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NIGERIA AND US RELATIONS UNDER A DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM: 1999-2012 BY EMMA MWUESE AGBEGIR MIAD/SOC-SCI/8376/2011-2012 A PROJECT RESEARCH WORK SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE, FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTERS IN INETRNATIONAL AFFAIRS AND DIPLOMACY (MIAD) MARCH, 2013. CERTIFICATION This is to certify that this research project has been read and approved as meeting the requirements for the award of a Masters in International Affairs and Diplomacy, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. (Project Supervisor) Mr. Paul Muftwang Date (Dean Postgraduate School) Date Prof. A.A Joshua (Head of Department) Date Dr.Hudu Abdullahi DECLARATION I, Agbegir Emma Mwuese, hereby declare that this project was conducted solely by me, and that it has never been presented anywhere before in whatever form. I accept full responsibility for any error(s) or omissions that may be observed. DEDICATION I profoundly dedicate this work to God almighty for seeing me through a successful year in my studies. I also dedicate this work to my beloved parents, Mr & Mrs. Agbegir, and my sisters Angela and Lisa because without them nothing in my life would have been possible. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am most grateful to God almighty for his mercy, love, care, and guidance which has sustained me throughout my academic pursuits as well as in every aspect of my life. I am very grateful to my supervisor, Mr. Paul Muftwang for his fatherly guidance, patience, and counseling which made this work possible. I am also grateful to my lecturers for the knowledge they instilled in me in order to help me achieve my academic goal. I want to further express my sincere thanks to my parents, Mr. and Mrs. Agbegir for their parental advice, guidance, support as well as financial and moral support throughout my course of study. I also want to express my gratitude to my sisters Angela and Lisa, and my dear Aunty Mwarga for their love, care, and encouragement in all my endeavors throughout my academic pursuit. I want to thank my dear friends, Zainab, Sally, Asabe, Rabi, Dorothy, Belinda, Ayeesha, and my dear sister Schola for their care, support, kindness, and encouragement. May God bless you all. I would like to give a special thanks to my friend Paul who has been my inspiration as well as my backbone. I would like to thank my fellow MIAD course mates and wish them a successful life ahead. Lastly, I want to say rest in peace to my fellows Postgraduate course mates who didn’t get to see the finish line. May their souls rest in perfect peace, Amen. TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page - - - - - - - - - i Certification - - - - - - - - - ii Declaration - - - - - - - - - iii Dedication - - - - - - - - - iv Acknowledgement - - - - - - - - v Table of Content - - - - - - - - vi Abstract - - - - - - - - - ix CHAPTER ONE Introduction - - - - - - - - - 1 1.1 Background - - - - - - - - 1 1.2 Statement of Research Problem - - - - - 4 1.3 Aims/Objectives of Research - - - - - 5 1.4 Theoretical Framework - - - - - - 6 1.5 Research Questions - - - - - - - 7 1.6 Research Propositions - - - - - - - 7 1.7 Methodology - - - - - - - - 7 1.8 Significance of the Study - - - - - - 8 1.9 Definition of Concepts - - - - - - - 9 1.10 Scope and Limitations - - - - - - - 10 1.11 Outline of Chapters - - - - - - - 11 CHAPTER TWO Literature Review - - - - - - - 13 2.1 Nigerian Foreign Policy: an Overview - - - - 13 2.2 Domestic Determinants of Foreign Policy - - - - 15 2.3 Politics of Nigerian Foreign Policy - - - - - 16 2.4 Between Nigeria and the USA - - - - - - 20 2.5 Tensions and Motivations Underlying U.S-Nigerian Relations - 22 2.6 The United States Interest in Relations with Nigeria - - 24 2.7 Nigeria’s Interest in Relations with the United States - - 26 CHAPTER THREE 3.1 Foundations of Nigeria’s Foreign Policy - - - - 30 3.2 Ideological Foundations - - - - - - 31 3.3 Nationalism - - - - - - - - 31 3.4 Pan-Africanism - - - - - - - - 34 3.5 Capitalism - - - - - - - - - 35 3.6 Social and Cultural Foundations - - - - - 37 3.7 Economic Foundations - - - - - - - 38 3.8 Principles of Nigeria’s Foreign Policy - - - - 39 3.9 Leadership and Nigeria’s Foreign Policy - - - - 40 CHAPTER FOUR 4.1 History of Nigerian Foreign Policy - - - - - 44 4.2 The United Sates Foreign Policy - - - - - 47 4.3 Nigeria’s Foreign Policy and Role Conception (1999-2007) - 50 4.4 Globalization and Nigeria-US Relations - - - - 56 CHAPTER FIVE 5.1 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations - - - 60 5.2 Conclusion - - - - - - - - - 62 5.3 Recommendations - - - - - - - 65 ABSTRACT For centuries, United States foreign policy has been outwardly characterized by its diplomatic and economic encouragement of fledgling democracies around the world. In particular, African nations are seen to benefit from America’s idealistic foreign agenda. After forty years of independent struggle and civil war, Nigeria has reached a stage in its history where it is in dire need to reposition its global position through international trade and assistance. At this critical stage in Nigeria’s political development, will U.S. policymakers pay lip service to democracy through limited “unrewarding social work” or will it recognize common national interests to further a “genuinely reciprocal and mutually beneficial” relationship' Or will Nigerian leaders refuse to change their role conception from continental to global' This research critiques the quantity and quality of U.S. aid to Nigeria, examining underlying tensions and motivations, and the forces of globalization. In order for Nigeria to find a true and stable democracy, this research contends that the stance of Africa as the center piece of Nigerian foreign policy, which has always been determined by the role conception of its past leaders, needs to change and be broadened. This is as a result of the new phenomena of globalization.