638194 2689839 * x+ 12.1045616 480811 Birds 0.2461102 56843265 *x+ 16.535911 4721462 Bird Eggs 0.0464570 61009704 *x+ 1.8838093 8601015 Flying Insects 0.2695013 98763266 *x+ 0.4984049 84502576 Grasses & Herbs 0.2481344 92377985 *x+ 2.2055861 5638258 Large Mammals 0.2455131 04246494 *x+ 82.287443 6280464 Small Mammals 0.2482714 02838528 *x+ 14.000630 091694 Soil Invertebrate s 0.24881122 3161591 * x + 14.5881959 918496 Trees 0.243853 1841492 84 * x + 32.09904 7735690 1 Prediction Errors Samples Mean Root-MeanSquare Mean Standardized Root-MeanSquare Standardized Average Standard Error 14 of 14 0.97 15.85 0.06 0.99 14 of 14 1.33 21.69 0.06 0.99 14 of 14 -0.31 4.33 -0.06 0.90 14 of 14 0.05 0.63 0.08 0.97 14 of 14 0.18 2.84 0.07 0.97 14 of 14 6.58 108.18 0.06 0.99 14 of 14 1.13 18.24 0.06 0.98 14 of 14 1.18 18.99 0.06 0.98 14 of 14 2.54 42.36 0.06 0.99 16.56 22.64 4.89 0.66 3.00 112.79 19.13 19.94 44.09 44 4.3 Kriging Interpolation Errors for Dose Rates of Organisms Table 4.14 Amphibians Dose Rate Errors March Regression function Prediction Errors Samples Mean Root-MeanSquare Mean Standardized Root-MeanSquare Standardized Average Standard Error 0.2750493181906 33 * x + 34.684402330035 4 April 0.5467623175314 26 * x + 11.183937125462 1 May 0.5598357537398 67 * x + 8.7964586185417 1 June 0.5184405472349 96 * x + 10.711014137965 7 14 of 14 5.31 62.92 0.07 1.08 27 of 27 0.81 27.42 0.02 0.71 65 of 65 0.31 22.13 0.00 0.67 71 of 71 0.33 25.88 0.00 1.19 65.75 43.48 36.16 24.14 Table 4.15 Birds Kriging Dose Rate Errors March Regression function Prediction Errors Samples Mean Root-MeanSquare Mean Standardized Root-MeanSquare Standardized Average Standard Error 0.24654617459097 9*x+ 41.2853320354469 April 0.55165681225600 3*x+ 13.6962753720028 May 0.56052565821279 3*x+ 11.6411206068288 June 0.54036751916184 2*x+ 12.8096623259759 14 of 14 4.97 77.90 0.05 1.06 27 of 27 1.02 33.77 0.02 0.71 65 of 65 0.33 26.83 0.00 0.65 71 of 71 0.08 31.04 0.00 1.07 80.31 53.86 45.43 30.99 45 Table 4.16 Bird Eggs Kriging Dose Rate Errors March Regression function Prediction Errors Samples Mean Root-MeanSquare Mean Standardized Root-MeanSquare Standardized Average Standard Error 0.25361102062731 4*x+ 2239.19496758028 April 0.39007102633229 3*x+ 341.556802878032 May 0.42842225040331 2*x+ 28.5208796356779 June 0.0046953331347231 6*x+ 36.4940296328173 14 of 14 189.29 3998.58 0.03 1.08 27 of 27 33.07 902.22 0.02 0.68 65 of 65 1.02 87.62 0.01 1.07 71 of 71 -2.10 127.40 -0.01 0.96 4133.78 1520.54 93.25 127.49 Table 4.17 Flying Insects Kriging Dose Rate Errors March Regression function Prediction Errors Samples Mean Root-MeanSquare Mean Standardized Root-MeanSquare Standardized Average Standard Error 0.252572454017447 *x+ 28.4558009828336 April 0.542730180788463 *x+ 8.85191891132348 May 0.552433996502779 *x+ 6.86820618330152 June 0.539562594594679 *x+ 7.76514833490233 14 of 14 3.47 53.29 0.05 1.07 27 of 27 0.64 21.58 0.02 0.71 65 of 65 0.37 17.10 0.01 0.68 71 of 71 0.03 18.80 0.00 1.07 54.88 34.06 27.59 18.77 46 Table 4.18 Grasses & Herbs Kriging Dose Rate Errors March Regression function Prediction Errors Samples Mean Root-MeanSquare Mean Standardized Root-MeanSquare Standardized Average Standard Error 0.24274124953700 7*x+ 31.6937982837938 April 0.55546948537490 9*x+ 10.8339437535877 May 0.56451622026369 1*x+ 9.30102361290803 June 0.53788556596650 2*x+ 10.8421927662267 14 of 14 3.79 60.05 0.05 1.06 27 of 27 0.82 26.81 0.02 0.71 65 of 65 0.33 23.02 0.00 0.66 71 of 71 0.09 26.23 0.00 1.07 61.87 42.94 37.87 26.13 Table 4.19 Large Mammals Kriging Dose Rate Errors March Regression function Prediction Errors Samples Mean Root-Mean-Square Mean Standardized Root-Mean-Square Standardized Average Standard Error 0.23512040260137 *x+ 125.041173943138 April 0.543266616290732 *x+ 31.3293873646841 May 0.53277709656967 *x+ 53.6058248482686 June 0.541785967422309 *x+ 51.7212425364971 14 of 14 15.66 237.25 0.06 1.00 254.86 27 of 27 1.31 126.16 0.01 0.69 208.57 65 of 65 4.75 114.27 0.02 0.68 182.58 71 of 71 0.52 125.12 0.00 1.06 125.06 47 Table 4.20 Small Mammals Kriging Dose Rate Errors March Regression function Prediction Errors Samples Mean Root-MeanSquare Mean Standardized Root-MeanSquare Standardized Average Standard Error 0.25625911734798 8*x+ 98.7876168958752 April 0.52572231133647 2*x+ 25.7676488815461 May 0.55695698880947 5*x+ 30.3131048855169 June 0.54197584308681 6*x+ 35.4601839953365 14 of 14 12.66 184.11 0.06 1.01 27 of 27 3.04 90.93 0.02 0.71 65 of 65 1.04 77.04 0.00 0.67 71 of 71 0.28 85.92 0.00 1.07 197.85 146.66 125.41 85.86 Table 4.21 Soil Invertebrates Kriging Dose Rate Errors March Regression function Prediction Errors Samples Mean Root-Mean-Square Mean Standardized Root-Mean-Square Standardized Average Standard Error 0.246662728943722 *x+ 64.8776134590669 April 0.550884646315256 *x+ 21.4624127123149 May 0.555930570162569 *x+ 16.8088556473081 June 0.520125853992612 *x+ 20.4859953691308 14 of 14 7.81 122.57 0.05 1.06 126.30 27 of 27 1.61 52.82 0.02 0.71 84.15 65 of 65 0.55 42.78 0.00 0.67 69.65 71 of 71 0.68 49.54 0.00 1.19 46.28 48 Table 4.22 Trees Kriging Dose Rate Errors March Regression 0.2487480409961 function 51 * x + 28.347569456388 3 Prediction Errors Samples 14 of 14 Mean 3.43 Root53.39 MeanSquare Mean 0.05 Standardiz ed Root1.06 MeanSquare Standardiz ed Average Standard Error April 0.5487776827736 76 * x + 9.2134872313143 9 27 of 27 0.68 22.63 May 0.7657038667523 87 * x + 6.3215380928192 7 65 of 65 0.33 22.34 June 0.5244649414059 78 * x + 11.329583129691 71 of 71 0.16 27.11 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.71 0.57 1.08 55.03 35.96 43.39 26.71 49 5 DISCUSSION The maps of the different interpolations used are located in Appendix B. They show a clear difference of the between inverse distance weighted (IDW) and Kriging. The maps with the IDW interpolation overlay show concentration around the sample points which was expected but may not be realistic and seem to oversimplify reality. Only the maps that have the Kriging interpolation take into account the spatial dependence of the data. Furthermore, Kriging estimates more contamination in a larger area and IDW higher concentration in smaller areas. Since Kriging is more realistic and more conservative, IDW was not done for the dose maps and the iodine-131 soil concentration map. The cumulative doses and total dose rates for Reference Animals and Plants show the concentration of contamination to be northwest of the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant. This is consistent with other findings (Kinoshita, et al., 2011) (Yasunari, Stohl, Hayano, Burkhart, Eckhardt, & Yasunari, 2011). There were other radionuclides such as strontium and plutonium that were not used because there was limited information or the data was not in consistent units i.e. Becquerel per kilogram and therefore it could not be used in the ERICA tool. This will underestimate the cumulative doses and dose rates. The March through June 2011 dose rate maps show a steep decrease in the majority of the interpolation area. Some of decrease in dose rates could be from decay such as iodine-131, (see Appendix C), however, looking at the cesium-137 soil concentration maps in Appendix C, displays a decrease with time. Since cesium-137 has a long half-life, 30 years, radiological decay among the maps are negligible. 50 Precipitation, soil kinetics, and human intervention are the most likely cause of the changing radiological distribution patterns and will overestimate the cumulative doses. A table of the variety of species counted for each ecoregion is given in Appendix E. According to the sample data and interpolation methods, the WWF ecoregion most affected is the Taiheiyo montane deciduous forests. The species for this ecoregion are listed in Appendix B. Many of these species share the surrounding ecoregions. As expected, dose rate increases with increase in soil concentrations as shown in Appendix B. With these dose rates, impacts to these animals might be expected. According to ERICA and the FREDERICA database, the mammal population and bird eggs were most affected. The radiological effects may include shorter lifespans, decrease in populations, and reproductive organ effects for the mammal population. Radiation effects data for birds was limited, however, according to the FREDERICA database an increase of parasites were observed at 10 µGy/h. There were no other statistically significant effects observed for the dose rate ranges calculated in ERICA for birds. A more information on the dose rate effects is given in Appendix D. 51 6 CONCLUSIONS Results from the ERICA tool show and calculation of cumulative doses demonstrate there is a potential that the Fukushima nuclear accident has impacted the animals and plants queried and may continue to impact the future generations of fauna. The magnitude of the impact is difficult to determine since the FREDERICA database doesn’t establish the dose rates and cumulative doses needed. For example, the cumulative doses published had different dose rates than the dose rates estimated in this thesis. In humans, higher dose rates can yield greater radiation effects with a lower cumulative dose. Although some factors that will lower cumulative dose were not considered such as, bioelimination and migratory habits, not including strontium and plutonium will likely yield much higher cumulative doses and higher dose rates. Strontium is considered one of the most hazardous constituents of nuclear reactor waste (EPA, 2012) and plutonium is an alpha emitter which makes internal exposure a serious health hazard (Cember, 2009). 7 RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE WORK There are other deterministic interpolation methods that could be used that are spatially applicable such as spline or PointInterp (Childs, 2004). Furthermore, there are other types of Kriging, mentioned in Section 2.2.3 of this thesis. More study can be taken into the many different types of variograms other than the ones used in this research. There is continuing work to expand the wildlife to plants, trees, and invertebrates in this research and to research other means of estimating biota doses. Additionally, more isotopes were sampled and a more complete dose to biota can be calculated. This 52 will increase the dose rate estimates and increase the predicted biological impacts. 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Selection of efficient methods for soil sampling. Contributions of the Boyse Thompson Institute of Plant Research, 9, 59-70. 57 APPENDICES 58 APPENDIX A: PARAMETERS FROM ERICA Table A.1 Concentration Ratio [Bq kg-1 (f.w.) per Bq kg-1 soil (d.w.) or Bq m3 air for H, C, S & P] ----Nuclide Amphibian Bird Bird egg Flying insects Grasses & Herbs Mammal (Deer) Mammal (Rat) Soil Invertebrate (worm) Tree I Cs Te La 4.00E-01 5.37E-01 2.08E-01 6.00E-04 4.00E-01 7.50E-01 2.08E-01 6.00E-04 1.60E+02 3.00E-02 2.08E+00 0.00E+00 3.01E-01 5.51E-02 3.83E-02 4.00E-04 1.40E-01 6.93E-01 5.63E-01 5.00E-03 4.00E-01 2.87E+00 2.08E-01 6.00E-04 4.00E-01 2.87E+00 2.08E-01 6.00E-04 1.56E-01 8.94E-02 3.83E-02 4.00E-04 1.40E-01 1.63E-01 1.81E+00 5.00E-03 Table A.2 Occupancy Factor [unitless] ----Habitat On-soil In-soil In-air Amphibian Bird Bird egg Flying insects Grasses & Herbs Mammal (Deer) Mammal (Rat) Soil Invertebrate (worm) Tree 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 Table A.3 Dose Conversion Coefficient of external beta gamma radiation on soil [µGy h-1 per Bq kg1] ----Isotope I-131 Cs-134 Cs-137 Te-129m Cs-136 La-140 Amphibian Bird Bird egg Flying insects Grasses & Herbs Mammal (Deer) Mammal (Rat) Soil Invertebrate (worm) Tree 7.70E-05 3.20E-04 1.10E-04 1.40E-05 4.30E-04 4.50E-04 7.70E05 3.10E04 1.10E04 1.40E05 4.30E04 4.22E04 7.70E05 3.10E04 1.10E04 1.40E05 4.30E04 4.48E04 7.80E05 3.20E04 1.20E04 1.40E05 4.40E04 4.52E04 7.70E05 3.10E04 1.10E04 1.40E05 4.20E04 4.37E04 3.70E05 1.60E04 5.60E05 6.70E06 2.20E04 2.40E04 7.50E05 3.10E04 1.10E04 1.30E05 4.20E04 4.41E04 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 6.10 E-05 2.50 E-04 9.00 E-05 1.10 E-05 3.40 E-04 3.56 E-04 59 Table A.4 Dose Conversion Coefficient of internal low beta radiation [µGy h-1 pr. Bq kg1] ----Isotope I-131 Cs-134 Cs-137 Te-129m Cs-136 La-140 Amphibian Bird Bird egg Flying insects Grasses & Herbs Mammal (Deer) Mammal (Rat) Soil Invertebrate (worm) Tree 0 0 0 3.40E-06 1.30E-06 1.15E-07 0 0 0 3.60E06 0 1.15E07 0 0 0 3.40E06 1.40E06 1.15E07 0 0 0 2.80E06 8.90E07 1.15E07 0 0 0 3.10E06 9.80E07 1.15E07 0 0 0 3.80E06 0 1.15E07 0 0 0 3.50E06 1.90E06 1.15E07 0 0 0 3.10E-06 0.000001 1.15E-07 0 0 0 3.80 E-06 0 1.15 E-07 Table A.5 Dose Conversion Coefficient of external beta gamma radiation in soil [µGy h-1 per Bq kg1] ----Isotope I-131 Cs-134 Cs-137 Te-129m Cs-136 Amphibian Bird Bird egg Flying insects Grasses & Herbs Mammal (Deer) Mammal (Rat) Soil Invertebrate (worm) Tree 0.00019 0.00082 0.0003 0.000035 0.0011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00018 0.00078 0.00028 0.00003 3 0.0011 0.00019 0.00083 0.0003 0.000036 0.0011 0 0 0 0 0 Table A.6 Dose Conversion Coefficient of external beta gamma radiation in air [µGy h-1 pr. Bq m3] ----Isotope I-131 Cs-134 Cs-137 Te-129m Cs-136 La-140 Amphibian Bird Bird egg Flying insects Grasses & Herbs Mammal (Deer) Mammal (Rat) Soil Invertebrate (worm) Tree 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000 066 0.000 28 0.000 1 0.000 012 0.000 38 4.22E04 0 0 0 0 0 4.48E04 0.000 078 0.000 32 0.000 12 0.000 014 0.000 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00112 6 0 0 0 0 0 0.00119 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 Table A.7 Dose Conversion Coefficient of internal beta gamma radiation [µGy h-1 per Bq kg1] ----Isotope I-131 Cs-134 Cs-137 Amphibian Bird Bird egg Flying insects Grasses & Herbs Mammal (Deer) Mammal (Rat) Soil Invertebrate (worm) Tree 0.00012 0.00013 0.00015 0.000 14 0.000 22 0.000 19 0.000 356 0.000 25 4.69E04 0.000 12 0.000 14 1.60E04 0.000 337 0.000 139 3.53E04 0.000 1 0.000 097 0.000 14 0.000 277 8.81E05 2.52E04 0.0001 1 0.0001 0.0001 4 0.0003 07 9.70E05 2.82E04 0.00025 0.00063 0.00034 0.00037 6 0.00081 0.00104 0.00013 0.00017 0.00017 0.00034 7 0.00018 8 4.03E04 0.00011 0.00011 0.00014 Te-129m Cs-136 La-140 0.000337 0.000129 3.38E-04 0.000307 0.000099 2.87E-04 0.00 025 0.00 058 0.00 032 0.00 037 6 0.00 073 9.35 E-04 61 APPENDIX B: DATA No . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 LATIT UDE 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 LONGI TUDE 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 DATE 4/14/ 2011 4/15/ 2011 4/16/ 2011 4/18/ 2011 4/20/ 2011 4/21/ 2011 4/22/ 2011 4/23/ 2011 4/24/ 2011 4/25/ 2011 4/26/ 2011 4/27/ 2011 4/28/ 2011 4/29/ 2011 4/30/ 2011 5/1/2 011 5/2/2 011 5/3/2 011 5/4/2 011 5/5/2 011 5/6/2 011 5/7/2 011 5/8/2 011 5/9/2 011 5/10/ 2011 5/11/ 2011 5/12/ 2011 I-131 6,100 11,000 5,100 7,500 7,700 4,800 4,300 3,200 3,400 3,800 2,900 4,800 2,100 2,900 2,200 1,500 1,700 1,200 1,300 1,400 1,200 1,100 420 640 910 540 490 Cs-134 7,900 16,000 9,100 18,000 13,000 9,700 15,000 9,400 9,500 10,000 11,000 27,000 5,700 16,000 12,000 8,200 10,000 4,500 6,200 11,000 9,900 6,300 2,400 6,500 11,000 6,600 7,600 Cs-137 9,300 19,000 11,000 21,000 16,000 12,000 17,000 11,000 12,000 12,000 13,000 32,000 7,000 20,000 14,000 10,000 12,000 5,200 7,500 13,000 12,000 7,700 2,800 7,800 13,000 8,200 9,300 Te129m 4,700 3,700 3,800 Te132 Cs136 110 73 67 La140 24 18 Sr89 Sr-90 - 62 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 0472 37.75 7517 37.75 7517 37.75 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.46 6861 140.55 4425 140.55 4425 140.55 5/13/ 2011 5/14/ 2011 5/15/ 2011 5/16/ 2011 5/17/ 2011 5/18/ 2011 5/19/ 2011 5/20/ 2011 5/21/ 2011 5/22/ 2011 5/23/ 2011 5/24/ 2011 5/25/ 2011 5/26/ 2011 5/27/ 2011 5/28/ 2011 6/1/2 011 6/1/2 011 6/1/2 011 6/1/2 011 6/1/2 011 6/22/ 2011 6/22/ 2011 6/22/ 2011 6/22/ 2011 6/22/ 2011 3/31/ 2011 4/1/2 011 4/2/2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 690 750 440 670 520 360 400 430 380 370 500 190 410 170 340 100 120 170 64 97 240 48,000 31,000 9,500 12,000 7,900 13,000 12,000 7,300 8,700 13,000 10,000 10,000 18,000 5,900 18,000 5,700 12,000 1,800 10,000 15,000 4,900 11,000 14,000 13,000 9,400 14,000 7,000 10,000 13,000 7,400 12,000 14,000 9,500 16,000 15,000 8,600 11,000 16,000 12,000 13,000 23,000 7,100 21,000 6,900 15,000 2,300 13,000 18,000 6,000 14,000 18,000 17,000 12,000 18,000 8,700 13,000 15,000 8,800 3,500 4,200 2,500 5,600 3,400 3,000 3,400 2,900 2,900 3,100 5,400 2,000 8,400 2,300 3,600 2,500 4,600 1,500 2,500 4,000 2,200 - - 90 130 80 110 140 79 92 79 160 62 54 53 - 22 - - - 63 7517 3 4 5 6 310 310 310 310 310 310 310 310 310 310 310 310 310 310 310 310 310 310 310 310 310 310 310 310 37.76 4278 37.66 4289 37.79 0464 37.70 6044 37.70 6044 37.70 6044 37.70 6044 37.70 6044 37.70 6044 37.70 6044 37.70 6044 37.70 6044 37.70 6044 37.70 6044 37.70 6044 37.70 6044 37.70 6044 37.70 6044 37.70 6044 37.70 6044 37.70 6044 37.70 6044 37.70 6044 37.70 6044 37.70 6044 37.70 6044 37.70 6044 37.70 6044 4425 140.73 5472 140.59 5572 140.92 9483 140.96 4325 140.96 4325 140.96 4325 140.96 4325 140.96 4325 140.96 4325 140.96 4325 140.96 4325 140.96 4325 140.96 4325 140.96 4325 140.96 4325 140.96 4325 140.96 4325 140.96 4325 140.96 4325 140.96 4325 140.96 4325 140.96 4325 140.96 4325 140.96 4325 140.96 4325 140.96 4325 140.96 4325 140.96 4325 011 53,000 17,000 20,000 3/25/ 2011 3/26/ 2011 3/28/ 2011 3/29/ 2011 3/30/ 2011 3/31/ 2011 4/1/2 011 4/2/2 011 4/3/2 011 4/4/2 011 4/5/2 011 4/6/2 011 4/7/2 011 4/8/2 011 4/10/ 2011 4/11/ 2011 4/13/ 2011 4/15/ 2011 4/16/ 2011 4/18/ 2011 4/20/ 2011 4/21/ 2011 4/22/ 2011 4/23/ 2011 11,000 14,000 11,000 8,400 6,100 9,600 5,400 7,800 4,900 5,500 4,600 5,100 4,200 3,600 2,400 4,800 2,600 2,000 1,800 1,500 1,400 1,300 1,400 930 2,800 3,200 3,000 2,700 1,800 3,900 2,400 3,700 1,400 3,700 3,200 3,200 3,000 3,100 2,300 4,100 3,900 2,800 2,900 2,100 4,600 2,500 4,400 2,900 3,300 3,800 3,600 3,200 2,000 4,700 2,800 4,400 1,700 4,300 3,900 3,900 3,600 3,800 2,900 5,000 4,800 3,400 3,300 2,500 5,500 3,000 5,200 3,500 - 64 310 310 310 310 310 311 311 311 311 311 311 311 311 311 311 311 311 311 311 311 311 311 311 311 311 311 311 311 337.70 6044 37.70 6044 37.70 6044 37.70 6044 37.70 6044 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 140.96 4325 140.96 4325 140.96 4325 140.96 4325 140.96 4325 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 4/24/ 2011 4/25/ 2011 4/26/ 2011 4/27/ 2011 4/28/ 2011 3/25/ 2011 3/26/ 2011 3/28/ 2011 4/15/ 2011 4/16/ 2011 4/18/ 2011 4/20/ 2011 4/21/ 2011 4/22/ 2011 4/23/ 2011 4/24/ 2011 4/25/ 2011 4/26/ 2011 4/27/ 2011 4/28/ 2011 4/29/ 2011 4/30/ 2011 5/1/2 011 5/2/2 011 5/3/2 011 5/4/2 011 5/6/2 011 5/7/2 011 5/8/2 920 1,100 790 1,700 550 8,000 13,000 8,200 1,700 1,900 3,000 1,600 1,200 930 600 600 1,100 980 1,500 630 380 850 550 320 470 590 170 120 3,200 4,100 2,500 6,600 1,900 1,100 3,500 1,600 2,400 1,600 2,100 4,600 1,200 1,300 630 830 2,000 1,800 2,500 1,600 940 1,800 960 1,100 1,700 2,400 440 420 3,700 5,100 3,000 8,100 2,400 1,300 4,300 2,000 2,900 2,000 3,200 2,600 1,500 1,700 850 1,000 2,600 2,200 2,900 2,000 1,200 2,300 1,300 1,300 2,200 2,900 560 510 - - 65 11 311 311 311 311 311 311 311 311 311 311 311 311 311 311 311 311 311 311 311 311 311 311 311 311 311 7 7 7 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.70 015 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 011 5/9/2 011 5/10/ 2011 5/11/ 2011 5/12/ 2011 5/13/ 2011 5/14/ 2011 5/15/ 2011 5/16/ 2011 5/17/ 2011 5/18/ 2011 5/19/ 2011 5/20/ 2011 5/21/ 2011 5/22/ 2011 5/23/ 2011 5/24/ 2011 5/25/ 2011 5/26/ 2011 5/27/ 2011 5/28/ 2011 6/2/2 011 6/2/2 011 6/2/2 011 6/2/2 011 6/2/2 011 6/22/ 2011 6/22/ 2011 6/22/ 2011 110 130 240 180 170 110 52 100 230 170 150 130 69 120 64 85 74 31 89 90 60 49 590 540 1,100 910 2,300 1,400 380 720 2,600 1,900 1,600 1,300 770 4,200 1,200 850 2,400 73 2,400 2,300 1,200 2,000 3,800 2,700 4,500 3,100 2,500 1,700 940 690 630 1,300 1,200 2,800 1,700 440 880 3,200 2,300 2,000 1,700 1,000 5,300 1,400 980 3,000 880 3,000 2,800 1,600 2,600 5,100 3,300 6,000 4,100 3,100 2,200 1,200 810 860 1,700 610 1,000 28 - 66 37.70 015 37.70 015 37.60 08 37.56 9872 37.44 2922 37.43 9875 37.45 1964 37.45 1964 37.45 1964 37.45 1964 37.45 1964 37.45 1964 37.45 1964 37.45 1964 37.45 1964 37.45 1964 37.45 1964 37.49 0067 37.51 1156 37.51 1156 37.51 1156 37.51 1156 37.51 1156 37.51 1156 37.51 4372 37.50 8415 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 140.96 2647 140.96 2647 140.58 5367 140.57 7686 140.61 8992 140.64 5175 140.67 7903 140.67 7903 140.67 7903 140.67 7903 140.67 7903 140.67 7903 140.67 7903 140.67 7903 140.67 7903 140.67 7903 140.67 7903 140.58 1717 140.69 7913 140.69 7913 140.69 7913 140.69 7913 140.69 7913 140.69 7913 140.65 4675 140.62 936 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 6/22/ 2011 6/22/ 2011 7 7 10 11 13 14 15 3-3 3-3 3-3 3-3 3-3 3-3 3-3 3-3 3-3 3-3 20 21 3-6 3-6 3-6 3-6 3-6 22 23 31 312 3- - 2,000 1,800 2,500 2,400 - - - - - 3 4/1/2 011 3,300 1,000 1,200 - 6/5/2 011 6/5/2 011 6/5/2 011 6/5/2 011 6/5/2 011 6/24/ 2011 6/24/ 2011 6/24/ 2011 6/24/ 2011 6/24/ 2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,400 260 910 2,600 280 2,200 570 750 1,100 540 1,700 310 1,100 3,200 340 2,600 790 900 1,400 730 - - - - - 6/9/2 011 6/9/2 011 6/9/2 011 6/9/2 011 6/9/2 011 61 - 2,000 5,800 8,900 8,200 8,500 2,500 7,300 11,000 9,900 11,000 2,900 - - - - - - - - 13 3/17/ 2011 3/25/ 2011 3/26/ 30,000 29,000 2,300 20,000 2,300 627 - 67 12 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 30025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 2011 3/27/ 2011 3/28/ 2011 3/29/ 2011 3/30/ 2011 3/31/ 2011 4/1/2 011 4/2/2 011 4/3/2 011 4/4/2 011 4/5/2 011 4/6/2 011 4/7/2 011 4/8/2 011 4/10/ 2011 4/11/ 2011 4/12/ 2011 4/14/ 2011 4/15/ 2011 4/16/ 2011 4/17/ 2011 4/18/ 2011 4/20/ 2011 4/21/ 2011 4/22/ 2011 4/24/ 22,000 120,00 0 120,00 0 710,00 0 710,00 0 50,000 79,000 21,000 60,000 143,90 0 103,97 0 84,819 78,581 36,900 59,758 58,558 54,507 33,000 18,000 13,000 17,000 6,700 29,000 33,000 1,550 1,600 - 25,500 27,000 - - - - 27,900 212,00 0 282,00 0 14,200 27,400 5,270 26,000 28,000 - - - - 220,000 - - - - 290,000 15,000 29,000 5,400 27,000 - - - - 5,931 6,907 - - - - 62,836 47,948 48,547 18,000 62,813 58,212 40,408 64,000 18,000 18,000 13,000 8,000 51,000 73,000 180,00 0 68,209 51,942 51,167 20,300 74,220 67,722 46,235 76,000 22,000 21,000 15,000 9,100 62,000 87,000 - - - - 44,000 210,000 - - - - 68 12 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 2011 4/25/ 2011 4/27/ 2011 4/28/ 2011 4/29/ 2011 4/30/ 2011 5/1/2 011 5/2/2 011 5/2/2 011 5/3/2 011 5/4/2 011 5/5/2 011 5/5/2 011 5/6/2 011 5/7/2 011 5/8/2 011 5/9/2 011 5/10/ 2011 5/11/ 2011 5/12/ 2011 5/13/ 2011 5/14/ 2011 5/15/ 2011 5/16/ 2011 5/17/ 2011 5/31/ 2011 4,000 11,000 3,800 7,400 8,200 3,100 4,500 3,600 5,200 4,700 6,200 5,000 2,200 2,400 2,200 5,500 24,000 9,000 39,000 50,000 14,000 26,000 26,000 25,000 31,000 50,000 33,000 20,000 14,000 14,000 6,800 29,000 11,000 42,000 56,000 14,000 29,000 27,000 30,000 34,000 56,000 40,000 21,000 14,000 14,000 5,500 7,600 21,00 0 23,00 0 30,00 0 17,00 0 21,00 0 6,300 7,600 2,400 11,00 0 4,800 13,00 140 130 - 4,100 38,000 44,000 - 490 - 4,700 56,000 60,000 - 580 - 4,700 62,000 70,000 - 510 - 3,200 38,000 45,000 - 220 - 3,300 1,200 1,400 480 42,000 16,000 22,000 4,000 48,000 18,000 26,000 4,800 - 270 110 200 - - 1,100 1,100 430 27,000 10,000 36,000 30,000 12,000 41,000 - 260 74 140 - 69 0 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 312 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.56 0025 37.59 5 37.61 2803 37.55 3833 37.55 3833 37.55 3833 37.55 3833 37.55 3833 37.55 6194 37.60 85 37.75 7364 37.75 7364 37.12 1783 37.12 1783 37.12 1783 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.74 7136 140.75 4017 140.74 9111 140.73 6731 140.73 6731 140.73 6731 140.73 6731 140.73 6731 140.64 7472 140.66 5417 140.68 9308 140.68 9308 140.95 1067 140.95 1067 140.95 1067 6/7/2 011 6/7/2 011 6/7/2 011 6/7/2 011 6/7/2 011 6/14/ 2011 6/14/ 2011 6/14/ 2011 6/14/ 2011 6/14/ 2011 8/10/ 2011 3/16/ 2011 3/16/ 2011 6/14/ 2011 6/14/ 2011 6/14/ 2011 6/14/ 2011 6/14/ 2011 170 220 110 17,000 11,000 14,000 16,000 10,000 19,000 12,000 14,000 19,000 11,000 3,600 3,200 4,000 2,600 11,00 0 8,600 2,200 12,00 0 11,00 0 3,400 54 67 - - 47,000 30,000 12,000 53,000 32,000 13,000 - 140 90 - - - 49,000 58,000 - - - 100,00 0 160,00 0 - 47,000 34,000 52,000 44,000 - - - 32 20,000 19,000 - - - - 81 9 33 34 34 34 34 34 35 36 37 37 38 38 38 52,000 18,000 12,000 25,000 13,000 26,000 51,000 22,000 15,000 32,000 16,000 33,000 4,100 2,700 4,600 3,600 5,400 - - - 260 32 4/1/2 011 4/2/2 011 4/14/ 2011 4/15/ 2011 4/16/ 2011 15,000 20,000 8,700 4,900 4,600 15,000 16,000 1,800 1,200 1,000 16,000 20,000 2,100 1,400 1,200 70 37.12 1783 37.12 1783 37.12 1783 37.12 1783 37.12 1783 37.12 1783 37.12 1783 37.12 1783 37.12 1783 37.12 1783 37.12 1783 37.12 1783 37.12 1783 37.12 1783 37.12 1783 37.12 1783 37.12 1783 37.12 1783 37.12 1783 37.12 1783 37.12 1783 37.12 1783 37.12 1783 37.12 1783 37.12 1783 37.12 1783 37.12 1783 37.12 1783 37.12 140.95 1067 140.95 1067 140.95 1067 140.95 1067 140.95 1067 140.95 1067 140.95 1067 140.95 1067 140.95 1067 140.95 1067 140.95 1067 140.95 1067 140.95 1067 140.95 1067 140.95 1067 140.95 1067 140.95 1067 140.95 1067 140.95 1067 140.95 1067 140.95 1067 140.95 1067 140.95 1067 140.95 1067 140.95 1067 140.95 1067 140.95 1067 140.95 1067 140.95 4/17/ 2011 4/20/ 2011 4/21/ 2011 4/22/ 2011 4/23/ 2011 4/26/ 2011 4/28/ 2011 4/29/ 2011 4/30/ 2011 5/1/2 011 5/2/2 011 5/3/2 011 5/4/2 011 5/5/2 011 5/6/2 011 5/7/2 011 5/8/2 011 5/9/2 011 5/10/ 2011 5/11/ 2011 5/12/ 2011 5/14/ 2011 5/15/ 2011 5/16/ 2011 5/17/ 2011 5/18/ 2011 5/19/ 2011 5/21/ 2011 5/22/ 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 5,300 4,800 4,400 3,300 4,600 2,800 970 3,700 1,700 1,800 1,900 2,500 1,900 2,100 1,100 1,800 1,300 630 790 750 650 420 50 490 590 470 310 670 1,100 1,800 1,700 140 2,400 1,500 630 2,800 1,200 1,800 2,700 2,700 2,500 20,000 1,400 2,200 2,200 1,200 1,500 1,600 1,200 1,300 1,800 1,700 2,100 1,600 1,500 4,000 1,300 2,000 1,900 1,700 3,000 1,600 760 3,200 1,400 2,100 3,000 3,200 2,800 22,000 1,700 2,500 2,700 1,400 1,700 1,900 1,500 1,600 2,300 2,100 2,500 1,900 1,800 5,100 1,800 2,000 1,800 1,100 1,900 1,500 2,000 1,500 1,800 2,600 - 71 1783 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 37.12 1783 37.12 1783 37.12 1783 37.12 1783 37.12 1783 37.12 1783 37.12 1783 37.12 1783 37.12 1783 37.12 1783 37.12 1783 37.12 1783 37.12 1783 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 1067 140.95 1067 140.95 1067 140.95 1067 140.95 1067 140.95 1067 140.95 1067 140.95 1067 140.95 1067 140.95 1067 140.95 1067 140.95 1067 140.95 1067 140.95 1067 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 2011 5/24/ 2011 5/26/ 2011 5/28/ 2011 6/5/2 011 6/5/2 011 6/5/2 011 6/5/2 011 6/5/2 011 6/25/ 2011 6/25/ 2011 6/25/ 2011 6/25/ 2011 6/25/ 2011 4/15/ 2011 4/16/ 2011 4/18/ 2011 4/20/ 2011 4/21/ 2011 4/22/ 2011 4/24/ 2011 4/25/ 2011 4/26/ 2011 4/27/ 2011 4/28/ 2011 4/29/ 2011 4/30/ 2011 5/1/2 011 5/2/2 011 460 190 320 110 19 60 23 33 1,900 3,100 1,700 1,300 1,100 860 1,000 990 650 660 1,500 520 420 460 370 2,300 1,100 2,400 1,000 350 1,300 280 340 360 840 290 390 750 670 3,800 5,600 4,500 4,800 3,500 4,600 4,300 5,700 3,600 4,400 2,700 2,800 2,800 3,300 2,900 2,800 1,300 2,800 1,200 390 1,600 330 400 400 1,100 400 490 960 860 4,500 6,500 5,300 6,000 4,200 5,700 5,000 7,100 4,100 5,100 3,300 3,300 3,600 4,000 3,600 4,200 1,700 3,100 1,000 1,500 - 72 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 5/3/2 011 5/4/2 011 5/6/2 011 5/7/2 011 5/8/2 011 5/9/2 011 5/10/ 2011 5/11/ 2011 5/12/ 2011 5/13/ 2011 5/14/ 2011 5/15/ 2011 5/16/ 2011 5/17/ 2011 5/18/ 2011 5/19/ 2011 5/20/ 2011 5/21/ 2011 5/22/ 2011 5/23/ 2011 5/24/ 2011 5/25/ 2011 5/26/ 2011 5/27/ 2011 5/28/ 2011 6/3/2 011 6/3/2 011 6/3/2 011 6/3/2 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 300 350 340 290 310 260 160 150 99 120 150 190 190 73 140 87 94 93 81 60 45 84 41 - 3,100 3,500 3,400 2,700 2,500 2,000 2,500 2,000 1,400 1,800 3,900 3,000 3,600 2,100 4,700 3,700 3,500 3,900 3,600 3,000 1,100 3,600 3,400 3,200 2,900 2,600 3,600 2,600 3,800 4,200 4,200 3,200 3,100 2,600 3,000 2,500 1,700 2,200 4,500 3,600 4,500 2,700 6,100 4,400 4,600 4,700 4,500 3,700 1,300 4,300 4,200 3,900 3,700 3,300 4,600 3,100 1,000 640 600 2,100 1,200 1,400 1,200 1,800 1,800 1,200 1,300 1,100 1,600 1,900 980 1,400 1,000 - 73 7864 39 39 39 39 39 39 41 42 43 44 45 46 51 52 61 62 63 71 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.76 7864 37.43 4819 37.46 2186 37.33 0753 37.17 6731 37.24 1536 37.58 5467 37.28 6908 37.44 1372 37.68 2 37.69 4942 37.68 4228 37.21 4403 37.21 4403 37.21 4403 37.21 4403 37.21 4403 37.21 4403 37.21 4403 37.21 4403 37.21 4403 37.21 4403 37.21 4403 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.85 9961 140.79 5117 140.66 7572 140.81 4642 140.95 4836 141.00 5831 140.71 1517 140.62 6244 140.56 9061 140.79 445 140.74 8211 140.66 0019 140.99 4672 140.99 4672 140.99 4672 140.99 4672 140.99 4672 140.99 4672 140.99 4672 140.99 4672 140.99 4672 140.99 4672 140.99 4672 011 6/3/2 011 6/22/ 2011 6/22/ 2011 6/22/ 2011 6/22/ 2011 6/22/ 2011 6,400 2,000 2,600 3,700 1,700 2,700 2,000 8,100 2,400 3,400 4,800 2,100 3,300 2,600 1,600 - 3/23/ 2011 4/14/ 2011 4/15/ 2011 4/16/ 2011 4/17/ 2011 4/21/ 2011 4/22/ 2011 4/23/ 2011 4/26/ 2011 4/27/ 2011 69,000 4,100 13,000 8,100 1,700 5,100 4,200 4,600 2,600 1,500 2,100 1,100 1,200 2,700 170 3,100 2,200 1,900 1,700 990 2,600 1,300 1,400 3,100 190 3,700 2,700 2,200 1,900 1,100 74 37.21 4403 37.21 4403 37.21 4403 37.21 4403 37.21 4403 37.21 4403 37.21 4403 37.21 4403 37.21 4403 37.21 4403 37.21 4403 37.21 4403 37.21 4403 37.21 4403 37.21 4403 37.21 4403 37.21 4403 37.21 4403 37.21 4403 37.21 4403 37.21 4403 37.21 4403 37.21 4403 37.21 4403 37.21 4403 37.21 4403 37.21 4403 37.21 4403 37.21 140.99 4672 140.99 4672 140.99 4672 140.99 4672 140.99 4672 140.99 4672 140.99 4672 140.99 4672 140.99 4672 140.99 4672 140.99 4672 140.99 4672 140.99 4672 140.99 4672 140.99 4672 140.99 4672 140.99 4672 140.99 4672 140.99 4672 140.99 4672 140.99 4672 140.99 4672 140.99 4672 140.99 4672 140.99 4672 140.99 4672 140.99 4672 140.99 4672 140.99 4/28/ 2011 4/29/ 2011 4/30/ 2011 5/1/2 011 5/2/2 011 5/3/2 011 5/4/2 011 5/5/2 011 5/6/2 011 5/7/2 011 5/8/2 011 5/9/2 011 5/10/ 2011 5/11/ 2011 5/12/ 2011 5/14/ 2011 5/15/ 2011 5/16/ 2011 5/17/ 2011 5/18/ 2011 5/19/ 2011 5/21/ 2011 5/22/ 2011 5/24/ 2011 5/26/ 2011 5/28/ 2011 6/5/2 011 6/5/2 011 6/5/2 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 710 1,800 1,700 1,800 2,300 2,600 1,800 390 1,300 1,600 940 750 500 910 940 480 650 580 580 430 570 540 500 160 230 190 57 110 35 410 1,400 1,400 1,500 2,600 3,900 2,600 590 1,400 2,700 1,400 1,400 2,500 1,300 1,700 1,200 2,200 1,800 2,600 1,700 2,900 2,900 2,600 990 1,800 2,500 1,000 1,900 480 1,700 1,700 1,900 3,000 4,700 2,900 700 1,700 3,300 1,700 1,700 3,200 1,600 2,100 1,400 2,600 2,200 3,000 2,100 3,500 3,400 3,200 1,300 2,200 2,900 1,200 2,400 2,600 1,200 3,900 1,400 5,000 4,100 6,100 2,700 6,200 6,200 4,400 1,700 3,000 4,500 1,600 2,600 - 75 4403 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 72 72 72 72 74 74 74 74 75 75 75 75 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 37.21 4403 37.21 4403 37.21 4403 37.21 4403 37.21 4403 37.21 4403 37.21 4403 37.14 2478 37.14 2478 37.14 2478 37.14 2478 37.12 4419 37.12 4419 37.12 4419 37.12 4419 37.05 2008 37.05 2008 37.05 2008 37.05 2008 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 4672 140.99 4672 140.99 4672 140.99 4672 140.99 4672 140.99 4672 140.99 4672 140.99 4672 140.99 6047 140.99 6047 140.99 6047 140.99 6047 140.85 8094 140.85 8094 140.85 8094 140.85 8094 140.87 8072 140.87 8072 140.87 8072 140.87 8072 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 011 6/5/2 011 6/5/2 011 6/25/ 2011 6/25/ 2011 6/25/ 2011 6/25/ 2011 6/25/ 2011 3/31/ 2011 4/1/2 011 4/3/2 011 4/4/2 011 3/31/ 2011 4/1/2 011 4/3/2 011 4/4/2 011 3/31/ 2011 4/1/2 011 4/3/2 011 4/4/2 011 4/4/2 011 4/14/ 2011 4/15/ 2011 4/16/ 2011 4/17/ 2011 4/20/ 2011 4/21/ 2011 4/22/ 2011 4/24/ 2011 130 0 34 18,000 24,000 22,000 19,000 4,300 5,900 3,700 4,300 14,000 20,000 14,000 14,000 5,500 2,300 1,600 2,300 1,600 2,500 1,100 430 130 490 2,300 280 2,600 820 660 1,700 400 1,300 2,000 1,800 1,400 290 600 290 400 550 1,100 990 1,200 1,500 1,300 970 1,400 940 2,000 1,100 300 1,600 560 2,700 370 3,300 1,100 880 2,100 600 1,500 2,400 2,200 1,700 330 710 410 440 650 1,300 1,200 1,300 1,800 1,600 1,100 190 1,200 2,400 1,300 370 1,900 1,800 3,500 600 830 - 76 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 4/27/ 2011 4/28/ 2011 4/29/ 2011 4/30/ 2011 5/1/2 011 5/2/2 011 5/3/2 011 5/4/2 011 5/5/2 011 5/6/2 011 5/7/2 011 5/8/2 011 5/9/2 011 5/10/ 2011 5/11/ 2011 5/12/ 2011 5/13/ 2011 5/14/ 2011 5/15/ 2011 5/16/ 2011 5/17/ 2011 5/18/ 2011 5/19/ 2011 5/20/ 2011 5/21/ 2011 5/22/ 2011 5/23/ 2011 5/24/ 2011 5/25/ 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 840 500 550 580 400 140 540 450 360 490 380 270 270 200 220 190 170 160 200 130 160 77 120 120 87 110 120 87 1,400 1,000 1,200 1,200 950 230 1,500 1,300 1,200 1,600 1,500 1,100 1,500 1,100 1,700 980 1,100 1,300 1,000 1,000 1,500 730 1,200 2,200 820 1,900 1,300 1,200 1,800 1,300 1,400 1,400 1,200 280 1,900 1,500 1,500 1,900 1,700 1,200 1,900 1,400 2,000 1,200 1,400 1,500 1,200 1,200 2,000 860 140 2,600 1,000 2,200 1,600 150 540 580 510 29 - 77 7889 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 78 79 79 79 79 79 79 79 79 79 79 79 79 79 79 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.33 7889 37.66 7008 37.55 9156 37.55 9156 37.55 9156 37.55 9156 37.55 9156 37.55 9156 37.55 9156 37.55 9156 37.55 9156 37.55 9156 37.55 9156 37.55 9156 37.55 9156 37.55 9156 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.80 9489 140.58 5517 140.75 9347 140.75 9347 140.75 9347 140.75 9347 140.75 9347 140.75 9347 140.75 9347 140.75 9347 140.75 9347 140.75 9347 140.75 9347 140.75 9347 140.75 9347 140.75 9347 2011 5/26/ 2011 5/27/ 2011 5/28/ 2011 6/6/2 011 6/6/2 011 6/6/2 011 6/6/2 011 6/6/2 011 6/24/ 2011 6/24/ 2011 6/24/ 2011 6/24/ 2011 6/24/ 2011 85 73 7 28 310 330 1,400 1,400 1,300 690 1,200 1,200 1,500 1,200 1,200 110 410 110 74 230 1,800 1,800 1,500 830 1,500 1,600 1,900 1,500 1,500 130 550 140 97 310 - 4/14/ 2011 4/15/ 2011 4/16/ 2011 4/17/ 2011 4/18/ 2011 4/20/ 2011 4/21/ 2011 4/22/ 2011 4/24/ 2011 4/28/ 2011 4/29/ 2011 4/30/ 2011 5/1/2 011 5/2/2 011 51,000 44,000 9,900 56,000 14,000 49,000 20,000 14,000 31,000 17,000 9,400 9,500 8,500 9,000 34,000 40,000 14,000 75,000 23,000 99,000 50,000 29,000 93,000 71,000 32,000 45,000 53,000 31,000 43,000 49,000 16,000 86,000 27,000 120,000 61,000 34,000 110,000 88,000 39,000 52,000 63,000 38,000 78 37.55 9156 37.55 9156 37.55 9156 37.55 9156 37.55 9156 37.55 9156 37.55 9156 37.55 9156 37.55 9156 37.55 9156 37.55 9156 37.55 9156 37.55 9156 37.55 9156 37.55 9156 37.55 9156 37.55 9156 37.55 9156 37.55 9156 37.55 9156 37.55 9156 140.75 9347 140.75 9347 140.75 9347 140.75 9347 140.75 9347 140.75 9347 140.75 9347 140.75 9347 140.75 9347 140.75 9347 140.75 9347 140.75 9347 140.75 9347 140.75 9347 140.75 9347 140.75 9347 140.75 9347 140.75 9347 140.75 9347 140.75 9347 140.75 9347 5/3/2 011 5/5/2 011 5/6/2 011 5/7/2 011 5/8/2 011 5/9/2 011 5/10/ 2011 5/11/ 2011 5/12/ 2011 5/13/ 2011 5/14/ 2011 5/15/ 2011 5/16/ 2011 5/17/ 2011 5/18/ 2011 5/19/ 2011 5/20/ 2011 5/21/ 2011 5/22/ 2011 5/23/ 2011 5/24/ 2011 79 79 79 79 79 79 10,000 7,100 8,700 4,700 3,400 5,300 80,000 47,000 78,000 52,000 29,000 79,000 97,000 56,000 95,000 64,000 37,000 99,000 35,00 0 26,00 0 16,00 0 36,00 0 29,00 0 27,00 0 37,00 0 24,00 0 13,00 0 22,00 0 25,00 0 18,00 0 31,00 0 17,00 0 24,00 0 79 5,600 66,000 82,000 79 3,000 52,000 65,000 79 2,600 40,000 49,000 79 5,800 63,000 78,000 79 3,800 68,000 85,000 79 2,300 57,000 70,000 79 2,100 47,000 57,000 79 2,100 57,000 70,000 79 1,000 35,000 43,000 79 1,800 48,000 59,000 79 2,300 64,000 79,000 79 1,800 51,000 63,000 79 2,000 80,000 99,000 79 1,200 46,000 59,000 79 1,200 65,000 82,000 79 79 37.55 9156 37.55 9156 37.55 9156 37.55 9156 37.63 8739 37.63 8739 37.63 8739 37.63 8739 37.63 8739 37.58 2278 37.56 055 37.56 055 37.56 055 37.56 055 37.56 055 37.56 055 37.56 055 37.56 055 37.56 055 37.56 055 37.17 5842 37.17 140.75 9347 140.75 9347 140.75 9347 140.75 9347 140.98 6842 140.98 6842 140.98 6842 140.98 6842 140.98 6842 140.75 9417 140.82 3883 140.82 3883 140.82 3883 140.82 3883 140.82 3883 140.82 3883 140.82 3883 140.82 3883 140.82 3883 140.82 3883 140.72 1517 140.72 5/25/ 2011 5/26/ 2011 5/27/ 2011 5/28/ 2011 6/22/ 2011 6/22/ 2011 6/22/ 2011 6/22/ 2011 6/22/ 2011 1,500 70,000 89,000 24,00 0 23,00 0 23,00 0 23,00 0 - 79 1,800 58,000 72,000 79 1,000 67,000 83,000 79 80 80 80 80 80 81 1,100 - 68,000 1,500 1,800 1,200 1,200 590 83,000 1,800 2,200 1,500 1,500 780 83 3/30/ 2011 4/8/2 011 4/10/ 2011 4/11/ 2011 5/6/2 011 5/7/2 011 5/8/2 011 5/9/2 011 5/10/ 2011 5/25/ 2011 4/14/ 2011 4/15/ 340,00 0 210,00 0 130,00 0 190,00 0 170,00 0 230,00 0 130,00 0 260,00 0 350,00 0 230,00 0 210,00 0 270,00 0 180,00 0 170,00 0 720 170,000 83 270,000 83 150,000 83 310,000 83 31,000 430,000 83 19,000 290,000 83 18,000 250,000 83 20,000 320,000 94,00 0 60,00 0 2,00 0 83 14,000 230,000 - 640 83 84 84 2,800 1,700 210,000 810 - 770 260 80 5842 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 37.17 5842 37.17 5842 37.17 5842 37.17 5842 37.17 5842 37.17 5842 37.17 5842 37.17 5842 37.17 5842 37.17 5842 37.17 5842 37.17 5842 37.17 5842 37.17 5842 37.17 5842 37.17 5842 37.17 5842 37.17 5842 37.17 5842 37.17 5842 37.17 5842 37.17 5842 37.17 5842 37.17 5842 37.17 5842 37.17 5842 37.17 5842 37.17 5842 1517 140.72 1517 140.72 1517 140.72 1517 140.72 1517 140.72 1517 140.72 1517 140.72 1517 140.72 1517 140.72 1517 140.72 1517 140.72 1517 140.72 1517 140.72 1517 140.72 1517 140.72 1517 140.72 1517 140.72 1517 140.72 1517 140.72 1517 140.72 1517 140.72 1517 140.72 1517 140.72 1517 140.72 1517 140.72 1517 140.72 1517 140.72 1517 140.72 1517 2011 4/16/ 2011 4/17/ 2011 4/20/ 2011 4/21/ 2011 4/22/ 2011 4/26/ 2011 4/27/ 2011 4/28/ 2011 4/29/ 2011 4/30/ 2011 5/1/2 011 5/2/2 011 5/3/2 011 5/4/2 011 5/5/2 011 5/6/2 011 5/7/2 011 5/8/2 011 5/9/2 011 5/10/ 2011 5/11/ 2011 5/12/ 2011 5/14/ 2011 5/15/ 2011 5/16/ 2011 5/17/ 2011 5/18/ 2011 5/19/ 2011 860 810 1,200 1,200 650 40 230 170 270 330 180 250 130 250 88 95 170 110 89 120 79 100 17 67 51 70 47 48 33 640 530 1,300 870 780 550 390 320 590 650 420 820 320 1,100 300 390 1,000 580 570 720 510 760 240 670 360 990 570 440 550 760 650 1,500 950 910 670 430 380 700 820 520 910 410 1,300 420 390 1,200 750 680 820 590 900 290 780 420 1,200 700 530 660 380 - 81 37.17 5842 37.17 5842 37.17 5842 37.17 5842 37.17 5842 37.17 5842 37.17 5842 37.17 5842 37.17 5842 37.17 5842 37.17 5842 37.17 5842 37.71 25 37.39 9167 37.36 1667 37.69 1428 37.80 1167 37.80 1167 37.80 1167 37.80 1167 37.80 1167 37.80 1167 37.80 1167 37.73 5556 37.73 5556 37.73 5556 37.73 5556 37.73 5556 37.73 140.72 1517 140.72 1517 140.72 1517 140.72 1517 140.72 1517 140.72 1517 140.72 1517 140.72 1517 140.72 1517 140.72 1517 140.72 1517 140.72 1517 140.38 3056 140.32 6389 140.71 5 140.47 1191 140.63 825 140.63 825 140.63 825 140.63 825 140.63 825 140.63 825 140.63 825 140.60 9444 140.60 9444 140.60 9444 140.60 9444 140.60 9444 140.60 5/21/ 2011 5/28/ 2011 6/5/2 011 6/5/2 011 6/5/2 011 6/5/2 011 6/5/2 011 6/25/ 2011 6/25/ 2011 6/25/ 2011 6/25/ 2011 6/25/ 2011 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 85 86 87 88 10 1 10 1 10 1 10 1 10 1 10 1 10 1 10 2 10 2 10 2 10 2 10 2 10 37 - 570 370 400 1,500 860 760 650 1,100 650 380 440 600 610 400 520 1,800 1,100 910 750 1,300 830 510 590 780 - - - - 4/8/2 011 4/10/ 2011 4/11/ 2011 4/13/ 2011 4/15/ 2011 4/16/ 2011 4/18/ 2011 4/8/2 011 4/10/ 2011 4/11/ 2011 4/13/ 2011 4/15/ 2011 4/16/ 2,600 3,900 4,000 3,500 2,800 3,300 1,200 7,000 5,800 4,500 2,700 4,200 2,000 1,700 2,100 4,500 3,600 4,900 2,000 5,300 4,400 3,200 2,600 5,400 2,400 2,100 2,500 5,400 4,200 5,800 2,500 6,400 5,300 3,800 3,000 6,600 82 2 10 2 10 3 10 3 10 3 10 3 10 3 10 3 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 5556 37.73 5556 37.60 4278 37.60 4278 37.60 4278 37.60 4278 37.60 4278 37.60 4278 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 9444 140.60 9444 140.98 7917 140.98 7917 140.98 7917 140.98 7917 140.98 7917 140.98 7917 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 2011 4/18/ 2011 4/8/2 011 4/10/ 2011 4/11/ 2011 4/13/ 2011 4/15/ 2011 4/18/ 2011 4/8/2 011 4/10/ 2011 4/11/ 2011 4/12/ 2011 4/17/ 2011 4/18/ 2011 4/20/ 2011 4/21/ 2011 4/22/ 2011 4/24/ 2011 4/25/ 2011 4/28/ 2011 4/29/ 2011 4/30/ 2011 5/1/2 011 5/2/2 011 5/3/2 011 5/4/2 011 5/5/2 011 5/6/2 011 5/7/2 011 3,100 5,300 2,000 1,300 2,000 2,400 910 3,000 13,000 8,000 11,000 11,000 5,400 3,900 3,700 4,000 5,800 2,800 4,100 2,000 2,700 2,700 3,500 1,800 2,400 1,300 1,800 1,900 800 9,200 6,700 11,000 10,000 13,000 8,400 18,000 7,100 16,000 14,000 6,100 11,000 8,100 13,000 13,000 16,000 10,000 22,000 8,400 19,000 18,000 7,100 4,800 6,900 1,400 570 2,200 2,800 820 4,700 5,200 8,300 1,800 700 2,800 3,400 990 5,600 83 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 5 10 5 10 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.50 3417 37.43 4667 37.43 4667 37.43 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.76 4472 140.79 5222 140.79 5222 140.79 5/8/2 011 5/9/2 011 5/10/ 2011 5/11/ 2011 5/12/ 2011 5/13/ 2011 5/14/ 2011 5/15/ 2011 5/16/ 2011 5/17/ 2011 5/18/ 2011 5/19/ 2011 5/20/ 2011 5/21/ 2011 5/22/ 2011 5/23/ 2011 5/24/ 2011 5/25/ 2011 5/26/ 2011 5/27/ 2011 5/28/ 2011 6/14/ 2011 6/14/ 2011 6/14/ 2011 6/14/ 2011 6/14/ 2011 4/8/2 011 4/10/ 2011 4/11/ 1,700 910 1,100 720 500 360 400 580 310 540 740 500 560 540 450 440 170 120 170 180 320 210 5,100 4,400 11,000 8,800 8,800 5,800 4,600 5,900 4,500 6,800 4,800 8,800 14,000 7,900 7,300 12,000 11,000 12,000 3,500 2,300 5,100 5,300 12,000 23,000 1,300 9,000 6,800 11,000 2,000 2,100 14,000 11,000 11,000 7,200 5,600 7,100 5,400 8,300 5,700 11,000 17,000 9,800 8,800 15,000 13,000 15,000 4,300 2,800 6,200 6,800 14,000 28,000 1,600 11,000 8,600 14,000 2,400 2,600 5,000 2,900 1,600 1,200 1,700 2,700 1,900 3,000 5,500 4,700 3,000 4,900 4,000 5,700 920 1,000 1,800 1,400 2,200 110 80 73 64 63 81 60 24 - 84 5 10 5 10 6 10 6 10 6 10 6 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 4667 37.43 4667 37.29 8833 37.29 8833 37.29 8833 37.29 8833 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 5222 140.79 5222 140.70 8028 140.70 8028 140.70 8028 140.70 8028 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 2011 4/13/ 2011 4/8/2 011 4/10/ 2011 4/11/ 2011 4/13/ 2011 4/8/2 011 4/10/ 2011 4/11/ 2011 4/13/ 2011 4/15/ 2011 4/17/ 2011 4/18/ 2011 4/20/ 2011 4/21/ 2011 4/22/ 2011 4/24/ 2011 4/25/ 2011 4/26/ 2011 4/27/ 2011 4/28/ 2011 4/29/ 2011 4/30/ 2011 5/1/2 011 5/2/2 011 5/3/2 011 5/4/2 011 5/5/2 011 5/6/2 011 4,400 2,300 1,300 770 700 610 5,800 8,000 6,000 13,000 4,600 4,800 5,200 3,800 1,800 2,600 1,800 3,100 3,100 2,500 1,200 2,000 990 920 460 380 940 610 840 2,000 1,300 940 1,100 870 840 4,400 9,600 8,900 17,000 7,000 9,000 10,000 8,400 6,800 8,600 8,000 13,000 9,000 11,000 12,000 11,000 6,300 6,100 760 1,400 7,400 5,900 7,800 2,400 1,600 1,200 1,400 1,100 970 5,300 12,000 11,000 21,000 8,200 11,000 12,000 10,000 8,500 11,000 9,700 15,000 11,000 14,000 15,000 14,000 7,600 7,600 990 1,900 8,800 7,100 9,700 85 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 5/7/2 011 5/8/2 011 5/9/2 011 5/10/ 2011 5/11/ 2011 5/12/ 2011 5/13/ 2011 5/14/ 2011 5/15/ 2011 5/16/ 2011 5/17/ 2011 5/18/ 2011 5/19/ 2011 5/20/ 2011 5/21/ 2011 5/22/ 2011 5/23/ 2011 5/24/ 2011 5/25/ 2011 5/26/ 2011 5/27/ 2011 5/28/ 2011 6/5/2 011 6/5/2 011 6/5/2 011 6/5/2 011 6/5/2 011 6/22/ 2011 6/22/ 260 340 230 760 500 360 270 220 270 390 320 150 310 150 310 130 310 51 160 290 130 57 66 - 1,900 3,400 3,000 11,000 8,200 6,100 6,800 6,700 6,300 9,200 8,400 3,800 10,000 7,200 11,000 7,300 11,000 1,900 11,000 8,100 10,000 4,500 10,000 8,400 6,400 10,000 6,300 5,500 2,400 4,100 3,600 14,000 10,000 7,700 8,400 8,100 7,900 12,000 10,000 4,800 13,000 9,000 14,000 9,100 14,000 2,400 14,000 11,000 13,000 5,600 13,000 10,000 8,500 12,000 8,100 7,000 4,300 3,100 3,000 2,600 2,600 3,300 5,000 3,000 1,900 3,900 2,300 4,100 2,200 3,800 2,800 2,600 2,000 2,500 1,600 2,000 1,700 2,300 1,200 100 98 64 78 49 54 77 42 80 54 39 21 21 21 28 28 25 - 86 7 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.60 8722 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.92 675 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 2011 6/22/ 2011 6/22/ 2011 6/22/ 2011 4/8/2 011 4/10/ 2011 4/11/ 2011 4/15/ 2011 4/17/ 2011 4/18/ 2011 4/20/ 2011 4/21/ 2011 4/22/ 2011 4/23/ 2011 4/24/ 2011 4/25/ 2011 4/26/ 2011 4/27/ 2011 4/28/ 2011 4/29/ 2011 4/30/ 2011 5/1/2 011 5/2/2 011 5/3/2 011 5/4/2 011 5/5/2 011 5/6/2 011 5/7/2 011 5/8/2 011 3,500 8,500 5,500 2,400 2,700 5,400 2,400 2,400 1,900 2,500 1,500 3,900 2,200 2,600 2,800 1,100 1,300 750 1,100 690 720 490 740 460 370 3,500 2,800 2,200 980 9,300 12,000 11,000 6,000 9,000 11,000 7,700 6,800 6,700 9,600 6,800 5,600 11,000 12,000 11,000 8,200 12,000 6,600 10,000 4,100 7,200 4,700 10,000 7,300 4,000 4,600 3,500 3,000 1,200 - 87 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 2889 37.66 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 8556 140.89 5/9/2 011 5/10/ 2011 5/11/ 2011 5/12/ 2011 5/13/ 2011 5/14/ 2011 5/15/ 2011 5/16/ 2011 5/17/ 2011 5/18/ 2011 5/19/ 2011 5/20/ 2011 5/21/ 2011 5/22/ 2011 5/23/ 2011 5/24/ 2011 5/25/ 2011 5/26/ 2011 5/27/ 2011 5/28/ 2011 6/6/2 011 6/6/2 011 6/6/2 011 6/6/2 011 6/6/2 011 6/22/ 2011 6/22/ 2011 6/22/ 2011 6/22/ 170 440 350 340 290 310 260 320 300 290 180 210 290 120 160 180 240 88 86 - 2,100 8,000 8,900 6,000 5,800 12,000 9,600 12,000 11,000 8,000 7,600 9,400 13,000 6,000 5,800 13,000 13,000 11,000 6,700 8,800 6,000 2,900 2,500 4,800 4,900 5,100 3,800 4,000 9,700 11,000 7,500 7,000 15,000 12,000 15,000 14,000 9,900 9,400 12,000 16,000 7,600 7,200 17,000 16,000 13,000 8,300 11,000 7,000 3,400 3,100 5,800 6,100 6,100 4,800 5,200 3,700 2,900 2,700 2,400 3,600 3,400 4,100 4,400 2,400 2,000 3,600 3,700 1,800 2,400 3,600 3,000 3,400 1,900 2,400 1,000 1,300 84 82 81 83 81 110 85 72 62 54 60 44 36 18 41 34 48 30 23 47 30 40 38 - 88 8 10 8 11 0 11 1 11 2 11 2 11 2 11 2 11 2 11 2 11 2 11 2 11 2 11 2 11 2 11 2 11 3 11 3 11 3 11 3 11 3 11 3 11 3 11 3 11 3 11 3 11 3 11 3 2889 37.66 2889 37.40 4307 37.29 7694 37.21 9487 37.21 9487 37.21 9487 37.21 9487 37.21 9487 37.21 9487 37.21 9487 37.21 9487 37.21 9487 37.21 9487 37.21 9487 37.21 9487 37.45 946 37.45 946 37.45 946 37.45 946 37.45 946 37.45 946 37.45 946 37.45 946 37.45 946 37.45 946 37.45 946 37.45 946 8556 140.89 8556 140.75 4797 140.75 9306 140.95 1167 140.95 1167 140.95 1167 140.95 1167 140.95 1167 140.95 1167 140.95 1167 140.95 1167 140.95 1167 140.95 1167 140.95 1167 140.95 1167 140.75 256 140.75 256 140.75 256 140.75 256 140.75 256 140.75 256 140.75 256 140.75 256 140.75 256 140.75 256 140.75 256 140.75 256 2011 6/22/ 2011 5/23/ 2011 5/24/ 2011 3/23/ 2011 5/22/ 2011 6/5/2 011 6/5/2 011 6/5/2 011 6/5/2 011 6/5/2 011 6/25/ 2011 6/25/ 2011 6/25/ 2011 6/25/ 2011 6/25/ 2011 5/8/2 011 5/9/2 011 5/10/ 2011 5/11/ 2011 5/12/ 2011 5/13/ 2011 5/14/ 2011 5/15/ 2011 5/16/ 2011 5/17/ 2011 5/18/ 2011 5/19/ 2011 120 110 140,00 0 160 44 35 130 32 2,500 3,800 4,500 1,100 3,100 4,900 5,400 1,300 1,200 750 - 2,600 290 22 370 600 2,000 500 3,300 990 3,300 120 100 2,900 370 39 480 700 2,400 600 4,200 1,200 4,300 140 140 810 480 620 2,000 620 2,100 1,500 1,90 0 32 27 30 87 39 39 59 - 760 560 940 1,100 570 2,500 1,100 620 1,200 1,400 200 440 8,000 4,700 8,400 7,000 7,500 30,000 16,000 3,900 14,000 31,000 3,400 7,000 9,600 5,600 10,000 8,400 9,000 36,000 19,000 4,600 16,000 38,000 4,100 8,600 3,400 2,000 3,500 2,000 6,800 3,700 1,000 3,400 6,100 1,400 1,200 - 130 57 94 63 57 250 160 44 120 200 - 89 11 3 11 3 11 3 11 3 11 3 11 3 11 3 11 3 11 3 11 3 11 3 11 3 11 3 11 3 11 4 11 4 11 4 11 4 11 4 11 4 11 4 11 5 11 5 11 5 11 5 11 5 11 5 11 5 37.45 946 37.45 946 37.45 946 37.45 946 37.45 946 37.45 946 37.45 946 37.45 946 37.45 946 37.45 946 37.45 946 37.45 946 37.45 946 37.45 946 37.24 1944 37.24 1944 37.24 1944 37.24 1944 37.24 1944 37.24 1944 37.24 1944 37.27 442 37.27 442 37.27 442 37.27 442 37.27 442 37.27 442 37.27 442 140.75 256 140.75 256 140.75 256 140.75 256 140.75 256 140.75 256 140.75 256 140.75 256 140.75 256 140.75 256 140.75 256 140.75 256 140.75 256 140.75 256 140.84 5928 140.84 5928 140.84 5928 140.84 5928 140.84 5928 140.84 5928 140.84 5928 140.78 158 140.78 158 140.78 158 140.78 158 140.78 158 140.78 158 140.78 158 5/20/ 2011 5/21/ 2011 5/24/ 2011 5/25/ 2011 6/1/2 011 6/1/2 011 6/1/2 011 6/1/2 011 6/1/2 011 6/23/ 2011 6/23/ 2011 6/23/ 2011 6/23/ 2011 6/23/ 2011 5/28/ 2011 6/4/2 011 6/4/2 011 6/4/2 011 6/4/2 011 6/4/2 011 6/23/ 2011 6/3/2 011 6/3/2 011 6/3/2 011 6/3/2 011 6/3/2 011 6/23/ 2011 6/23/ 2011 2,800 150 460 250 69 59 46 66 100 37 36 39 62 - 69,000 2,500 11,000 2,200 3,100 3,000 2,600 3,800 1,800 8,500 2,400 3,700 690 380 5,200 2,900 2,200 2,800 2,700 2,600 3,900 6,600 2,000 3,900 4,600 6,200 7,100 1,600 83,000 2,900 13,000 2,500 3,900 3,800 3,300 4,600 2,300 10,000 3,100 4,500 910 470 6,200 3,600 2,900 3,600 3,500 3,200 4,900 8,100 2,400 4,900 5,900 7,600 8,800 2,100 19,00 0 2,200 910 1,100 730 980 1,200 2,300 970 1,100 1,400 1,500 1,700 - - 500 - 170 - 90 11 5 11 5 11 5 17 4 17 7 18 1 18 1 18 1 18 1 18 1 18 1 18 1 18 1 18 1 18 1 18 1 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 d1 d1 0 d1 1 d1 2 d1 3 d1 4 d2 d3 37.27 442 37.27 442 37.27 442 37.12 4419 37.26 3329 37.37 5861 37.37 5861 37.37 5861 37.37 5861 37.37 5861 37.37 5861 37.37 5861 37.37 5861 37.37 5861 37.37 5861 37.37 5861 37.63 8739 37.63 8739 37.63 8739 37.63 8739 37.63 8739 37.79 1667 37.75 5889 37.75 825 37.74 6833 37.72 8099 37.74 3308 37.76 825 37.75 140.78 158 140.78 158 140.78 158 140.85 8094 140.83 7173 140.75 428 140.75 428 140.75 428 140.75 428 140.75 428 140.75 428 140.75 428 140.75 428 140.75 428 140.75 428 140.75 428 140.98 6842 140.98 6842 140.98 6842 140.98 6842 140.98 6842 140.45 1306 140.47 825 140.48 5444 140.47 5444 140.48 2188 140.56 2991 140.58 0167 140.56 6/23/ 2011 6/23/ 2011 6/23/ 2011 - 690 1,600 800 890 2,000 960 - - - - 5/26/ 2011 6/2/2 011 6/2/2 011 6/2/2 011 6/2/2 011 6/2/2 011 6/23/ 2011 6/23/ 2011 6/23/ 2011 6/23/ 2011 6/23/ 2011 6/4/2 011 6/4/2 011 6/4/2 011 6/4/2 011 6/4/2 011 63 75 38 - 970 1,400 3,500 1,100 2,100 400 1,800 880 900 950 1,400 1,200 1,800 1,800 1,700 1,800 1,200 1,800 4,200 1,300 2,700 530 2,200 1,200 1,100 1,200 1,700 1,500 2,200 2,300 2,100 2,200 650 - - - - 91 6139 d4 d6 d7 d8 d9 37.74 35 37.77 102 37.76 9667 37.76 2667 37.75 7556 37.67 8222 37.67 8222 37.67 8222 37.67 8222 37.67 8222 37.67 8222 37.67 8222 37.67 8222 37.67 8222 37.67 8222 37.67 8222 37.73 7639 37.73 7639 37.73 7639 37.73 7639 37.73 7639 37.73 7639 37.73 7639 37.73 7639 37.73 7639 37.73 7639 37.73 7639 9111 140.56 2833 140.47 9667 140.47 4861 140.46 85 140.46 85 140.73 5194 140.73 5194 140.73 5194 140.73 5194 140.73 5194 140.73 5194 140.73 5194 140.73 5194 140.73 5194 140.73 5194 140.73 5194 140.70 3639 140.70 3639 140.70 3639 140.70 3639 140.70 3639 140.70 3639 140.70 3639 140.70 3639 140.70 3639 140.70 3639 140.70 3639 5/24/ 2011 5/31/ 2011 5/31/ 2011 5/31/ 2011 5/31/ 2011 5/31/ 2011 6/16/ 2011 6/16/ 2011 6/16/ 2011 6/16/ 2011 6/16/ 2011 5/26/ 2011 6/2/2 011 6/2/2 011 6/2/2 011 6/2/2 011 6/2/2 011 6/16/ 2011 6/16/ 2011 6/16/ 2011 6/16/ 2011 6/16/ 2011 14,00 0 6,500 7,500 6,400 5,800 7,200 5,200 3,400 3,200 3,000 9,900 9,000 3,600 5,700 7,300 6,900 6,400 3,000 1,600 5,100 - i1 i1 i1 i1 i1 i1 i1 i1 i1 i1 i1 i10 i10 i10 i10 i10 i10 i10 i10 i10 i10 i10 900 280 290 250 190 290 470 300 200 220 270 180 - 39,000 23,000 24,000 22,000 16,000 29,000 21,000 25,000 17,000 16,000 24,000 28,000 28,000 8,800 24,000 22,000 20,000 37,400 21,000 9,700 30,000 7,100 48,000 29,000 31,000 27,000 20,000 36,000 26,000 32,000 22,000 21,000 29,000 34,000 35,000 11,000 30,000 28,000 25,000 46,000 27,000 12,000 38,000 9,300 - 250 76 58 100 93 - 62 24 38 59 28 28 - 92 37.74 7056 37.74 7056 37.74 7056 37.74 7056 37.74 7056 37.74 7056 37.74 7056 37.74 7056 37.74 7056 37.74 7056 37.74 7056 37.73 575 37.73 575 37.73 575 37.73 575 37.73 575 37.73 575 37.73 575 37.73 575 37.73 575 37.73 575 37.73 575 37.72 0083 37.72 0083 37.72 0083 37.72 0083 37.72 0083 37.72 0083 140.71 2278 140.71 2278 140.71 2278 140.71 2278 140.71 2278 140.71 2278 140.71 2278 140.71 2278 140.71 2278 140.71 2278 140.71 2278 140.74 4944 140.74 4944 140.74 4944 140.74 4944 140.74 4944 140.74 4944 140.74 4944 140.74 4944 140.74 4944 140.74 4944 140.74 4944 140.72 0306 140.72 0306 140.72 0306 140.72 0306 140.72 0306 140.72 0306 5/26/ 2011 6/2/2 011 6/2/2 011 6/2/2 011 6/2/2 011 6/2/2 011 6/16/ 2011 6/16/ 2011 6/16/ 2011 6/16/ 2011 6/16/ 2011 5/27/ 2011 6/2/2 011 6/2/2 011 6/2/2 011 6/2/2 011 6/2/2 011 6/16/ 2011 6/16/ 2011 6/16/ 2011 6/16/ 2011 6/16/ 2011 5/27/ 2011 6/3/2 011 6/3/2 011 6/3/2 011 6/3/2 011 6/3/2 011 i11 380 23,000 28,000 8,300 11,00 0 7,800 9,400 8,600 8,500 5,700 2,100 3,800 1,500 1,700 5,500 4,600 4,500 2,600 1,700 3,400 1,500 3,300 7,200 7,000 - 100 49 i11 i11 i11 i11 i11 i11 i11 i11 i11 i11 i12 i12 i12 i12 i12 i12 i12 i12 i12 i12 i12 i13 i13 i13 i13 i13 i13 250 190 240 260 140 170 85 170 190 170 74 44 54 160 190 130 220 39,000 22,000 28,000 28,000 26,000 23,000 5,200 16,000 12,000 21,000 6,200 5,200 21,000 14,000 15,000 4,000 14,000 12,000 9,300 11,000 22,000 230 3,900 1,200 20,000 7,700 17,000 48,000 28,000 34,000 35,000 32,000 28,000 6,700 20,000 15,000 27,000 7,900 6,300 25,000 17,000 18,000 5,000 18,000 15,000 12,000 14,000 27,000 280 4,700 14,000 25,000 9,600 21,000 - 110 - 61 27 34 50 32 43 24 - 93 37.72 0083 37.72 0083 37.72 0083 37.72 0083 37.72 0083 37.70 65 37.70 65 37.70 65 37.70 65 37.70 65 37.70 65 37.70 65 37.70 65 37.70 65 37.70 65 37.70 65 37.72 4333 37.72 4333 37.72 4333 37.72 4333 37.72 4333 37.72 4333 37.72 4333 37.72 4333 37.72 4333 37.72 4333 37.72 140.72 0306 140.72 0306 140.72 0306 140.72 0306 140.72 0306 140.75 9556 140.75 9556 140.75 9556 140.75 9556 140.75 9556 140.75 9556 140.75 9556 140.75 9556 140.75 9556 140.75 9556 140.75 9556 140.79 0972 140.79 0972 140.79 0972 140.79 0972 140.79 0972 140.79 0972 140.79 0972 140.79 0972 140.79 0972 140.79 0972 140.79 6/17/ 2011 6/17/ 2011 6/17/ 2011 6/17/ 2011 6/17/ 2011 5/27/ 2011 6/3/2 011 6/3/2 011 6/3/2 011 6/3/2 011 6/3/2 011 6/17/ 2011 6/17/ 2011 6/17/ 2011 6/17/ 2011 6/17/ 2011 5/27/ 2011 6/3/2 011 6/3/2 011 6/3/2 011 6/3/2 011 6/3/2 011 6/17/ 2011 6/17/ 2011 6/17/ 2011 6/17/ 2011 6/17/ i13 i13 i13 i13 i13 - 22,000 11,000 13,000 1,600 7,000 28,000 14,000 17,000 2,000 8,900 3,800 2,400 3,000 1,400 12,00 0 12,00 0 20,00 0 4,600 9,100 8,300 21,00 0 6,200 2,000 1,700 1,600 6,200 1,600 4,200 4,300 2,700 - - - - i14 600 34,000 43,000 - 200 68 i14 380 35,000 43,000 - - 51 i14 i14 i14 i14 670 150 250 300 68,000 18,000 31,000 30,000 80,000 22,000 38,000 37,000 - 97 82 31 35 47 i14 i14 i14 i14 i14 i15 i15 i15 i15 i15 i15 i15 i15 i15 i15 i15 120 83 160 - 53,000 31,000 8,700 9,000 7,100 5,200 22,000 5,000 4,000 9,200 12,000 7,600 2,100 2,300 7,000 65,000 39,000 11,000 12,000 8,900 6,300 26,000 6,200 5,000 11,000 15,000 9,400 2,600 2,900 9,100 - 120 - 37 - 94 4333 i16 i16 i16 i16 i16 i16 i16 i16 i16 i16 i16 i17 i17 i17 i17 i17 i17 i17 i17 i17 i17 i17 i18 i18 i18 i18 i18 i18 37.73 7 37.73 7 37.73 7 37.73 7 37.73 7 37.73 7 37.73 7 37.73 7 37.73 7 37.73 7 37.73 7 37.70 0639 37.70 0639 37.70 0639 37.70 0639 37.70 0639 37.70 0639 37.70 0639 37.70 0639 37.70 0639 37.70 0639 37.70 0639 37.68 8139 37.68 8139 37.68 8139 37.68 8139 37.68 8139 37.68 8139 0972 140.80 3167 140.80 3167 140.80 3167 140.80 3167 140.80 3167 140.80 3167 140.80 3167 140.80 3167 140.80 3167 140.80 3167 140.80 3167 140.77 975 140.77 975 140.77 975 140.77 975 140.77 975 140.77 975 140.77 975 140.77 975 140.77 975 140.77 975 140.77 975 140.80 2083 140.80 2083 140.80 2083 140.80 2083 140.80 2083 140.80 2083 2011 5/28/ 2011 6/3/2 011 6/3/2 011 6/3/2 011 6/3/2 011 6/3/2 011 6/17/ 2011 6/17/ 2011 6/17/ 2011 6/17/ 2011 6/17/ 2011 5/28/ 2011 6/4/2 011 6/4/2 011 6/4/2 011 6/4/2 011 6/4/2 011 6/18/ 2011 6/18/ 2011 6/18/ 2011 6/18/ 2011 6/18/ 2011 5/28/ 2011 6/4/2 011 6/4/2 011 6/4/2 011 6/4/2 011 6/4/2 011 160 39 45 130 100 180 130 47 38 85 7,900 1,000 1,100 1,100 3,300 730 790 2,100 720 1,600 710 1,100 2,900 2,000 18,000 2,800 2,500 15,000 12,000 7,000 3,100 5,800 8,200 14,000 17,000 4,200 3,000 12,000 8,700 10,000 1,200 1,300 1,400 3,900 890 960 2,500 910 2,000 910 1,300 3,400 2,400 22,000 3,600 3,000 18,000 15,000 8,900 4,000 7,400 11,000 17,000 22,000 5,200 3,700 14,000 11,000 1,500 1,900 4,800 1,100 920 3,800 3,000 4,300 5,000 1,400 1,400 3,500 2,500 39 - 95 37.68 8139 37.68 8139 37.68 8139 37.68 8139 37.68 8139 37.68 2778 37.68 2778 37.68 2778 37.68 2778 37.68 2778 37.68 2778 37.68 2778 37.68 2778 37.68 2778 37.68 2778 37.68 1889 37.68 1889 37.68 1889 37.68 1889 37.68 1889 37.68 1889 37.68 1889 37.68 1889 37.68 1889 37.68 1889 37.67 4028 37.67 4028 37.67 4028 37.67 140.80 2083 140.80 2083 140.80 2083 140.80 2083 140.80 2083 140.76 1389 140.76 1389 140.76 1389 140.76 1389 140.76 1389 140.76 1389 140.76 1389 140.76 1389 140.76 1389 140.76 1389 140.73 7444 140.73 7444 140.73 7444 140.73 7444 140.73 7444 140.73 7444 140.73 7444 140.73 7444 140.73 7444 140.73 7444 140.77 8194 140.77 8194 140.77 8194 140.77 6/18/ 2011 6/18/ 2011 6/18/ 2011 6/18/ 2011 6/18/ 2011 5/31/ 2011 5/31/ 2011 5/31/ 2011 5/31/ 2011 5/31/ 2011 6/18/ 2011 6/18/ 2011 6/18/ 2011 6/18/ 2011 6/18/ 2011 5/31/ 2011 5/31/ 2011 5/31/ 2011 5/31/ 2011 5/31/ 2011 6/16/ 2011 6/16/ 2011 6/16/ 2011 6/16/ 2011 6/16/ 2011 5/28/ 2011 6/4/2 011 6/4/2 011 6/4/2 i18 i18 i18 i18 i18 i19 i19 i19 i19 i19 i19 i19 i19 i19 i19 i2 i2 i2 i2 i2 i2 i2 i2 i2 i2 i20 i20 i20 i20 140 160 190 140 160 240 36 48 26 340 200 190 22,000 9,700 11,000 11,000 14,000 19,000 12,000 16,000 13,000 21,000 25,000 2,600 9,900 28,000 17,000 15,000 1,500 4,300 1,700 700 35,000 3,100 5,700 27,000 18,000 22,000 16,000 17,000 28,000 12,000 14,000 13,000 18,000 24,000 15,000 20,000 17,000 27,000 32,000 3,300 13,000 35,000 21,000 19,000 1,800 5,100 2,000 850 44,000 4,000 7,300 35,000 23,000 26,000 20,000 21,000 4,700 1,300 1,500 4,800 4,500 5,100 4,200 7,000 7,500 1,500 4,700 3,200 4,600 1,200 7,200 1,300 4,300 2,700 7,200 5,000 7,200 - 54 100 - 25 28 31 53 - 96 4028 i20 i20 i20 i20 i20 i20 i20 i21 i21 i21 i21 i21 i21 i21 i21 i21 i21 37.67 4028 37.67 4028 37.67 4028 37.67 4028 37.67 4028 37.67 4028 37.67 4028 37.65 2 37.65 2 37.65 2 37.65 2 37.65 2 37.65 2 37.65 2 37.65 2 37.65 2 37.65 2 37.65 9528 37.65 9528 37.65 9528 37.65 9528 37.65 9528 37.65 9528 37.65 9528 37.65 9528 37.65 9528 8194 140.77 8194 140.77 8194 140.77 8194 140.77 8194 140.77 8194 140.77 8194 140.77 8194 140.79 8028 140.79 8028 140.79 8028 140.79 8028 140.79 8028 140.79 8028 140.79 8028 140.79 8028 140.79 8028 140.79 8028 140.77 0833 140.77 0833 140.77 0833 140.77 0833 140.77 0833 140.77 0833 140.77 0833 140.77 0833 140.77 0833 011 6/4/2 011 6/4/2 011 6/18/ 2011 6/18/ 2011 6/18/ 2011 6/18/ 2011 6/18/ 2011 6/1/2 011 6/1/2 011 6/1/2 011 6/1/2 011 6/1/2 011 6/17/ 2011 6/17/ 2011 6/17/ 2011 6/17/ 2011 6/17/ 2011 6/5/2 011 6/5/2 011 6/5/2 011 6/5/2 011 6/5/2 011 6/19/ 2011 6/19/ 2011 6/19/ 2011 6/19/ 2011 200 74 220 190 240 170 220 64 20,000 6,700 20,000 27,000 19,000 3,000 24,000 9,000 4,700 8,900 5,200 9,300 1,800 14,000 4,300 26,000 5,400 5,600 25,000 8,000 24,000 34,000 24,000 3,700 30,000 11,000 5,900 11,000 6,100 11,000 2,300 18,000 5,500 33,000 6,600 7,200 6,300 3,000 4,900 5,700 2,000 1,000 4,100 2,100 2,900 2,600 1,900 3,400 1,000 3,200 1,300 3,100 1,400 11,00 0 17,00 0 14,00 0 6,400 10,00 0 3,500 12 - i22 - 41,000 50,000 - 160 66 i22 - 73,000 90,000 - - - i22 i22 - 48,000 22,000 60,000 27,000 - - - i22 i22 i22 i22 i22 - 36,000 21,000 19,000 5,400 12,000 45,000 26,000 25,000 6,800 16,000 - - - 97 37.65 9528 37.65 1167 37.65 1167 37.65 1167 37.65 1167 37.65 1167 37.65 1167 37.65 1167 37.65 1167 37.65 1167 37.65 1167 37.62 8444 37.62 8444 37.62 8444 37.62 8444 37.62 8444 37.62 8444 37.62 8444 37.62 8444 37.62 8444 37.62 8444 37.61 025 37.61 025 37.61 025 37.61 025 140.77 0833 140.75 2 140.75 2 140.75 2 140.75 2 140.75 2 140.75 2 140.75 2 140.75 2 140.75 2 140.75 2 140.77 2556 140.77 2556 140.77 2556 140.77 2556 140.77 2556 140.77 2556 140.77 2556 140.77 2556 140.77 2556 140.77 2556 140.79 8667 140.79 8667 140.79 8667 140.79 8667 6/19/ 2011 6/5/2 011 6/5/2 011 6/5/2 011 6/5/2 011 6/5/2 011 6/19/ 2011 6/19/ 2011 6/19/ 2011 6/19/ 2011 6/19/ 2011 6/5/2 011 6/5/2 011 6/5/2 011 6/5/2 011 6/5/2 011 6/19/ 2011 6/20/ 2011 6/21/ 2011 6/22/ 2011 6/23/ 2011 5/25/ 2011 6/8/2 011 6/8/2 011 6/8/2 011 i22 - 8,600 11,000 17,00 0 8,100 36,00 0 4,800 6,300 2,900 2,100 3,300 30,00 0 7,300 8,600 9,200 14,00 0 15,00 0 7,700 1,600 8,900 1,900 29,00 0 2,900 13,00 0 - - - i23 i23 450 210 53,000 19,000 140,00 0 20,000 5,500 28,000 15,000 3,400 19,000 2,300 110,00 0 37,000 36,000 37,000 64,000 24,000 - - - i23 i23 i23 i23 i23 i23 i23 i23 1,100 160 - 170,000 25,000 6,800 33,000 19,000 4,100 24,000 2,800 - - - i24 i24 i24 i24 510 220 150 200 140,000 46,000 45,000 46,000 - - 110 40 - i24 320 54,000 67,000 - - - i24 i24 i24 i24 i24 - 74,000 33,000 6,000 58,000 6,400 91,000 42,000 7,400 72,000 7,700 - - - i25 i25 i25 1,600 - 64,000 2,900 14,000 80,000 3,500 17,000 - 300 - 130 - i25 260 35,000 43,000 - - - 98 i25 i25 i25 i25 i25 i25 i25 37.61 025 37.61 025 37.61 025 37.61 025 37.61 025 37.61 025 37.61 025 37.61 2056 37.61 2056 37.61 2056 37.61 2056 37.61 2056 37.61 2056 37.61 2056 37.61 2056 37.61 2056 37.61 2056 37.61 2056 37.61 075 37.61 075 37.61 075 37.61 075 37.61 075 37.61 075 140.79 8667 140.79 8667 140.79 8667 140.79 8667 140.79 8667 140.79 8667 140.79 8667 140.77 1222 140.77 1222 140.77 1222 140.77 1222 140.77 1222 140.77 1222 140.77 1222 140.77 1222 140.77 1222 140.77 1222 140.77 1222 140.72 2944 140.72 2944 140.72 2944 140.72 2944 140.72 2944 140.72 2944 6/8/2 011 6/8/2 011 6/22/ 2011 6/22/ 2011 6/22/ 2011 6/22/ 2011 6/22/ 2011 5/25/ 2011 6/8/2 011 6/8/2 011 6/8/2 011 6/8/2 011 6/8/2 011 6/22/ 2011 6/22/ 2011 6/22/ 2011 6/22/ 2011 6/22/ 2011 5/25/ 2011 6/8/2 011 6/8/2 011 6/8/2 011 6/8/2 011 6/8/2 011 480 - 56,000 36,000 29,000 12,000 5,200 14,000 22,000 70,000 45,000 37,000 15,000 6,600 18,000 28,000 16,00 0 7,600 5,800 1,900 1,200 2,400 3,900 26,00 0 15,00 0 16,00 0 13,00 0 16,00 0 17,00 0 9,400 4,400 5,400 5,600 35,00 0 8,700 4,100 13,00 0 6,400 10,00 - - - i26 1,600 75,000 95,000 - 280 130 i26 310 77,000 96,000 - - - i26 370 74,000 93,000 - - - i26 - 49,000 61,000 - - - i26 280 80,000 100,000 - 210 i26 i26 i26 i26 i26 i26 280 - 74,000 45,000 16,000 34,000 44,000 42,000 91,000 56,000 21,000 43,000 56,000 54,000 - - - i28 i28 i28 4,100 - 90,000 29,000 18,000 110,000 37,000 23,000 - 480 - 63 - i28 i28 i28 350 130 200 42,000 22,000 38,000 51,000 27,000 46,000 - - - 99 0 i28 i28 i28 i28 i28 i29 i29 i29 i29 i29 37.61 075 37.61 075 37.61 075 37.61 075 37.61 075 37.62 875 37.62 875 37.62 875 37.62 875 37.62 875 37.62 875 37.62 875 37.62 875 37.62 875 37.62 875 37.62 875 37.69 3278 37.69 3278 37.69 3278 37.69 3278 37.69 3278 37.69 3278 37.69 3278 37.69 3278 37.69 3278 37.69 3278 37.66 9222 140.72 2944 140.72 2944 140.72 2944 140.72 2944 140.72 2944 140.69 0278 140.69 0278 140.69 0278 140.69 0278 140.69 0278 140.69 0278 140.69 0278 140.69 0278 140.69 0278 140.69 0278 140.69 0278 140.75 15 140.75 15 140.75 15 140.75 15 140.75 15 140.75 15 140.75 15 140.75 15 140.75 15 140.75 15 140.70 1 6/22/ 2011 6/22/ 2011 6/22/ 2011 6/22/ 2011 6/22/ 2011 5/25/ 2011 6/8/2 011 6/8/2 011 6/8/2 011 6/8/2 011 6/8/2 011 6/22/ 2011 6/22/ 2011 6/22/ 2011 6/22/ 2011 6/22/ 2011 6/1/2 011 6/1/2 011 6/1/2 011 6/1/2 011 6/1/2 011 6/17/ 2011 6/17/ 2011 6/17/ 2011 6/17/ 2011 6/17/ 2011 5/23/ 2011 300 48,000 4,200 3,100 5,400 1,400 15,000 8,500 28,000 12,000 22,000 60,000 5,500 4,000 6,500 1,700 19,000 10,000 34,000 14,000 27,000 8,000 1,100 5,800 2,700 5,100 3,200 7,200 11,00 0 8,100 11,00 0 3,500 5,000 5,000 3,500 3,500 2,600 1,000 11,00 80 25 - i29 i29 i29 i29 i29 i29 i3 - 50,000 5,600 1,400 1,700 3,300 1,400 64,000 6,500 1,800 2,100 4,100 1,800 28,000 - - 41 170 22,000 i3 i3 i3 i3 i3 i3 i3 i3 i3 i30 360 140 180 140 810 31,000 13,000 17,000 14,000 15,000 6,100 1,500 1,900 12,000 28,000 39,000 16,000 21,000 18,000 19,000 7,600 1,900 2,400 15,000 36,000 - 150 96 61 160 33 26 28 - 100 0 i30 i30 37.66 9222 37.66 9222 37.66 9222 37.66 9222 37.66 9222 37.66 9222 37.66 9222 37.66 9222 37.66 9222 37.66 9222 37.65 9917 37.65 9917 37.65 9917 37.65 9917 37.65 9917 37.65 9917 37.65 9917 37.65 9917 37.65 9917 37.65 9917 37.65 9917 37.65 3444 37.65 3444 37.65 3444 37.65 3444 140.70 1 140.70 1 140.70 1 140.70 1 140.70 1 140.70 1 140.70 1 140.70 1 140.70 1 140.70 1 140.72 2972 140.72 2972 140.72 2972 140.72 2972 140.72 2972 140.72 2972 140.72 2972 140.72 2972 140.72 2972 140.72 2972 140.72 2972 140.73 0917 140.73 0917 140.73 0917 140.73 0917 6/6/2 011 6/6/2 011 6/6/2 011 6/6/2 011 6/6/2 011 6/20/ 2011 6/20/ 2011 6/20/ 2011 6/20/ 2011 6/20/ 2011 5/23/ 2011 6/6/2 011 6/6/2 011 6/6/2 011 6/6/2 011 6/6/2 011 6/20/ 2011 6/20/ 2011 6/20/ 2011 6/20/ 2011 6/20/ 2011 5/23/ 2011 6/6/2 011 6/6/2 011 6/6/2 011 210 140 23,000 20,000 29,000 24,000 5,800 6,000 20,00 0 7,700 11,00 0 6,500 2,600 2,600 3,300 4,000 5,500 4,700 14,00 0 4,800 17,00 0 13,00 0 6,000 1,800 1,300 1,100 1,300 6,500 9,200 8,200 5,500 - i30 i30 430 240 74,000 27,000 92,000 34,000 - 300 - i30 i30 i30 i30 i30 i30 i31 i31 210 520 160 34,000 30,000 21,000 18,000 13,000 19,000 15,000 19,000 42,000 37,000 27,000 23,000 17,000 25,000 19,000 24,000 - 100 110 - i31 i31 - 44,000 21,000 55,000 27,000 - - - i31 - 70,000 86,000 - 230 37 i31 i31 i31 i31 i31 i31 i32 i32 i32 i32 430 190 150 54,000 28,000 18,000 6,500 2,600 5,800 25,000 34,000 40,000 21,000 67,000 35,000 22,000 8,200 3,300 7,200 31,000 42,000 48,000 26,000 - 130 110 - - 101 37.65 3444 37.65 3444 37.65 3444 37.65 3444 37.65 3444 37.65 3444 37.65 3444 37.69 9778 37.69 9778 37.69 9778 37.69 9778 37.69 9778 37.69 9778 37.69 9778 37.69 9778 37.69 9778 37.69 9778 37.69 1694 37.69 1694 37.69 1694 37.69 1694 37.69 1694 37.69 1694 37.69 1694 37.69 1694 37.69 1694 37.69 1694 37.69 275 140.73 0917 140.73 0917 140.73 0917 140.73 0917 140.73 0917 140.73 0917 140.73 0917 140.73 0861 140.73 0861 140.73 0861 140.73 0861 140.73 0861 140.73 0861 140.73 0861 140.73 0861 140.73 0861 140.73 0861 140.72 4056 140.72 4056 140.72 4056 140.72 4056 140.72 4056 140.72 4056 140.72 4056 140.72 4056 140.72 4056 140.72 4056 140.70 975 6/6/2 011 6/6/2 011 6/20/ 2011 6/20/ 2011 6/20/ 2011 6/20/ 2011 6/20/ 2011 6/1/2 011 6/1/2 011 6/1/2 011 6/1/2 011 6/1/2 011 6/17/ 2011 6/17/ 2011 6/17/ 2011 6/17/ 2011 6/17/ 2011 6/1/2 011 6/1/2 011 6/1/2 011 6/1/2 011 6/1/2 011 6/17/ 2011 6/17/ 2011 6/17/ 2011 6/17/ 2011 6/17/ 2011 5/23/ 2011 i32 i32 i32 i32 i32 i32 i32 i4 210 130 30,000 8,100 35,000 14,000 4,900 18,000 34,000 13,000 37,000 10,000 43,000 17,000 6,000 23,000 43,000 17,000 8,500 3,000 7,200 1,700 2,200 4,400 4,300 11,00 0 5,800 2,300 7,400 3,400 1,500 3,300 2,200 5,900 1,500 9,200 2,600 4,400 2,300 4,200 2,400 13,00 - 110 - - i4 i4 i4 i4 i4 i4 i4 i4 i4 i5 i5 i5 i5 i5 i5 i5 i5 i5 i5 i6 320 210 210 270 350 45 86 380 150 930 31,000 18,000 9,000 20,000 19,000 9,600 6,500 18,000 11,000 15,000 1,800 3,200 28,000 5,200 22,000 15,000 20,000 5,100 14,000 35,000 38,000 23,000 12,000 25,000 23,000 12,000 8,300 22,000 15,000 19,000 2,100 4,100 34,000 6,400 28,000 19,000 25,000 6,100 18,000 44,000 - 110 160 210 56 28 32 - 102 0 i6 i6 i6 37.69 275 37.69 275 37.69 275 37.69 275 37.69 275 37.69 275 37.69 275 37.69 275 37.69 275 37.69 275 37.69 4667 37.69 4667 37.69 4667 37.69 4667 37.69 4667 37.69 4667 37.69 4667 37.69 4667 37.69 4667 37.69 4667 37.69 2417 37.69 2417 37.69 2417 37.69 2417 37.69 2417 37.69 2417 140.70 975 140.70 975 140.70 975 140.70 975 140.70 975 140.70 975 140.70 975 140.70 975 140.70 975 140.70 975 140.69 75 140.69 75 140.69 75 140.69 75 140.69 75 140.69 75 140.69 75 140.69 75 140.69 75 140.69 75 140.67 5611 140.67 5611 140.67 5611 140.67 5611 140.67 5611 140.67 5611 6/6/2 011 6/6/2 011 6/6/2 011 6/6/2 011 6/6/2 011 6/20/ 2011 6/20/ 2011 6/20/ 2011 6/20/ 2011 6/20/ 2011 5/31/ 2011 5/31/ 2011 5/31/ 2011 5/31/ 2011 5/31/ 2011 6/16/ 2011 6/16/ 2011 6/16/ 2011 6/16/ 2011 6/16/ 2011 5/31/ 2011 5/31/ 2011 5/31/ 2011 5/31/ 2011 5/31/ 2011 6/16/ 2011 170 190 150 26,000 30,000 22,000 32,000 38,000 28,000 7,300 8,500 6,400 12,00 0 6,600 12,40 0 3,300 2,000 3,500 10,00 0 4,400 7,900 6,600 4,400 2,300 2,100 1,800 3,300 4,000 2,800 1,800 4,800 2,500 - i6 i6 250 41,000 28,000 50,000 35,000 - - - i6 i6 i6 i6 i6 - 50,000 10,000 16,000 8,000 30,000 63,000 13,000 20,000 10,000 39,000 - - - i7 i7 i7 i7 i7 i7 i7 i7 i7 i7 i8 i8 i8 i8 i8 i8 320 310 330 300 120 200 170 120 100 210 - 26,000 7,900 24,000 18,000 2,900 21,000 17,000 10,000 8,100 14,000 12,000 13,000 8,900 5,600 17,000 13,000 31,000 10,000 30,000 22,000 3,600 26,000 21,000 13,000 11,000 17,000 15,000 16,000 11,000 6,800 21,000 17,000 - 91 47 48 - 33 - 103 37.69 2417 37.69 2417 37.69 2417 37.69 2417 37.71 6778 37.71 6778 37.71 6778 37.71 6778 37.71 6778 37.71 6778 37.71 6778 37.71 6778 37.71 6778 37.71 6778 37.71 6778 37.53 7361 37.53 7361 37.53 7361 37.53 7361 37.53 7361 37.53 7361 37.53 7361 37.53 7361 37.53 7361 37.53 7361 37.53 7361 37.51 1028 37.51 1028 37.51 140.67 5611 140.67 5611 140.67 5611 140.67 5611 140.69 1139 140.69 1139 140.69 1139 140.69 1139 140.69 1139 140.69 1139 140.69 1139 140.69 1139 140.69 1139 140.69 1139 140.69 1139 140.70 15 140.70 15 140.70 15 140.70 15 140.70 15 140.70 15 140.70 15 140.70 15 140.70 15 140.70 15 140.70 15 140.78 725 140.78 725 140.78 6/16/ 2011 6/16/ 2011 6/16/ 2011 6/16/ 2011 5/26/ 2011 6/2/2 011 6/2/2 011 6/2/2 011 6/2/2 011 6/2/2 011 6/16/ 2011 6/16/ 2011 6/16/ 2011 6/16/ 2011 6/16/ 2011 5/19/ 2011 6/9/2 011 6/9/2 011 6/9/2 011 6/9/2 011 6/9/2 011 6/23/ 2011 6/23/ 2011 6/23/ 2011 6/23/ 2011 6/23/ 2011 5/21/ 2011 6/11/ 2011 6/11/ i8 i8 i8 i8 i9 i9 i9 i9 i9 i9 i9 i9 i9 i9 i9 K1 K1 K1 K1 K1 K1 K1 K1 K1 K1 K1 K1 0 K1 0 K1 450 120 97 120 510 280 - 7,900 5,700 10,000 7,000 18,000 24,000 19,000 7,600 23,000 7,500 19,400 14,000 16,000 5,200 16,000 11,000 850 920 240 190 580 4,200 1,200 4,900 1,600 9,800 3,800 8,500 10,000 7,300 13,000 9,000 22,000 29,000 23,000 9,300 29,000 9,700 24,000 18,000 20,000 6,600 21,000 14,000 1,100 1,200 360 280 690 5,000 1,400 6,000 2,000 12,000 4,600 11,000 1,500 5,600 5,700 4,300 1,700 5,600 1,300 3,900 2,700 2,200 2,800 4,100 560 1,000 890 1,500 1,300 3,900 1,900 - 66 82 90 97 - - 104 0 K1 0 K1 0 K1 0 K1 1 K1 1 K1 1 K1 1 K1 1 K1 1 K2 K2 K2 K2 K2 K2 K2 K2 K2 K2 K2 K3 K3 K3 K3 K3 K3 K3 K3 1028 37.51 1028 37.51 1028 37.51 1028 37.48 1167 37.48 1167 37.48 1167 37.48 1167 37.48 1167 37.48 1167 37.53 0417 37.53 0417 37.53 0417 37.53 0417 37.53 0417 37.53 0417 37.53 0417 37.53 0417 37.53 0417 37.53 0417 37.53 0417 37.52 3306 37.52 3306 37.52 3306 37.52 3306 37.52 3306 37.52 3306 37.52 3306 37.52 3306 725 140.78 725 140.78 725 140.78 725 140.80 4222 140.80 4222 140.80 4222 140.80 4222 140.80 4222 140.80 4222 140.72 5722 140.72 5722 140.72 5722 140.72 5722 140.72 5722 140.72 5722 140.72 5722 140.72 5722 140.72 5722 140.72 5722 140.72 5722 140.74 7889 140.74 7889 140.74 7889 140.74 7889 140.74 7889 140.74 7889 140.74 7889 140.74 7889 2011 6/11/ 2011 6/11/ 2011 6/11/ 2011 5/21/ 2011 6/11/ 2011 6/11/ 2011 6/11/ 2011 6/11/ 2011 6/11/ 2011 5/19/ 2011 6/9/2 011 6/9/2 011 6/9/2 011 6/9/2 011 6/9/2 011 6/23/ 2011 6/23/ 2011 6/23/ 2011 6/23/ 2011 6/23/ 2011 5/19/ 2011 6/9/2 011 6/9/2 011 6/9/2 011 6/9/2 011 6/9/2 011 6/23/ 2011 6/23/ 2011 290 540 170 7,600 7,100 6,600 7,900 5,700 5,100 3,600 9,300 5,500 9,100 13,000 12,000 5,800 2,400 7,400 4,700 7,700 9,500 6,900 3,900 6,800 2,700 11,000 3,800 9,600 3,400 3,100 3,600 4,100 10,000 9,100 8,600 9,900 7,000 6,700 4,700 12,000 6,900 11,000 16,000 15,000 7,200 3,000 9,500 5,900 9,700 12,000 8,700 5,200 8,900 3,400 13,000 4,600 12,000 4,200 4,000 4,600 5,300 1,400 1,700 810 1,300 2,200 1,400 1,600 3,300 2,100 2,000 940 2,000 1,800 1,700 840 91 - 105 37.52 3306 37.52 3306 37.52 3306 37.50 5472 37.50 5472 37.50 5472 37.50 5472 37.50 5472 37.50 5472 37.50 9278 37.50 9278 37.50 9278 37.50 9278 37.50 9278 37.50 9278 37.53 751 37.53 751 37.53 751 37.53 751 37.53 751 37.53 751 37.52 5806 37.52 5806 37.52 5806 37.52 5806 37.52 5806 37.52 5806 140.74 7889 140.74 7889 140.74 7889 140.73 5444 140.73 5444 140.73 5444 140.73 5444 140.73 5444 140.73 5444 140.71 8056 140.71 8056 140.71 8056 140.71 8056 140.71 8056 140.71 8056 140.78 172 140.78 172 140.78 172 140.78 172 140.78 172 140.78 172 140.80 6528 140.80 6528 140.80 6528 140.80 6528 140.80 6528 140.80 6528 6/23/ 2011 6/23/ 2011 6/23/ 2011 5/20/ 2011 6/10/ 2011 6/10/ 2011 6/10/ 2011 6/10/ 2011 6/10/ 2011 5/20/ 2011 6/10/ 2011 6/10/ 2011 6/10/ 2011 6/10/ 2011 6/10/ 2011 5/20/ 2011 6/10/ 2011 6/10/ 2011 6/10/ 2011 6/10/ 2011 6/10/ 2011 5/20/ 2011 6/10/ 2011 6/10/ 2011 6/10/ 2011 6/10/ 2011 6/10/ 2011 K3 K3 K3 - 4,000 3,100 2,900 5,200 4,100 3,800 18,00 0 1,400 2,000 18,00 0 4,900 3,600 3,700 2,200 34,00 0 2,500 1,800 1,400 - - - K4 K4 K4 K4 K4 K4 K5 K5 K5 K5 K5 K5 470 260 - 16,000 4,900 1,100 480 710 960 5,200 7,000 1,300 6,900 5,800 7,700 19,000 6,100 1,400 620 920 1,200 6,600 8,800 1,700 8,700 7,300 9,700 - 240 510 - 60 99 - K6 K6 K6 K6 K6 K6 1,900 110 - 44,000 11,000 18,000 20,000 6,300 7,900 55,000 14,000 22,000 2,600 8,100 10,000 - 750 - 80 - K7 K7 K7 K7 K7 K7 1,700 - 74,000 5,900 3,600 2,200 1,500 4,000 92,000 7,300 4,600 2,700 1,800 5,100 - 40 - - 106 K8 K9 K9 K9 K9 K9 K9 ko 1 ko 2 ko 3 kw 1 kw 2 kw 3 314 314 314 314 314 314 314 314 314 314 314 314 314 314 314 37.51 7306 37.50 7 37.50 7 37.50 7 37.50 7 37.50 7 37.50 7 37.39 1935 37.38 3457 37.39 7505 37.64 375 37.63 3 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 140.82 8806 140.81 5417 140.81 5417 140.81 5417 140.81 5417 140.81 5417 140.81 5417 140.36 4445 140.36 2312 140.36 3903 140.65 1167 140.64 0972 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 5/21/ 2011 5/21/ 2011 6/11/ 2011 6/11/ 2011 6/11/ 2011 6/11/ 2011 6/11/ 2011 3,800 310 - 110,00 0 5,600 14,000 11,000 5,800 15,000 7,900 130,000 6,700 18,000 14,000 7,100 19,000 9,700 47,00 0 2,200 2,300 1,500 1,200 3,100 1,300 - 40 - - 3/25/ 2011 3/26/ 2011 3/28/ 2011 3/29/ 2011 3/30/ 2011 3/31/ 2011 4/1/2 011 4/2/2 011 4/4/2 011 4/5/2 011 4/6/2 011 4/7/2 011 4/8/2 011 4/10/ 2011 4/11/ 2011 73,000 49,000 65,000 63,000 71,000 56,000 54,000 54,000 6,600 31,000 41,000 39,000 27,000 14,000 22,000 15,000 8,100 18,000 17,000 20,000 24,000 20,000 22,000 3,100 17,000 21,000 24,000 21,000 10,000 21,000 18,000 9,300 21,000 21,000 24,000 28,000 23,000 26,000 3,300 20,000 25,000 29,000 24,000 12,000 25,000 107 314 314 314 314 314 314 314 314 314 314 314 314 314 314 314 314 314 314 314 314 314 314 314 314 314 314 314 314 337.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 4/13/ 2011 4/14/ 2011 4/15/ 2011 4/16/ 2011 4/17/ 2011 4/18/ 2011 4/20/ 2011 4/21/ 2011 4/22/ 2011 4/24/ 2011 4/28/ 2011 4/29/ 2011 4/30/ 2011 5/1/2 011 5/2/2 011 5/3/2 011 5/4/2 011 5/5/2 011 5/6/2 011 5/7/2 011 5/8/2 011 5/9/2 011 5/10/ 2011 5/11/ 2011 5/12/ 2011 5/13/ 2011 5/14/ 2011 5/15/ 2011 5/16/ 15,000 17,000 5,600 6,000 9,900 17,000 4,600 9,100 4,300 3,800 1,500 2,400 2,200 2,600 2,800 2,400 2,600 2,000 2,200 1,700 1,900 1,700 1,100 1,100 220 640 1,300 1,100 17,000 20,000 6,700 7,000 13,000 28,000 6,900 19,000 9,200 7,800 2,700 6,100 6,600 23,000 15,000 16,000 9,500 11,000 15,000 14,000 18,000 18,000 11,000 14,000 3,600 7,600 22,000 20,000 20,000 24,000 7,800 8,100 1,500 34,000 8,400 22,000 11,000 9,200 3,100 7,300 7,800 27,000 19,000 19,000 11,000 13,000 18,000 16,000 21,000 23,000 13,000 18,000 4,300 9,400 26,000 24,000 5,100 6,700 3,500 8,100 8,700 120 110 26 89 160 200 29 18 39 41 108 14 314 314 314 314 314 314 314 kw 4 kw 5 kw 6 mo 1 ms 1 ms 10 ms 11 ms 2 ms 3 ms 4 ms 5 ms 6 ms 7 ms 8 ms 9 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 1444 37.60 0139 37.56 45 37.58 4861 37.53 2222 37.68 4056 37.60 4269 37.66 2717 37.69 0103 37.72 3767 37.62 8028 37.62 5166 37.56 7389 37.60 8556 37.66 9836 37.63 8653 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.63 6667 140.67 6806 140.69 1222 140.71 4083 140.45 6111 140.85 1458 140.98 7836 140.89 8722 140.88 9811 140.86 8508 140.86 9861 140.90 5531 140.87 6361 140.92 7194 140.99 5375 140.98 7272 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 2011 5/17/ 2011 5/24/ 2011 5/31/ 2011 5/31/ 2011 5/31/ 2011 5/31/ 2011 5/31/ 2011 330 400 570 85 110 170 160 180 4,200 5,200 17,000 5,000 7,400 10,000 13,000 13,000 5,000 6,500 21,000 6,200 9,200 13,000 16,000 16,000 1,400 2,600 5,200 1,300 2,500 3,400 4,300 3,800 30 34 140 - n1 5/22/ 2011 6/12/ 2011 6/12/ 2011 6/12/ 2011 2,200 68,000 86,000 25,00 0 20,00 0 18,00 0 10,00 0 - 420 79 n1 340 85,000 100,00 0 110,000 - - - n1 - 130,000 - - - n1 - 65,000 82,000 - - - 109 n1 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 6/12/ 2011 6/12/ 2011 3/25/ 2011 3/26/ 2011 3/27/ 2011 3/28/ 2011 3/29/ 2011 3/30/ 2011 3/31/ 2011 4/1/2 011 4/2/2 011 4/3/2 011 4/4/2 011 4/5/2 011 4/6/2 011 4/7/2 011 4/8/2 011 4/10/ 2011 4/11/ 2011 4/12/ 2011 4/14/ - 95,000 120,000 17,00 0 12,00 0 - - - n1 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 3- 88,700 290,00 0 550,00 0 210,00 0 660,00 0 260,00 0 91,000 250,00 0 120,00 0 280,00 0 157,73 0 201,80 0 125,20 0 139,81 0 85,800 43,605 114,33 0 102,45 0 54,000 9,550 69,000 9,260 - - - 33,400 33,000 78,000 80,000 8,930 9,200 93,300 94,000 53,500 39,700 122,00 0 52,000 40,000 130,000 31,800 110,00 0 35,000 110,000 89,234 98,551 93,531 103,390 53,806 58,761 65,462 63,000 37,613 120,18 0 73,554 64,300 42,820 140,550 77,991 86,040 110 13 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 37278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 2011 4/15/ 2011 4/16/ 2011 4/17/ 2011 4/18/ 2011 4/20/ 2011 4/21/ 2011 4/22/ 2011 4/24/ 2011 4/25/ 2011 4/27/ 2011 4/28/ 2011 4/29/ 2011 4/30/ 2011 5/1/2 011 5/2/2 011 5/2/2 011 5/3/2 011 5/4/2 011 5/5/2 011 5/5/2 011 5/6/2 011 5/7/2 011 5/8/2 011 5/9/2 011 5/10/ 69,000 24,000 58,000 17,000 10,000 26,000 35,000 64,000 25,000 75,000 8,700 16,000 46,000 66,000 180,00 0 88,000 82,000 110,00 0 22,000 48,000 110,00 0 55,000 64,000 78,000 7,300 57,000 7,600 30,000 130,00 0 73,000 29,000 87,000 10,000 18,000 55,000 78,000 48,000 36,000 19,000 220,000 110,000 98,000 23,000 5,700 12,000 130,000 24,000 52,000 18,000 6,300 11,000 15,000 2,900 6,000 1,800 5,500 110,000 58,000 67,000 92,000 8,200 60,000 9,300 31,000 56,00 0 60,00 0 35,00 0 39,00 0 1,50 0 1,10 0 8,900 140,000 - - 10,000 93,000 97,000 - - 6,200 58,000 63,000 - 740 - 6,600 71,000 75,000 - 780 - 111 13 7278 3056 2011 7,900 100,00 0 110,000 57,00 0 33,00 0 28,00 0 32,00 0 29,00 0 24,00 0 34,00 0 9,900 21,00 0 29,00 0 38,00 0 32,00 0 29,00 0 27,00 0 20,00 0 27,00 0 4,400 400 2,300 1,10 0 - 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 313 n1 0 n1 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.59 7278 37.56 0389 37.56 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.75 3056 140.70 8083 140.70 5/11/ 2011 5/12/ 2011 5/13/ 2011 5/14/ 2011 5/15/ 2011 5/16/ 2011 5/17/ 2011 5/31/ 2011 6/7/2 011 6/7/2 011 6/7/2 011 6/7/2 011 6/7/2 011 6/14/ 2011 6/14/ 2011 6/14/ 2011 6/14/ 2011 6/14/ 2011 8/10/ 2011 5/24/ 2011 6/7/2 4,600 73,000 80,000 - 610 - 3,700 59,000 65,000 - 500 - 3,700 67,000 71,000 - 540 - 3,100 60,000 64,000 - 470 - 3,100 40,000 47,000 - 310 - 3,600 1,500 83,000 17,000 91,000 20,000 - 630 - - 850 57,000 61,000 - 200 - 640 92,000 140,00 0 130,00 0 110,000 - 220 - 680 160,000 - 390 - 390 140,000 - 300 - 620 87,000 100,000 - 260 - 690 78,000 91,000 - - - 280 78,000 110,00 0 19,000 2,300 17,000 15,000 5,500 89,000 - - - 130 170 120,000 23,000 2,600 19,000 19,000 6,700 - - - 112 0 n1 0 n1 0 n1 0 n1 0 n1 0 n1 0 n1 0 n1 0 n1 0 n1 1 n1 1 n1 1 n1 1 n1 1 n1 1 n1 1 n1 1 n1 1 n1 1 n1 1 0389 37.56 0389 37.56 0389 37.56 0389 37.56 0389 37.56 0389 37.56 0389 37.56 0389 37.56 0389 37.56 0389 37.56 0389 37.56 0389 37.56 0389 37.56 0389 37.56 0389 37.56 0389 37.56 0389 37.56 0389 37.56 0389 37.56 0389 37.56 0389 37.57 7083 37.57 7083 37.57 7083 37.57 8083 140.70 8083 140.70 8083 140.70 8083 140.70 8083 140.70 8083 140.70 8083 140.70 8083 140.70 8083 140.70 8083 140.86 0667 140.86 0667 140.86 0667 140.86 0667 140.86 0667 140.86 0667 140.86 0667 140.86 0667 140.86 0667 140.86 0667 140.86 0667 140.77 9361 140.77 9361 140.77 9361 140.77 011 6/7/2 011 6/7/2 011 6/7/2 011 6/7/2 011 6/21/ 2011 6/21/ 2011 6/21/ 2011 6/21/ 2011 6/21/ 2011 5/23/ 2011 6/14/ 2011 6/14/ 2011 6/14/ 2011 6/14/ 2011 6/14/ 2011 6/21/ 2011 6/21/ 2011 6/21/ 2011 6/21/ 2011 6/21/ 2011 5/22/ 2011 6/12/ 2011 6/12/ 2011 6/12/ 2,900 1,200 3,900 6,400 2,500 2,000 2,900 3,400 3,500 3,300 160,00 0 120,00 0 140,00 0 3,600 1,500 4,800 7,800 3,100 2,400 3,600 4,200 4,500 4,100 1,500 1,600 52,00 0 26,00 0 19,00 0 12,00 0 22,00 0 8,900 14,00 0 17,00 0 6,400 5,200 34,00 0 18,00 0 2,700 - 2,700 200,000 - 860 200 390 150,000 - 230 74 - 180,000 - - - - 71,000 140,00 0 47,000 88,000 - - - - 180,000 59,000 - - - 230 - 34,000 28,000 120,00 0 43,000 32,000 42,000 35,000 - - - - 150,000 56,000 41,000 - - - n2 1800 87,000 110,000 - 580 110 n2 n2 n2 470 0 0 79,000 17,000 97,000 20,000 - - - 113 7083 n2 37.57 7083 37.57 7083 37.58 275 37.58 275 37.58 275 37.58 275 37.58 275 37.58 275 37.56 7417 37.56 7417 37.56 7417 37.56 7417 37.56 7417 37.56 7417 37.54 8333 37.54 8333 37.54 8333 37.54 8333 37.54 8333 37.54 8333 37.55 9361 140.77 9361 140.77 9361 140.79 3611 140.79 3611 140.79 3611 140.79 3611 140.79 3611 140.79 3611 140.80 0389 140.80 0389 140.80 0389 140.80 0389 140.80 0389 140.80 0389 140.84 2056 140.84 2056 140.84 2056 140.84 2056 140.84 2056 140.84 2056 140.79 2011 6/12/ 2011 6/12/ 2011 5/22/ 2011 6/12/ 2011 6/12/ 2011 6/12/ 2011 6/12/ 2011 6/12/ 2011 5/23/ 2011 6/13/ 2011 6/13/ 2011 6/13/ 2011 6/13/ 2011 6/13/ 2011 5/23/ 2011 6/13/ 2011 6/13/ 2011 6/13/ 2011 6/13/ 2011 6/13/ 2011 5/23/ 0 18,000 23,000 23,000 30,000 3,700 4,000 10,00 0 22,00 0 22,00 0 8,600 15,00 0 14,00 0 5,000 35,00 0 34,00 0 6,300 17,00 0 17,00 0 4,900 120,0 00 78,00 0 51,00 0 28,00 0 37,00 0 23,00 0 - n2 0 53,000 68,000 - - - n3 1500 63,000 77,000 - 400 110 n3 n3 440 0 97,000 80,000 120,000 100,000 - - - n3 0 77,000 96,000 - - - n3 n3 0 0 91,000 39,000 120,000 49,000 - - - n4 1700 95,000 150,00 0 35,000 110,00 0 100,00 0 22,000 330,00 0 340,00 0 320,00 0 190,00 0 250,00 0 150,00 0 120,000 - 510 160 n4 n4 350 0 180,000 43,000 - - - n4 0 140,000 - - - n4 n4 0 0 130,000 28,000 - 1,70 0 - n5 6600 410,000 - 630 n5 1300 420,000 - 510 220 n5 0 400,000 - - 78 n5 0 240,000 - - - n5 0 320,000 - - - n5 n6 0 1400 190,000 - - - 114 1 7778 2011 45,000 56,000 17,00 0 24,00 0 990 17,00 0 6,400 18,00 0 35,00 0 23,00 0 11,00 0 12,00 0 6,500 7,700 2,800 4,000 3,900 5,400 2,200 5,700 3,900 15,00 0 1,200 2,700 7,300 250 51 n6 n6 37.55 1 37.55 1 37.55 1 37.55 1 37.55 1 37.54 2944 37.54 2944 37.54 2944 37.54 2944 37.54 2944 37.54 2944 37.55 5139 37.55 5139 37.55 5139 37.55 5139 37.55 5139 37.55 5139 37.55 9278 37.55 9278 37.55 9278 37.55 9278 37.55 9278 140.79 7778 140.79 7778 140.79 7778 140.79 7778 140.79 7778 140.81 5361 140.81 5361 140.81 5361 140.81 5361 140.81 5361 140.81 5361 140.77 9194 140.77 9194 140.77 9194 140.77 9194 140.77 9194 140.77 9194 140.75 9694 140.75 9694 140.75 9694 140.75 9694 140.75 9694 6/13/ 2011 6/13/ 2011 6/13/ 2011 6/13/ 2011 6/13/ 2011 5/23/ 2011 6/13/ 2011 6/13/ 2011 6/13/ 2011 6/13/ 2011 6/13/ 2011 5/24/ 2011 6/9/2 011 6/7/2 011 6/7/2 011 6/7/2 011 6/7/2 011 6/7/2 011 6/7/2 011 6/7/2 011 6/7/2 011 6/7/2 011 0 0 94,000 81,000 120,000 110,000 - 210 - - n6 n6 0 0 96,000 27,000 120,000 35,000 - - - n6 0 98,000 120,000 - - - n7 2500 98,000 120,000 - 590 76 n7 410 90,000 110,000 - 270 - n7 0 72,000 89,000 - - - n7 n7 n7 n8 n8 n8 n8 n8 n8 n9 0 0 0 620 0 0 180 0 0 96 79,000 31,000 40,000 4,100 10,000 15,000 21,000 9,000 25,000 12,000 98,000 38,000 49,000 4,800 12,000 18,000 26,000 11,000 30,000 14,000 - 40 - - n9 n9 n9 n9 320 - 52,000 2,700 10,000 27,000 65,000 3,200 12,000 33,000 - - - 115 APPENDIX C: MAPS 116 Figure C.1 117 Figure C.2 118 Figure C.3 119 Figure C.4 120 Figure C.5 121 Figure C.6 122 Figure C.7 123 Figure C.8 124 Figure C.9 125 Figure C.10 126 Figure C.11 127 Figure C.12 128 Figure C.13 129 Figure C.14 130 Figure C.15 131 Figure C.16 132 Figure C.17 133 Figure C.18 134 Figure C.19 135 Figure C.20 136 Figure C.21 137 Figure C.22 138 Figure C.23 139 Figure C.24 140 Figure C.25 141 Figure C.26 142 Figure C.27 143 Figure C.28 144 Figure C.29 145 Figure C.30 146 APPENDIX D: FREDERICA DATABASE Radiological Effects of Organisms (FREDERICA Radiation Effects Database, 2006) Table D.1 Amphibians Doserate range (µGy/h) Endpoint Effect Species Dose rate (µGy/h) Cumulative dose (Gy) Radiation type FREDERICA Record ID 0-50 MUT Increase of the level of chromosomal aberrations in the marrow cells of frogs. Genetic monitoring of frogs, 19861989.Village Paluzh. Contamination of the territory is given for 1988. Belarus, Mogilev region, Krasnopolsky district Mortality of frog's embryos within eggs was several times higher than that in the control. Normally, 400800 forelarvae is developed from eggs laid by one female frog (reproduction success 45-90%). Young frogs in the contaminated area were developed more rapidly than compared with the control. Among young frogs 16.7% had various morphological abnormalities Grass Frog 0 0 Mixed 1199 RC Brown Frog 0 0 Beta 1231 RC RC Brown Frog Brown Frog 0 0 0 Beta 0 Beta 1231 1231 147 RC (N=60), in the control there was only 1.8% of frogs with morphological abnormalities (N=54). Sizes of frog's eggs were statistically smaller than those in the control. Total volume of eggs laid by a female was 89.5±6.7 ml (N=19) in contaminated area (the control: 187±15 ml). Brown Frog Increase of the level of chromosomal aberrations in the marrow cells of frogs. Genetic monitoring of frogs, 19861989.Village Strumen. Belarus, Gomel region, Kormyan district Increase of the level of chromosomal aberrations in the marrow cells of frogs. Genetic monitoring of frogs, 1986-1989.near the Cherikov city. Belarus, Mogilev region Increase of the level of chromosomal aberrations in the marrow cells of frogs. Genetic monitoring of frogs, 19861989.Villages Lomachi-Kozhuski. Contamination of the territory is given for 1988 Belarus, Khoiniki district, Mogilev region 0 0 Beta 1231 MUT Grass Frog 0.000035 0 Mixed 1199 MUT Grass Frog 0.000038 0 Mixed 1199 MUT Grass Frog 0.000045 0 Mixed 1199 148 MUT Increase of the level of chromosomal aberrations in the marrow cells of frogs. Genetic monitoring of frogs, 1986-1989 near the Cherikov cityContamination of the territory is given for 1988 Belarus, Mogilev region Increase of the level of chromosomal aberrations in the marrow cells of frogs. Genetic monitoring of frogs, 19861989.Village Veprin Contamination of the territory is given for 1988. Belarus, Mogilev region, Cherikov district Increase of the level of chromosomal aberrations in the marrow cells of frogs. Genetic monitoring of frogs, 19861989.Village Savichi. Contamination of the territory is given for 1988 Belarus, Gomel region, Bragin district Grass Frog 0.0001 0 Mixed 1199 MUT Grass Frog 0.00015 0 Mixed 1199 MUT Grass Frog 0.00017 0 Mixed 1199 149 MUT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT Increase of the level of chromosomal aberrations in the marrow cells of frogs. Genetic monitoring of frogs, 19861989.Village Babchin (N=82) Contamination of the territory is given for 1988 Belarus, Khoiniki district, Mogilev region Fertilised egg 4-cell Mid-cleavage 8-cell Late cleavage Dorsal lip Late gastrula Neural plate Muscular response Tail bud Grass Frog Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Limnodynastes tasmaniensis 0.00023 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0 Mixed 0.6 Gamma 0.8 Gamma 0.9 Gamma 1.1 Gamma 3.3 Gamma 4.6 Gamma 6.5 Gamma 9.1 Gamma 9.2 Gamma 9.9 Gamma 1199 276 276 276 276 276 276 276 276 276 276 150 MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT 50-100 100-200 Neural lobe Heartbeat Gill circulation Early operculum Late operculum Tail fin circulation Cornea transparent Metamorphosis Young frogs Early limb bud Toe development Limb bud develpoment No data in FREDERICA for effects observed at this dose rate range No data in FREDERICA for effects observed at this dose rate range Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Limnodynastes tasmaniensis 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 10.4 Gamma 10.4 Gamma 14.7 Gamma 16.5 Gamma 16.5 Gamma 16.9 Gamma 17.1 Gamma 18.3 Gamma 18.7 Gamma 20.2 Gamma 24.9 Gamma 25.6 Gamma 276 276 276 276 276 276 276 276 276 276 276 276 151 200-400 400-600 6001000 10005000 500010000 > 10000 No data in FREDERICA for effects observed at this dose rate range No data in FREDERICA for effects observed at this dose rate range No data in FREDERICA for effects observed at this dose rate range No data in FREDERICA for effects observed at this dose rate range 152 Table D.2 Birds Dose-rate range (µGy/h) Endpoint Effect Species Dose rate (µGy/h) Cumulative dose (Gy) Radiation type FREDERICA Record ID 0-50 MB No statistically significant effect on weight of birds Increase in infestations with parasites of feather and gastroenterine (no value given) No statistically significant effect on breeding success measured by clutch size, hatching success, fledging number, incubation time and nestling time Effects reported within this dose rate range have also been reported occurring at lower dose rate bands these are already recorded within this Table Effects reported within this dose rate range have also been reported occurring at lower dose rate bands these are already recorded within this Table Effects reported within this dose rate range have also been reported occurring at lower dose rate bands these are already recorded within this Table Small grouse 10 - Mixed 1208 MB Large grouse 10 - Mixed 1208 RC Tree swallow 30 - Gamma 432 50-100 100-200 200-400 153 400-600 Effects reported within this dose rate range have also been reported occurring at lower dose rate bands these are already recorded within this Table Effects reported within this dose rate range have also been reported occurring at lower dose rate bands these are already recorded within this Table Effects reported within this dose rate range have also been reported occurring at lower dose rate bands these are already recorded within this Table Severe reduction in the number of oocytes contained within two week old birds when compared with controls after day 11 of irradiation (70%) No data in FREDERICA for effects observed at this dose rate range 600-1000 1000-5000 500010000 > 10000 RC Chickens (Barred Rock) 10000 2.6 Gamma 384 154 Table D.3 Insects Doserate range (µGy/h) Endpoint Effect Species Dose rate (µGy/h) Cumulative dose (Gy) Radiation type FREDERICA Record ID 0-50 50-100 100-200 200-400 MUT No statistically significant effect on the levels of recessive sex-linked lethal mutations No data in FREDERICA for effects observed at this dose rate range Vinegar fly 2 - Mixed 1190 MUT No statistically significant effect on the levels of dominant lethal mutations No data in FREDERICA for effects observed at this dose rate range Effects reported within this dose rate range have also been reported occurring at lower dose rate bands - these are already recorded within this Table Vinegar fly 150 - Mixed 1191 400-600 6001000 10005000 MB MB MT Reduction in number of taxa (no value given) No statistically significant effect on behaviour No statistically significant effect on survival Severe increase in the frequency of recessive sex-linked lethal mutations (6fold) No statistically significant effect on fecundity Arthropod Leafminer Leafminer 950 4166 4166 - Gamma Gamma Gamma 750 408 408 MUT RC Vinegar fly Leafminer 2416 4166 - Mixed Gamma 1190 408 155 500010000 > 10000 MB MB MB MT MT Severe reduction in the density of populations (74%) No statistically significant effect on behaviour No statistically significant effect on behaviour No statistically significant effect on survival Severe effect on termite mortality after 6 days (100%) Severe increase in the number of mutations in irradiated population compared with control (35-fold) Severe increase in number of mutants (10fold) Out of 51423 offspring 101 were mutants compared to 8 out of 42048 in the control. Severe increase in the number of eye colour mutations (9-fold). Sensitivity to induction of eye colour mutations was low in oogonia and increasing rapidly from pupae to 4-day old adults Severe increase in the number of mutants (21-fold). Out of 62966 offspring 270 were mutants compared to 8 out of 42048 in the control. Arthropods Ants Oak leafminer Oak leafminer Termite 5500 10000 12500 12500 40000000 Gamma Gamma Gamma Gamma 60 Gamma 751 345 408 408 196 MUT Wasp 10000 10 X-ray 183 MUT Wasp 24000 2.5 Gamma 184 MUT Parasitic wasp 24000 2.5 Gamma 152 MUT Wasp 48000 5 Gamma 184 156 MUT RC RC Severe increase in the number of eye colour mutations (21-fold). Sensitivity to induction of eye colour mutations was low in oogonia and increasing rapidly from pupae to 4-day old adults No statistically significant effect on fecundity Increase in the number of disintegrating oocytes in females (no value given) Further increase in the number of disintegrating oocytes in females (no value given) Decline in offspring number observed (no value given) Parasitic wasp Oak leafminer Wasp 48000 12500 24000 5 Gamma Gamma 2.5 Gamma 152 408 184 RC RC Wasp Wasp 48000 48000 5 Gamma 5 Gamma 184 184 157 Table D.4 Plants Doserate range (µGy/h) Dose rate (µGy/h) Endpoint Effect Species Cumulative dose (Gy) Radiation type FREDERICA Record ID 0-50 MB MB MB Moderate reduction in the number of plants with leaves (22%) Severe increase in % yellowing in pine needles (48% compared with 0% in control) Major reduction in cumulative stem growth (43% the control value) Major reduction in needle length (40% the control value) in 1986, but no effect in 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988 on needle length; needle mass; ratio between thickness and width of needle Major reduction in survival at the end of the first vegetative period from the maximum number of sprouted plants (54% the control value). Komi area (high natural background) Severe increase in number of chromosomal aberrations (4.3-fold) Dandelion Pine Jack pine 4 4.9 11.2 Beta Mixed 16.4 Gamma 1151 950 340 MB Pine 20 3 Mixed 1020 MT Wild vetch 25 - Alpha Mixed (Sr-90 + Cs-137) 1153 MUT Dandelion 0.33 - 1151 158 MUT Severe increase in abnormal inheritance frequency of loci enzymatic products in endosperms (3.6-fold). Frequency= 2.8 E3/locus (control frequency= 0.78 E-3/locus) Major increase in frequency of mutations in allozyme loci and endosperms with mutations in enzyme loci (3-fold). Dose rates of 6.25 µGy/h produced only a 2-fold increase Severe increase in mutation frequency in Lap locus (14-fold) - 7.8E-3/locus (in controls= 5.4E-4/locus) Severe changes in seed lobe colour (7.6-fold) No statistically significant effect on number of anomalous cells in pollen Severe increase in mutation frequency in fermental locus (8.1-fold) = 4.9E-3/locus (in controls= (6.0-6.8)E-4/locus) No statistically significant effect on the aberrant cell frequency in anaphase analysis No statistically significant effect on genetic variability (concentration of different alleles (a,b,c, etc) at the Lap locus in population). Pine 0.83 Beta (Sr-90 + 0.2 Y-90) 1004 MUT Pine Centaury scabiose Dandelion 0.83 - Beta (Sr-90) Beta (Sr-90 + 0.4 Y-90) Mixed Alpha (U-238 + Ra-226) Mixed (Sr-90 + Cs-137) Beta (Sr-0.4 90+Y-90) 908 MUT MUT 1.54 4.72 - 1135 985 MUT Canada pea 5.58 - 999 MUT Pine Crepis tectorum 6.25 - 1164 MUT 9.91 953 MUT Blue-bottle 12.5 Beta (Sr-90 + 0.4 Y-90) 984 159 MUT MUT Minor increase in the number of heterozygous and homozygous plants on the basic alleles of the Lap locus (1.4-fold). Severe increase in number of chlorophyll mutations (3.2-fold) Major increase in aberrant cell frequency in anaphase analysis (2.7-fold), but no effects on aberrant cell frequency in metaphase analysis. Moderate increase in plants with abnormalities (1.6-fold) and waxy-reversions (1.89-fold). Blue-bottle Centaury scabiose 12.5 19.16 Beta (Sr-90 + 0.4 Y-90) Beta (Sr-90 + 5 Y-90) 984 1135 MUT Crepis tectorum 19.96 - Beta (Sr90+Y-90) Mixed (8 radionuclides 0.0336 not specified) Alpha (U-238, Ra-226; Po110 210) Mixed (Ra226; Rn-222; Po-210; Pb210) Mixed Mixed 953 MUT Barley 20.9 1013 MUT Moderate increase in number of chromosomal aberrations (1.75-fold) Moderate increases in chlorophyl mutation frequency in plants in M1 (1.75-fold), in plants in M2 (1.56-fold) and in ears M1 mutants (1.64-fold). No statistical effect on the frequency of isoalleles a, b, a´, b´of Lap locus Moderate increase in frequency of isoallele c of Lap locus (2-fold) Wild vetch 25 1154 MUT MUT MUT Barley Blue-bottle Blue-bottle 25 29 29 - 933 921 921 160 MUT Severe increase in frequency of isoallele c´of Lap locus (8-fold) No statistically significant effect on total number of different genotypes in generative populations Major decrease in the number of different genotypes in progeny homozygous (bb) and heterozygous (ab) parents (56% and 71% the control value, respectively) Major increase in frequency of chromosomal aberrations in needles (2.4-fold) No statistically significant effect on frequency of pink mutant cells and clones in stamen hairs (large and little plots) No statistically significant effect on % of aberrant cells in the root meristem Major decrease in seed mass (reduction to 55% the control value) No statistically significant effect on mass of seeds. Moderate decrease in energy of shooting (25% the control value) Severe decrease in % seed germination (6.7%the control value) (Chernobyl) No statistically significant effect on length, diameter or dry mass of cones Blue-bottle 29 - Mixed 921 MUT Blue-bottle 29 - Mixed 921 MUT MUT Blue-bottle Pine 29 38.83 Mixed 3.4 Mixed Beta (Sr-90 + 0.032 Y-90) Mixed Beta (Sr-90) Mixed Mixed Mixed Beta (Sr-90) 921 950 MUT MUT RC RC RC RC RC Spidermort Plantain Pine Dandelion Dandelion Dandelion Pine 45 50 4.16 5.5 5.5 5.5 6.25 - 899 949 908 926 926 926 908 161 RC RC Moderate decrease in embryonic lethality and sterile seed-buds when compared with control (21%). No statistically significant on mass of seeds. Minor increase (1.3-fold) of % yield and yield centres in Priekulsky and Lorch cultivars. Severe changes in leaf colour (4.9-fold) Moderate increase in % of shorted shoots (x2 compared with control) Moderate increase in % death of main top shoot (2% compared with 0% in control). No statistically significant effect on % gigantic shoots Moderate increase in the number of cells with chromosome aberrations in first mitosis of seed germs (1.5-fold) Major increase in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations (2.1-fold) (6.1+/0.7% compared to the 2.9+/-1.1% in the control) Severe increase in the mutation frequency of the fermental locus (5-fold) (3.0E-03 per 1 locus compared to the background rate of 6.0-6.8E-04 per 1 locus) Wild vetch Pea 25 42 - Alpha (U-238; Ra-226; Po0.05 210) Mixed 1152 989 RC Potato 45 0.095 Gamma 880 50-100 MT Dandelion 70.83 - Beta 1149 100-200 MT Scotch pine 100 1.2 Mixed 1165 162 200-400 Effects reported within this dose rate range have also been reported occurring at lower dose rate bands - these are already recorded within this Table Effects reported within this dose rate range have also been reported occurring at lower dose rate bands - these are already recorded within this Table Effect on tree canopy (no value given) Significant depression of the growth of leaves and branches and the number of lateral and terminal buds (no value given) Reduced humus content (no value given) Increase in the number of deaths of lateral and terminal buds (no value given) Standing crop reduced (no value given) Effects reported within this dose rate range have also been reported occurring at lower dose rate bands - these are already recorded within this Table No statistically significant effect on herbaceous plant community growth Major increase in mortality (50%) No statistically significant effect on seed germination Herbacous plant community Black ash Pitch pine 400-600 6001000 10005000 MB MB Pitch pine Woodland trees 500 1000 0.27 Gamma 87 Gamma 477 482 MB MB MB RC Balsam fir Oak Balsam fir Oak 1250 1916 2000 1458 - Gamma Gamma Gamma Gamma 523 329 523 329 500010000 > 10000 MB MT RC 65000 17400 55000 Gamma 98 Gamma 160 Gamma 482 331 497 163 Table D.5 Mammals Doserate range (µGy/h) Endpoint Effect Species Dose rate (µGy/h) Cumulative dose (Gy) Radiation type FREDERICA Record ID 0-50 MB MB Minor decrease of body weight (10% reduction). No statistically significant effect on hair density No statistically significant effect on body weight Otter Mice 10 N.A. 16 Alpha (Several radionuclides) 0.37 Gamma 1207 1046 MB Minor decrease of peripheral blood cells (15-50% reversible reduction) Vole 42 N.A. Alpha (Several radionuclides) 1204 MT MT 50-100 MT Moderate decrease of otter population density (33% reduction) Significant increase of life span (1.3 times the control value) Moderate decrease of life-span (30% decrease) Major effect in percentage of voles infected with ectoparasites and lowfatness voles in population (3- fold increase) Otter Mice Dog 10 N.A. 16 71 Alpha (Several radionuclides) 0.38 Gamma 7.5 Gamma 1207 1046 1198 MB Vole 80 N.A. Mixed (Chernobyl) 1203 164 RC Moderate decrease in fecundity (35% reduction in number of offspring sired and weaned; LOEDR) Major decrease of male fertility (50% reduction of fertile pairs after male irradiation; LOEDR) No statistically significant effect on life span Major effect in male reproductive organs (59% reduction in number of primitive stem germ cells and sperm production; LOEDR) No statistically significant effect on fertility and fecundity of F1 and F2 Major decrease of fecundity (60% reduction in litter size) and severe decrease in fertility (85% reduction in fertile females) in F3 and F4 Major decrease in fecundity of F1 and F2 (50% reduction in early survival) No pathological changes in liver, kidney, lungs or spleen Major decrease of life span (45% decrease) Severe increase in the frequency of unstable chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells (3-fold increase) Mice 100 0.15 Gamma 586 RC 100-200 MT Mice Mice 100 150 0.6 Gamma 2.6 Beta<10 keV 586 782 RC RC Pigs Mice 104 190 0.3 Gamma 1 Gamma 602, 611 1040 RC RC Mice Mice 190 195 1 Gamma 1 Gamma Mixed 3.5 (Chernobyl) 2.1 Gamma Mixed 0.3 (Chernobyl) 602 611 200-400 MB MT Squirrel Rats 291 240 1241 678 MUT Vole 400 1196 165 RC Moderate effect in female reproductive organs (30% reduction in number of oocytes) Major effect in female reproductive organs (57% reduction in number of germ cells) and severe effect in male reproductive organs (89% reduction in number of germ cells; LOEDR) Major effect in female reproductive organs (48% reduction in number of primary oocytes) Major decrease of the multiplication rate per generation (60% reduction; estimated value since the effects on fertility could not be measured in the study) Minor decrease in percentage of older animals in the population (10% reduction) Severe increase of mutation frequency at seven specific loci in spermatogonia (5-fold increase) Moderate decrease of fertility (40% reduction) but no effect in fecundity in 1st and 2nd pregnancy Major effect in male reproductive organs (50% reduction in A1 spermatogonia) Rats 202 0.2 Beta<10 keV 560 RC Pigs 230 0.5 Gamma 629 RC Mice 333 0.3 Gamma 1031 RC Rats 340 3.6 Gamma 678 400-600 MT Mice 458 4.3 Beta >10 keV 1211 MUT Mice 420 3 Gamma 570 RC Pigs 417 1.1 Gamma 1040 RC Rats 420 0.3 Gamma 593 166 RC 6001000 MB MB MT MT Major effect in female and male reproductive organs (55% reduction in ovary and testis weight; LOEDR) Severe effect in percentage of voles infected with parasites (6-fold increase) Minor decrease of peripheral white blood cells (27% reduction) Minor decrease of life span (11-14% reduction, depending on gender) Moderate decrease of life span (34% reduction) No statistically significant effect in male reproductive organs (frequency of abnormal sperm heads) Severe effect in female reproductive organs (93% reduction in primary oocytes/ovary; LOEDR) Moderate decrease of fecundity (30% reduction in number of litters per fertile female) and female fertility (39% reduction of fertility span) Moderate effect in male reproductive organs (35% reduction in testes mass). 100% of mice temporary sterile (30-40 days). No statistically significant effect on body and brain weight after in utero irradiation Pigs Vole Dogs Mice Mice 450 625 854 954 959 1.1 Gamma 5 Beta >10 keV 1 Gamma 8 Gamma 16.8 Gamma Mixed 2.7 (Chernobyl) 629 1214 790 1072 618 RC Mice 625 1193 RC Mice 700 0.5 Beta<10 keV 1031 RC Mice 937 0.09 Gamma 616 RC 10005000 Mice 958 Mixed 3 (Chernobyl) 1193 MB Rats 1250 0.7 Beta<10keV 607 167 MB MB Minor effect in several hormones concentration (dopamine, follicle stimulating hormone and norepinephrine) Minor decrease of brain weight after in utero irradiation (10% reduction; LOEDR) Minor decrease of peripheral blood cells (Dose rate correspond to initial skeleton dose-rate) No statistically significant effect on body weight Minor effect in percentage of voles with anomalous growth of upper teeeth (16% increase) Minor effects on growth rate (5% reduction) Minor decrease of body and brain weight after in utero irradiation (16% reduction) Severe decrease of body weight after in utero irradiation (84% reduction; LOEDR) Moderate decrease of survival (25% reduction) Statistically significant decrease of life span (no value reduction available) No statistically significant effect on life span Rats 1250 1.3 Beta<10keV 1024 Pigs 1360 3.2 Gamma 629 MB MB Dogs Vole 1833 N.A. 1833 Beta>10keV 6 Gamma 632 1069 MB MB Vole Rats 2500 2919 12 Beta >10 keV 6.3 Gamma 671; 724 1230 MB Pigs 3200 7.6 Gamma 629 MB MT MT MT Pigs Goats Rats Dogs 3200 1083 1250 1585 7.6 Gamma 38 Gamma 16 Gamma 4.5 Gamma 629 620 1213 1035 168 MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT Severe decrease of life span due to acute death (64% reduction) No statistically significant effect on percentage survival Severe decrease of survival (70% reduction) Major decrease of survival (50% reduction) (BALB/C mice) Moderate decrease of life span (30% reduction; LOEDR) Severe decrease of life span due to late occurring death (70% reduction) Severe decrease of life span (65% reduction) Major decrease of survival (50% reduction) Statistically significant decrease of life span (no value given) Severe decrease of fecundity of the F2,3 litters (70% reduction in embryo survival) Moderate effect in male reproductive organs (77% reduction in testis weight and sperm content). No effects in female reproductive organs (ovary weight) Major decrease of fecundity (60% reduction in embryos alive; LOEDR) Dogs Vole Vole Mice Guinea pig Dogs Goats Dogs Rats 1704 1833 2500 2580 2750 3409 3500 4167 4167 16.4 Gamma 6 Gamma 12 Beta >10 keV 13.2 Gamma 22 Gamma 20.4 Gamma 26.5 Gamma 40 Gamma 55 Beta >10 keV 1044 1069 1210 615 786 1044 620 683 1213 RC Rats 1250 1.3 Beta<10 keV 1024 RC RC Rats Rats 1250 1251 1.3 Beta<10 keV 0.7 Beta<10 keV 1024 607 169 RC Moderate effect in male reproductive organs (40% and 27% reduction in A4 and As spermatogonia and testis weight, respectively) Severe effect in male reproductive organs (83% reduction of sperm production and reduced semen quality), although males were considered fertile. No statistically significant effect on fecundity (number born/female) Moderate effect in female and male reproductive organs (45 and 17% reduction in number of germ cells, respectively; LOEDR) Major effect in male reproductive organs (55% reduction of type A spermatogonia) Moderate effect on male reproductive organs (30% reduction of preleptotene spermatocytes) Moderate decrease of male fertility (25% reduction) and major effect in male reproductive organs (50% reduction of testes weight;LOEDR) Significant irreversible damage in the ovaries (no value given) Major effect in male reproductive organs ( 43% reduction of testicular weight) Rats 1260 0.9 Gamma 593 RC RC Goats Goats 1300 1300 9.5 Gamma 25.7 Gamma 621 622 RC Rats 1360 0.6 Gamma 629 RC Rats 2085 0.6 Gamma 668 RC Rats 2085 1.3 Gamma 668 RC RC Rats Mice 2085 2375 3.5 Gamma 3.1 Gamma 668 594 RC Mice 2375 5.1 Gamma 594 170 RC RC Severe effect on females fertility/fecundity (render no litters); Moderate decrease of fecundity (litter size) after male irradiation (22% reduction) Major effects on male reproductive organs (40-60% reduction in spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatids values) Moderate decrease of fecundity (28% reduction in number of embryos per female) Major effects in male reproductive organs (59% reduction of spermatogonia per testis) Major decrease in fecundity (47% reduction in litter size), but 3 other authors have not seen effect on litter size with higher dose-rates. Major decrease of female fertility (42% reduction in litter size) No statistically significant effect on fecundity (litter size) Severe effect on female fertility (no females were fertile) Major decrease of fecundity (43% reduction in number born/female) Mice 2375 5.4 Gamma 594 Mice 2375 8 Gamma 594 RC Mice 2500 12 Beta >10 keV 1210 RC Rats 2919 0.6 Gamma 671 RC RC RC RC RC Mice Mice Mice Mice Goats 3000 3000 3500 3500 3500 0.5 Gamma 0.5 Gamma 3.4 Gamma 3.4 Gamma 42.5 Gamma 624, 589, 616, 1039 624 616, 1039 589 622 171 RC RC 500010000 No statistically significant effect on female fertility (number of reproductively active females) Moderate decrease of fecundity (30% reduction of litters/female) No statistically significant effect on thyroid function (Dose-rate and dose in thyroid) Major decrease of life span (50% reduction) Severe decrease of survival (70% reduction) (B6CF1 mice) Moderate decrease of life span (33% reduction) Severe increase of mutation rates in paternal simple tandem repeat (2.8-fold increase) Major increase of paternal mutation per offspring band loci MMS10 plus Ms6-hm plus Hm-2 (2-fold increase) Severe effect in female reproductive organs (70% reduction of stage 1 oocytes) No statistically significant effect on peripheral blood cells numbers Vole Mice 3840 4200 6 Gamma 2.2 Gamma 1069 1039 MB MT MT MT Sheep Mice Mice Mice 8900 5004 6000 7584 90 Beta>10keV 35.4 Gamma 35.4 Gamma 19.2 Gamma 623 619 615 1027 MUT Mice 9960 0.14 Gamma 576 MUT Mice 9960 1 Gamma 577 RC > 10000 MB Mice Dogs 5430 14583 0.44 Gamma 14 Gamma 683, 790 544 172 MB MB MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT MT Major decrease of embryo weight (55% reduction) and moderate decrease of embryos length (23% reduction) after in utero irradiation Severe thyroid damage (Dose-rate and dose in thyroid) Moderate decrease of life span (20% reduction) (RF/Un mice) Severe dcrease of survival (70% reduction) (C57BL/6 mice) Life shortening 0.04 days/rad (4 strain of mice, both sexes) Moderate decrease of life span (33% reduction) Moderate decrease of survival (24% reduction); dose-rate to the skeleton Major decrease of survival at 60 days post-irradiation (50% reduction) Severe decrease of life span (62% reduction) Life shortening 0.0365 days/rad No statistically significant effect on life span (C57BL mice) Severe decrease of survival (80% reduction) (A/J mice) Major decrease of survival 30 days posirradiation (50% reduction) (Carworth CF-I mice) Rats Sheep Mice Mice Mice Pigs Dogs Sheep Mice Mice Mice Mice 25000 148750 11426 12000 12000 N.A. 14000 18000 20000 20850 21600 N.A. 23644 24000 6 Gamma 1.5 Beta>10keV 5.8 Gamma 57.1 Gamma Gamma 6.1 Gamma 0.16 Beta>10keV 6.4 Gamma 14 Gamma Gamma 16.2 Gamma 55.2 Gamma 601 623 614 615 615 789 630 609 618 1021 613 615 MT Mice 48000 27.6 Gamma 628 173 MT MT Major decrease of survival 30 days posirradiation (50% reduction) Major decrease of survival 60 days posirradiation (50% reduction) Major decrease of survival 30 days posirradiation (50% reduction) (Carworth CF-I mice) No statistically significant effect on the frequency of micronucleated polyochromatic erythrocytes offsprings No statistically significant effect on fecundity (litter size, percentage of stillborn, birth weight) (Dose-rates to bone; 625 µCi d-1) Minor decrease of fecundity (11% reduction in litter size, weight at weaning and at young) and Severe effect in female and male reproductive organs (86% reduction of ovary and testes weight) Severe decrease in fecundity (75% reduction in embryo survival) Goats Sheep 800000 6600000 5.5 Gamma 2.4 Gamma 620 609 MT Mice 25300000 7.7 Gamma 628 MUT Mice 11042 4.2 Gamma 575 RC Pigs 16666 N.A. Beta>10 keV 625 RC RC Rats Rats 18000 25000 3 Gamma 6 Gamma 605 601 174 Table D.6 Soil Fauna (Soil Invertebrates and Detritivorous invertebrate ) Dose-rate range (µGy/h) Endpoint Effect Species Dose rate (µGy/h) Cumulative dose (Gy) Radiation type FREDERICA Record ID 0-50 MT No statistically significant effect on survival rates between exposed and unexposed woodlouse No statistically significant effect on the recovery of the species Porcellio scaber. Decrease in the abundancy of Trachelipus Woodlouse 28 - Gamma 762 RC 50-100 100-200 200-400 400-600 600-1000 10005000 500010000 MT MB MB MT MB MB wachtleri Woodlouse 41.66 - Mixed 1172 No data in FREDERICA for effects observed at this dose rate range Slow recovery of soil fauna reported (no value given) Reduced biodiversity in microartropodes (no value given) No data in FREDERICA for effects observed at this dose rate range No data in FREDERICA for effects observed at this dose rate range Death of myriapods (reduced biodiversity) (no value given) No statistically significant effect on growth No statistically significant effect on growth No statistically significant effect on mortality Not specific Not specified 108.33 291.66 - Mixed Mixed 1171 1171 Not specified Earthworm Woodlouse Earthworm 1250 8500 8900 8500 - Beta Gamma Gamma Gamma 757 247 247 247 175 MT RC RC No statistically significant effect on mortality No statistically significant effect on reproduction No statistically significant effect on reproduction Lower numbers of earthworms were observed when compared with the control. These earthworms were also smaller than the control (no values given) Woodlouse Earthworm Woodlouse 8900 8500 8900 - Gamma Gamma Gamma 247 247 247 > 10000 MT Earthworm 60000000 - Alpha 639 Woodlouse-Detritivorous invertebrate Worm-Soil invertebrate 176 Table D.7 FREDERICA References FREDERICA Record ID FREDERICA Reference Baldwin,W.F. , (1970) , Radiation induced mutations in insects. , The Manitoba Entomologist. , 4 , , 5-13. Baldwin, W.F. , (1962) , The effect of radiation dose rate on the production of eye colour mutations in the Chalcid Dahlbominus. , Radiation Research. , 27 , , 127-132. Baldwin, W.F. , (1968) , Increased yield of gamma-induced eye colour mutations from chronic versus acute exposures in Dahlbominus. , Isotopes and Radiation in Entomology, (Baldwin, W.F. Ed) IAEA Vienna. , , , 365-375. McMahan, E.A. , (1970) , Radiation and the termites at El Verde. , A Tropical Rainforest: A Study of Irradiation and Ecology at El Verde, Puerto Rico. (Odum, H.T., Pigoen, R.F. 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Moscow, Nauka , , , 122-126 Pyastolova, O.A., Vershinin V.L., Trubetskaja E.A., Gatiatullina Ye.Z. , (1996) , Using of Amphibians in the bioindicatoring studies in the territory of the East-Ural radioactive trace , Ekologia (Ecology) , N5 , , 378-382 Suvorova, L.I., Spirin, D.A., Martyushev, V.Z., Smirnov, E.G., Tarasov, O.V., Shein, G.P. , (1993) , Assessment of biological and ecological consequences of radioactive contamination of biogeocenoses. , Radiation Aspects of the Chernobyl Accident , 2 , 1214 1230 1231 1241 187 APPENDIX E: JAPAN’S ANIMALS Table E.1 Types of Species from WWF Ecoregion (WWF, 2006) Count of Types Species Ecoregion Honshu Alpine Conifer Forests Nihonkai evergreen forests Nihonkai Montane Deciduous Forests Taiheiyo Evergreen Forests Taiheiyo Montane Deciduous Forests Grand Total Class Name Amphibia 20 24 28 29 26 127 Grand Aves Mammalia Total 195 67 296 241 50 329 251 69 362 264 52 368 237 55 333 1188 293 1688 *Some of the same species are counted more than once across ecoregions. 188 Animal species found in the Taiheiyo Montane Deciduous Forests listed by WWF Table E.2 List of Amphibians (WWF, 2006) Amphibians SPECIES NAME japonicus torrenticola japonicus japonica boulengeri dunni kimurae lichenatus naevius nebulosus nigrescens stejnegeri japonicus limnocharis catesbeiana japonica nigromaculata ornativentris porosa rugosa sakuraii tagoi buergeri arboreus schlegelii phyrrhogaster COMMON NAME Japanese Toad Honshu Toad Japanese Giant Salamander Japanese Treefrog Boulenger's Oriental Salamander Dunn's Oriental Salamander Hondo Salamander Aomori Salamander Sagami Salamander Mitsjama Salamander Sendai Salamander Stejneger's Oriental Salamander Japanese Clawed Salamander Boie's Wart Frog Bullfrog Agile Frog Black-spotted Frog Nikko Frog Kanagawa Frog Wrinkled Frog Napparagawa River Frog Tago Frog Buerger's Frog Kinugasa Flying Frog Schlegel's Flying Frog Japanese Firebelly Newt Reptiles SPECIES NAME spinalis vibakari climacophora conspicillata quadrivirgata tigrinus japonicus tawaensis tachydromoides latiscutatus reevesii japonica scripta sinensis blomhoffi COMM Peters' Japane Japane Red Jap Japane Asian T Schlege Tawa G Japane Far Eas Reeves Japane Commo Chines Japane 189 Table E.3 List of Birds (WWF, 2006) Birds SPECIES NAME stellata arctica pacifica adamsii ruficollis cristatus auritus grisegena nigricollis carbo capillatus pelagicus olor cygnus columbianus galericulata penelope americana falcata strepera formosa crecca platyrhynchos poecilorhyncha acuta querquedula clypeata ferina fuligula marila histrionicus nigra fusca clangula albellus serrator merganser garzetta intermedia cinerea alba ibis striatus nycticorax goisagi COMMON NAME Red-throated Loon Arctic Loon Pacific Loon Yellow-billed Loon Little Grebe Great Crested Grebe Horned Grebe Red-necked Grebe Eared Grebe Great Cormorant Japanese Cormorant Pelagic Cormorant Mute Swan Whooper Swan Tundra Swan Mandarin Duck Eurasian Wigeon American Wigeon Falcated Duck Gadwall Baikal Teal Green-winged Teal Mallard Spot-billed Duck Northern Pintail Garganey Northern Shoveler Common Pochard Tufted Duck Greater Scaup Harlequin Duck Black Scoter White-winged Scoter Common Goldeneye Smew Red-breasted Merganser Common Merganser Little Egret Intermediate Egret Gray Heron Great Egret Cattle Egret Striated Heron Black-crowned Night-Heron Japanese Night-Heron SPECIES NAME sinensis eurhythmus haliaetus ptilorhyncus migrans albicilla pelagicus spilonotus cyaneus gularis nisus gentilis indicus buteo chrysaetos nipalensis tinnunculus columbarius subbuteo peregrinus japonica thoracica soemmerringii mutus aquaticus fusca chloropus atra benghalensis rusticola solitaria hardwickii gallinago limosa lapponica phaeopus arquata madagascariensis erythropus stagnatilis nebularia ochropus glareola cinereus hypoleucos COMMON NAME Yellow Bittern Schrenck's Bittern Osprey Oriental Honey-buzzard Black Kite White-tailed Eagle Steller's Sea-Eagle Eastern Marsh-Harrier Northern Harrier Japanese Sparrowhawk Eurasian Sparrowhawk Northern Goshawk Grey-faced Buzzard Common Buzzard Golden Eagle Mountain Hawk-Eagle Eurasian Kestrel Merlin Eurasian Hobby Peregrine Falcon Japanese Quail Chinese Bamboo-Partridge Copper Pheasant Rock Ptarmigan Water Rail Ruddy-breasted Crake Common Moorhen Eurasian Coot Greater Painted-snipe Eurasian Woodcock Solitary Snipe Latham's Snipe Common Snipe Black-tailed Godwit Bar-tailed Godwit Whimbrel Eurasian Curlew Far Eastern Curlew Spotted Redshank Marsh Sandpiper Common Greenshank Green Sandpiper Wood Sandpiper Terek Sandpiper Common Sandpiper 190 Table E.4 List of Mammals Mammals SPECIES NAME COMMON NAME dsinezumi Dsinezumi Shrew murinus Asian House Shrew platycephala Flat-headed Water Shrew hosonoi Azumi Shrew shinto Shinto Shrew mizura Japanese Mountain Mole kobeae Kobe Mole minor Small Japanese Mole wogura Japanese Mole pilirostris True's Shrew Mole talpoides Japanese Shrew Mole cornutus Little Japanese Horseshoe Bat ferrumequinumGreater Horseshoe Bat leucomelas Eastern Barbastelle bombinus Far Eastern Myotis frater Fraternal Myotis hosonoi Hosono's Myotis ikonnikovi Ikonnikov's Bat macrodactylus Big-footed Myotis pruinosus Frosted Myotis aviator Birdlike Noctule endoi Endo's Pipistrelle savii Savi's Pipistrelle auritus Brown Big-eared Bat sinensis Asian Particolored Bat silvatica Forest Tube-nosed Bat schreibersii Schreibers's Long-fingered Bat fuscata Japanese Macaque procyonoides Raccoon Dog vulpes Red Fox meles Eurasian Badger melampus Japanese Marten erminea Ermine nivalis Least Weasel thibetanus Asiatic Black Bear nippon Sika Deer crispus Japanese Serow lis Japanese Squirrel leucogenys Japanese Giant Flying Squirrel momonga Japanese Flying Squirrel SPECIES NAME rufocanus montebelli andersoni smithii argenteus speciosus minutus japonicus brachyurus abramus japonensis nippon hilgendorfi itatsi insignis COMMON NAME Gray Red-backed Vole Japanese Grass Vole Japanese Red-backed Vole Smith's Vole Small Japanese Field Mouse Large Japanese Field Mouse Eurasian Harvest Mouse Japanese Dormouse Japanese Hare 191 Table E.5 List of Mammals (Continued) Mammals SPECIES NAME COMMON NAME dsinezumi Dsinezumi Shrew murinus Asian House Shrew platycephala Flat-headed Water Shrew hosonoi Azumi Shrew shinto Shinto Shrew mizura Japanese Mountain Mole kobeae Kobe Mole minor Small Japanese Mole wogura Japanese Mole pilirostris True's Shrew Mole talpoides Japanese Shrew Mole cornutus Little Japanese Horseshoe Bat ferrumequinumGreater Horseshoe Bat leucomelas Eastern Barbastelle bombinus Far Eastern Myotis frater Fraternal Myotis hosonoi Hosono's Myotis ikonnikovi Ikonnikov's Bat macrodactylus Big-footed Myotis pruinosus Frosted Myotis aviator Birdlike Noctule endoi Endo's Pipistrelle savii Savi's Pipistrelle auritus Brown Big-eared Bat sinensis Asian Particolored Bat silvatica Forest Tube-nosed Bat schreibersii Schreibers's Long-fingered Bat fuscata Japanese Macaque procyonoides Raccoon Dog vulpes Red Fox meles Eurasian Badger melampus Japanese Marten erminea Ermine nivalis Least Weasel thibetanus Asiatic Black Bear nippon Sika Deer crispus Japanese Serow lis Japanese Squirrel leucogenys Japanese Giant Flying Squirrel momonga Japanese Flying Squirrel SPECIES NAME rufocanus montebelli andersoni smithii argenteus speciosus minutus japonicus brachyurus abramus japonensis nippon hilgendorfi itatsi insignis COMMON NAME Gray Red-backed Vole Japanese Grass Vole Japanese Red-backed Vole Smith's Vole Small Japanese Field Mouse Large Japanese Field Mouse Eurasian Harvest Mouse Japanese Dormouse Japanese Hare