Metals_Chemistry_and_My_Perception

Metals metallurgy – My Perception Metals are chemical elements which are good conductors having heat and electrical conductivity. It forms cations and anions and its forms ionic bond with non-metals. Their elements compounds and alloys have high electrical conductivity. In the metal the atoms readily lose electrons to form positive ions. The solid thus produced is held by electron interaction between ion and electron cloud are called metallic bonds. Position in the periodic table Metals occupy bulk of the periodic table. The non-metals occupy the right hand side of periodic table. The diagonal line drawn from Boron to Pollonium. Separate the metals from non-metals. The elements found on the upper right of the periodic table are non-metals. The elements found on the lower left of the periodic table are non-metals. Metals occupy the groups on the left of the periodic table group I A of the periodic table consists of highly reactive metals called alkali metals while group IIA of the periodic table consists of alkaline earth metals. The elements between group IIA and group IIIA are known as transition metals. Base Metals It refers to metal that oxidizes or corrodes relatively easily. Copper is a base metal. It oxidizes relatively easy and it provides opposition to noble metals. In alchemy base metals are common and in expensive. And it provides opposition to precious metals. Noble Metals The metals that are resistant to corrosion or oxidation (ex:) Tantalum, Gold, Platinum, Silver. Source and evolution of metals Progress of civilization was first benchmarked by man’s increasing knowledge and usage of metallic deposits in earth crust. Early man used stones, bones and wood to fulfill their requirements of hunting, cooking, and building. The first metal to be found and used was copper. By 2000 BC he acquired the knowledge of extracting iron from its ores by heating and this period came to be known as Iron Age. Bronze was used for many years and this epoch of history became bronze age. Today metals are sowvital that the modern man cannot live with out them. They have became essential for the construction of houses, transportation, communication, electricity, house hold articles, scientific instruments, coins, etc. More than 75% or metals. International year of chemistry It is a world wide celebration of the achievements of chemistry and its contributions to the well being of human kind. 2011 coincides with 100th anniversary of noble prizes awarded to Madame Marie Curie. It is an opportunity to celebrate the celebrations of women to science. Thus 2011 is celebrated as International year of chemistry. Applications of metals Most commonly used structural metals are iron and aluminium. Metals are good conductors making them valuable electrical appliances for carrying electric current over a distance with little amount of energy lost. Electric power grids rely on metal cables to conduct electricity. The conductivity of metals is useful for containers to heat metariels over flame used for heat sinks to protect sensitive equipment from over heating. High reflection of some metals is important in mirrors and precision astronomical instruments. It can make jewelley aesthetically appealing. Radio active metals such as U and Pu are used in nuclear power plants to produce energy via nuclear fusion. Mercury which a liquid at room temperature are used in switches to complete the circuit. Shape memory alloys are used for Pipes, fasteners and vascular sten. Lead It has high density and resistant and its used for ballast keel of sail boat. It’s high density allows it to counter balance the healing effect of the wind on the sails. While at the same time occupying small volume and thus offering least under water resistance. Used in Scuba Diving weight belts to counteract the diver’s natural buoyancy. Used frequently in PVC. It is a super conductor at 7.2K. A computer is made out of lead alloy. Gold It is atomic number 79. Its consumption is 50% in jewelley, 40% in investment, 10% in industry. At 18K forms an alloy with 25% copper known as rosegold. At 14K its forms an similar alloy like bronze, which used to make police badges. With iron its forms blue gold. It used as anti-inflammatory compound. Then its used in gold leaves and flakes are used in sweets for decorative purpose. Copper Atomic number is 29. Ductile metal. Then its named derive from latin word cuprum (meaning) from the Isand of Cyprus. Then its used in electro magnetic circuits, Integrated circuits and printed circuit boards, vaccum tubes, cathode rays tubes and magnentrons in microwave-owens. It is used in lighting rods, It is an essential trace element in plants and animals. Steel Carbon is the most alloying material for iron but various alloying elements such as manganese, chromium, vanadium, and tungsten and other elements act as hardening agents prevent dislocation in the iron atom crystallaise from sliding past one another. Varying the amount of alloyed elements and form of their presence in steel controls, qualities such as hardness, ductuility and tensile strength of the resulting steel. Steel with increased carbon content can be made harder and stronger than iron. Alloy with 2.1% C content forms cast iron. Steel also dintinguishable from wrought iron which can contain a small amount of carbon but it is included in the form of slag inclusions. Two dinstinguisable factors are steels increased rust resistance and better weldability Metallurgy Metallurgy is a domain of materials that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements their intermetallic compounds and their mixtures called alloys. It is also the technology of metals the way in which science is applied to the practical use. Metallurgy is distinguished from the graft of metal woking. Gourge Agricola, Author of “De re metallica”, an importantly book on metal extraction. Metal – Working process Casting - Molten metal is poured in to a shaped mould Forging - A red hot billet is hammered in shape Rolling - A built is passed through successively narrower rollers to create a sheet. Extrusion - A hot and malleable metal is forced under pressure through a die which shapes it before it cods. Sintering - A powdered metal is heated in a non oxidizing environment after being compressed into a die Machining - Lathes, milling machines and drills cut the cold metal to shape Fabrication - Sheets of metals are cut with guillotines or gas cutter Conclusion Thus I conclude by saving that “WITH METALS WE ARE ALL-HEROES, WITHOUT METALS WE WILL BECOME-ZEROES”