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Page: 1 Ch-1 The Rise Of The Modern Age Q1. MCQs. (a) Magellan (b) Vasco-da-gama (c) Columbus (d) David Livingstone. 2.In which country did the industrial revolution start first' 1.Who discovered the American continent' (a) England (b) France (c) USA (d) India 3.What did James Hargreaves invent ' (a) Water Frame (b) Flying Shuttle. (c) Spinning Mule, a mechanical spinning wheel. (d) Spinning Jenny, a spinning wheel. 4.Who invented the Sewing Machine' (a) Rudolf (b) Elias Howe (c) George Stevenson (d) John McAdam. 5.Between which two cities did rail service first begain in the world' (a) Mumbai and Thane (b) Liverpool and London (c) Liverpool and Manchester (d) Melbourne and Sydney. 6. Which king captured the congo region and established his rule over it' (a) King William of England (b) King Louis XIV of France (c) King Wilhem Kaiser of Germany (d) King Leopold of Belgium 7. Who established the independent state of Maharashtra' (a) Raghunath Rao (b) Baji Rao I (c) Shivaji (d) Narayan Rao 8. Who imparted material training to shivaji from his young age' (a) Dadaji Kond Deo (b) Dadaji Babaji (c) Dadaji Madhoji (d) Swami Ramdas 9.With whom did Shivaji make a treaty at purandar' (a) King Rajosinh (b) King Mansinh (c) King Jorawarsinh (d) King Jaysinh 10. What was the original name of Baji Rao I' (a)Visaji (b)Maloji (c)Balaji (d)Madhoji 11.Which Peshwa was murdered by his own uncle Raghoba' (a)Rajaram (b)Narayan Rao (c)Raghunath Rao (d)Baji Rao II 12.Who won the Third Maratha War' (a)Hyderali (b)The British (c)Nizam (d)the Marathas 13. With the fall of which peshwa did the swarajya established by shiwaji and peshwai come to an end' (a) Baji Rao III (b) Nana Phadanvis (c) Raghunath Rao (d) Baji Rao II 14. Which king of Iran attacked Delhi, ransacked it and caused great destruction to it' (a) Taimur shah (b) Afzal shah (c) Nadir shah (d) Masud saha. 15. In which fort did Shivaji’s coronation take place' (a) Rajgadh (b) Raighadh (c) Sinhghadh (d) Torana Q2. Explain the following terms: 1.Industrial Revolution:- New and numerous machines, tools and devices in the industrial field were invented in the eighteenth century. The fundamental change brought about by new means and method together in production is the Industrial Revolution. 2. The Modern Age: - The British defeated the Marathas in the Third Maratha War of 1818 and became the supreme power in India. He Modern Age began in India from that time onwards. 3. Colony: - The need to find rea materials at cheaper rates and find markets to sell their manufactured goods at higher prices arose for the owners of factories in Europe established their trading centers in other countries. In those large trading centers they became an economic and political power. These centers with their supremacy came to be known as colonies. 4. Cottage Industries: - Industries producing goods or articles using human power at home are called cottage industries. Sometimes animals also can be used. 5. Ryotwari: - The land revenue system in which the farmer himself owned the land and paid the land revenue taxes directly to the government was called ‘Ryotwari’ system. Page 2 6.Guerrilla Warfare:- When the enemy forces are quite unaware and unprepared, ambush them, attack themunexpectedly and fight. This type of warfare is called guerrilla warfare. Shivaji learnt guerrilla warfare from his ‘guru’ Swami Ramdas. Shivaji trained his Mavla soldiers in guerrilla warfare. 7. The Peshwaship: - In satara, the hereditary Brahmin minister of the Maratha kings was called ‘peshwa’. Later Cggatrapati sahu awarded peshwaship to a Chtipavan Brahmin. Balaji Vishwanath to organize his government well. 8. The Middle ages: - The middle age means the period between Ancient age and the Modern age. In Europe, the period between the fifth century and the fifteenth century is called the Middle Ages, while in india the period between the years 648 and 1818 is called the Middle Ages. 9. Rotary: - The land revenus system in which the farmer (ryot) himself owned the land and paid the land revenue taxes directly to the government was called ‘Ryotwari’ system. Q3. One Sentence Answers: 1] How many decisions of human history are there' Which are they' Ans. There are three main decisions of human history: The Ancient age, The Middle age, The Modern age. 2] Up to the death of which emperor is the period accepted as the Ancient Age in India by most scholars' Ans. Most scholars accept the period till the death of emperor Harsh as the Ancient Age in India. 3] Which period in Europe is said to be its Ancient Age' Ans. The period up to the fifth century AD is said to be the Ancient Age of Europe. 4] What is middle age' Ans. The period between the Ancient age and Modern age is called Middle age. 5] Which period is called the middle age in Europe' Ans. The period between the fifth century and the fifteenth century is called the middle age. 6] Which period is called the middle age in India' Ans. The period between the years 648 and 1818 is known as the middle age in India. 7] Who discovered the new sea-route from Europe to India in the year 1498' Ans. In 1498, Vasco-da-Gama discovered the new sea-route from Europe to India. 8] What is meant by Renaissance' Ans. The European civilization had been stagnment. As a result of the crusades which had started from the end of the 11th century AD a new fresh life was breathed in Europe. A new change of grate age began there. This process of change became faster and widespread in the 15th century. It began in Italy in the 14th century and spread to other countries. This change or revival is known as Renaissance. 9] which European nations came to India for trade' Ans. The Portuguese from Portugal, the Dutch from Holland, the Danes from Denmark, the Britishers from England and the French from France came to India as traders. 10] What is industrial revolution' Ans. New and numerous machines, tools and devices in the industrial field were invited in the eighteenth century. The fundamental change brought about by new means and methods together in production are known as the Industrial Revolution. 11] Generally, which period is known as the period of Industrial Revolution' Ans. Generally, the period of hundred years between 1750 and 1850 is known as the period of Industrial Revolution. 12] In which country did the Industrial Revolution begin' Ans. The Industrial Revolution begin in England. 13] In which industry did the Industrial Revolution begin first' Ans. The Industrial Revolution began first in the textile industry. 14] What did John Kay invent' When' Ans. John Kay invented the ‘Flying Shuttle’ in 1733. 15] What did James Hargreaves invent' When' Ans. Jams Hargreaves invented a machine called ‘Spinning Jenny’ in 1764 which spun cotton eight times faster. Page 3 16] What did Richard Arkwright invent' When' Ans. Richard Arkwright invented in 1769 a power spinner ‘Water Frame’ which worked on hydro power. 17] What did Samuel Crompton invent' When' Ans. Samuel Crompton invented ‘spinning Mule’ a power spinner for spinning fine yarn in 1779. 18] What did Edmund Cartwright invent' When' Ans. Edmund Cartwright invented ‘mechanical loom’ to wave cotton textiles, in 1785. 19] Who invented the sewing machine' When' Ans. Elias Howe invented the sewing machine in 1846. 20] What did James Smitten invent' What was the benefit of his invention' Ans. James Smitten invented a machine for blowing air to keep the fire in the furnace burning. It increased the spread of iron production. 21] Who invented the steam engine' When' Ans. James Watt invented the steam engine in 1765. 22] What did George Stevenson invent' When' Ans. George Stevenson invented the railway engine in 1814. It moved on the iron rails and used steam power. 23] Who invented the ‘diesel engine' Ans. Rudolf Diesel, a German inventor, invented a new type of engine, using crude oil. It was named ‘diesel’ engine after him. 24] Where did the first railway begin in the world' When' Ans. The first railway in the world began beween Liverpool and Manchester in England in 1830. 25] What did John Macadam invent' When' Ans. John McAdam, a Scottish engineer, invented a method to construct Macadamized (tar) roads in the beginning of the 19th century. 26] What did the Wright brothers invent' Ans. The Wright brothers, Orville and Wilbur, invented the aeroplane in U.S.A. 27] What did McCormick invent' When' Ans. McCormi invented a machinc called ‘Reaper’ in 1831 to harvest the farm-crops. 28] Who invented the machine called ‘drill’ fro sowing seeds' Ans. Jethro Tull invented the ‘drill’ machine for sowing seeds. 29] Who invented the telegraph' When' Ans. Samuel Morse invented the telegraph in 1844. 30] Who invented the telephone' When' Ans. Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1850. 31] The ideology of which social thinker did the Russian workers adopt for the communist Revolution' Ans.The Russin workers adopted the ideology of a German social thinker Karl Marx and brought about the communist Revolution in Russia. 32] Which Scottish missionary discovered the interior regions of Africa in 1840' Ans. The Scottish Missionary, David Livingston discovered many interior regions of Africa in 1840. 33] Who established his rule over large regions of Congo' Ans. King Leopold of Belgium established his rule over large regions of Congo. 34] Which different goods were exported from India in the old days' Ans. Fine muslin from Dhaka, ‘patolas’ from Patan, shawals and carpets from Kashmir, indigo, papers, perfumes, dried kernels of coconut, spices, jute, etc. were exported on large scale from India, 35] Which Indian entrepreneurs established new industries in India during the British rule' Ans. During the british rule in India, Ranchhodlal chhotalal, cowasji Davar, Walchand Hirachand, Lala Shriram, Jamshedji Tata, kasturbhai Lalbhai and many other Indian entrepreneurs established new industries in India. 36] Who laid the foundation of Mughal power in India in the year 1526' Page 4 Ans. Babar laid the foundation of Mughal power in India in the year 1526. 37] Which british representatives came to the court of Jahangir' Ans. Captain Hawkins and Sir Thomas Roe were the two british representatives who came to the court of Jahangir. 38] Where did the British East India Company established its first trading center in India' When' Ans. The British East India Company established its first trading center in India at Surat in 1613. 39] Name the places where the british established their factories or trading centers' Ans. The british established their factories or trading centers at Surat, Ahmadabad, Bharuch, Khambhat, Agra, Machilipatanam, Fort St. George (Chennai), Fort William (Kolkata), etc. 40] Of which states did the Britishers secure the civil power after the Battel of Buxar' Ans. The Britishers secure the civil power in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa after the Battel of Buxar. 41] Which different dtnasities ruled over India in the Modern Age' Ans. The Mughal dynasty, the Maratha dynasty, the Peshwa dynasty, the Sikh Dynasty, etc. were some of the dynasties or powers that ruled over India in the Modern Age. 42] Who was the last powerful emperor of the Mughal Empire' Ans. Aurangzeb was the last powerful emperor of the Mughal Empire. 43] Which Mughal emporors ruled from Delhi' Ans. Babra, Humayun, Ahbar, Jahangir, Shahjanan, Aurangzeb were the Mughal emperors who ruled from Delhi. 44] Why did numerous rebellions break out in the Mughal empire, against the rule of Aurangzeb' Ans. Numerous rebillions broke out in the Mughal empire against the rule of Aurangzeb because he followed intolerant economic, social and religious policies. 45] Who established the sikh power in the north' Ans. Maharaja Ranjit Singh established the sikh power in the north. 46] Which sentiments were aroused by the saints and their devotees among the people of Maharashtra' Ans. The saints and devotees aroused the sentiments of protection of the religion and independence among the people of Maharashtra. 47] Where and when was shivaji born' Ans. Shivaji was born in the Shivneri fort near pune in Maharashtra in 1627. 48] Write the names of the Shivaji’s parents. Ans. The name of the Shivaji’s parents was Jijabai and that of his father was Shahuji. 49] What was the name of Shivaji’s guru' Ans. The name of the shivaji’s guru was Swami Ramdas. 50] What lesions did Swami Ramdas teach Shivaji' Ans. Swami Ramdas thought Shivaji about the protections of cow and Brahmins, patroitesm and guerrilla warfare. 51] Which forts did Shivaji conquer' Ans. Shivaji conquered the forts Torna, Sinhagad, Rohila, Chanak, Purandar, Supa, Rajgadh, Baramati,Indapur, Konadana, etc. 52] Whome did shivaji killed using tigers claws' Ans. Shivaji killed Afzalkhan with a tiger’s claws. 53] Where was Shivaji coronated' Ans. Shivaji was coronated in 1674 in the fort of Raigadh. 54] Who established the independent kingdom of Marathas' When' Ans. Chhatrapati Samrat Shivaji Maharaj established the kingdom of Marathas in 1674 at Raighad. 55] Who was included in the Astha Pradhan Mandal appointed by shivaji' Ans. In his Astha Pradhan Mandal, Shivaji included Peshwa, Amatya, Sachiv, Mantri, Sumant, Senapati, Nyayadhish and panditrai. They were in charge of different departments. Page 5 56] Who formed the Maratha sungh ' why' Ans. Peshwa Baji Rao I formed the Maratha sungh to maintain and preserve the organization and unity of various Maratha powers. 57] During whose time did the Maratha power became supreme' Ans. The Maratha power became supreme during the time of Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao. 58] When and between whom were the first and second wars of panipat fought' Ans. The first war of panipat was fought in 1526 between Babra and Ibrahim Lodi. The second war of panipat was fought in 1556 between the armies of Hemu and Akbar. 59] Between whom was the Third war of panipat fought' When' What was the result of it' Ans. The third war of panipat was fought in 1761 between the armies of Ahmedshah Abdali and Sadashivrao Bhau, the commander of peshwa Balaji Roa. The Maratrhas suffeed a severe defeat in this war. 60] Who played the main and great part in the rise and expansion of the Maratha power' Ans. Chhatrapati shivaji, Peshwa Balaji Vishwanath, Peshwa Baji Roa I, Peshwa Madhao Rao I, etc. played the main and great part in the rise and expansion of the Mratha power. 61] Who/What was chiefly responsible for the fall of the Maratha power' Ans. The internecine clashes among the Maratha chiefs like Raghunath Rao and Daulet Rao were responsible for the fall of the Maratha power. Q4. Long Answers: Q1]. Explain the causes of Industrial Revolution in the textile industry' Ans. The Industrial Revolution first took place in England and it was mainly in the textile industry. The following are the reasons (factors) responsible for the beginning of Industrial Revolution in the textile industry in England : 1).Capital: The wealthy people-capitalist of England invested their capital in the inventions and purchase of new machines, with great zeal. 2). Iron and coal: Iron, coal and other minerals needed for the development of the industry where available on large scale in England. 3). Raw materials: England was in the position to obtain the raw materials easily from its colonies in India, America and other countries cheaply. 4). Climate: England enjoyed the climate suitable for the textile industry. 5). Skilled labourers: There were enough number of experts, skilled and trained labourers in England. 6). Market: England had the vast markets in its own colonies to sell its products at high prices. 7). Geographical location: For international trade, England has good geographical location and marine facilities like natural harbors. In addition to these, there were other factors like stability if government, security, encouragement from the rulers, etc. As a result of all these factors, the industrial revolution first took place in the textile industry in England. Q2]. Short Note on Industrial revolution in textile industry: Ans. The industrial revolution began in the textile industry in England. New machines were invented for spinning and weaving as they were needed in the textile industry. 1). A mechanic john Kay invented ‘flying shuttle’ in 1733. This shuttle doubled the speed of weaving. 2). James Hargreaves invented ‘spinning jenny’; a spinning wheel in 1764 in which eight threads could be spun at a time. 3). Later Richard Arkwright improved the ‘Spinning jenny’ in 1769 and made ‘Water Frame’, using water. These machines led to the factory system in England. 4). In 1779, Samuel Crompton made a mechanical spinning wheel, ‘Spinning Mule’. It used hydro-power and spun fine yarn. 5). Edmund Cartwright invented the ‘powerloom’ in 1785.With this powerloom, one man could do the work of four men. Page 6 As a result of all these and other inventions, significant changes came in the textile industry. The factory system started and later large mills came into existence in England. Q3.] Results of the Industrial revolution' Ans. The important results of the Induction were the following: 1) Factories (Machine industry) came into existence in place of handicrafts and cottage industries. 2) The former independent artisan became a labored as a result of the factory system. 3) Production through machines was faster, cheaper, on a large scale and of uniform quality, shape and weight. 4) The goods produced by the cottage industry could not compete with thegoods produced by the factories. Consequently the cottage industries were ruined. 5) Villages were deserted and new, large industrial cities came into existences. 6) In order to survive from their competitors, the producers began to spend minimum amount on the means of production. So they started paying minimum wages to their workers. As a result workers had to live in the slums near the factories. This gave rise to large, dirty and overcrowded slum areas in cities. Many problems of pollution and health hazards also cropped up. 7) In the new capitalist economy, the rich became richer and the poor became poorer. As a result, the wives and the children of the workers were forced to work to earn more. 8) As the unemployed people of villages moved to the cities, the joint family system broke down and the families split. 9) Two classes of people- the owners and the workers came into existence. 10) As the interests of these classes were mutually conflicting, a process of disputes between them started. 11) The workers who suffered and shared similar poor living conditions became conscious of their rights. They formed workers unions and organization to oppose the policies of exploitation by the capitalists in the society. 12) Inspired by the ideology of a classess society advocated by karl Marx, the workers in Russia succeeded in securing political power through Communist Revolution. 13) The Industrial Revolution contributed greatly in controlling the forces of nature and making the life of man less labourious and more prosperous. Q4]. Short Note on Shivaji: Ans. Shivaji was born in Shivneri fort of Maharashtra in 1627. His father’s name was Shahji and that of his mother was Jijabai. From his young age, Shivaji was trained in horse riding, spear-throwing, dandpatta, swimming, wrestiling, etc. by Dadaji Kondadev. His mother Jijabai told him stories of bravery from Ramayan, Mahabharat, and the Puranas. This made shivaji fearless, adventurous, self-respecting and patriotic. Swami Ramdas gave him lessons in the protection of Brahmins and cows, patriotism and guerrilla warfare. With his inspiration shivaji organized the Marathas. He recruited the hardy Mavla youth in his army, trained them and made them disciplined soldiers. He trained them in guerrilla warfare. In 1646, Shivaji first captured the fort of Torna. Thereafter he conquered many other forts like Sinhagad, Rohila, Chakan, PurandarSupa, Rajgadh, Baramati, Indapur, Kondana, etc. Shivaji also built some new forts. On account of his activities, the sultan of Bijapur became the enemy of shivaji. The sultan sent his powerful commander Afzalkhan to arrest Shivaji but Shivaji killed him. In 1665, the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb sent Raja Jaysinh, the king of Amer, to persuade Shivaji to visit Agra for a meeting. Shivaji made a treaty with Jaysinh at Purander . According to it, Shivaji went to Agra to meet Aurangzeb, who put Shivaji and his son Sambhaji under house arrest. Shivaji pretended to be ill and arranged to send baskets of sweets to sadhus and saints. One day shivaji and his son, escaped, hidingthemselves in the baskets of sweets. Thereafter, Shivaji recaptured all his forts which Aurangzeb had captured. In 1674, Shivaji got himself coronated in the fort of Raigadh and assumed the title ‘Chhatrapati’. Thus Shivaji established an independent kindom of Maharashtra and Maratha power. Q5]. Note on Third Battel of Panipat:- Ans. The Afghan sultan of Iran, Ahmedshah Adali, was very ambitious. He anted to establish his rule over India. He conquered Delhi and appointed his Governor there, but Maratha chief Raghunath Rao drove away the Governor from Delhi. This anered Ahmedshsh against the Marathas. The Rohillas, Jats, Rajputs, etc. were fedup of Marathas on account of their expansionist policy in north India. Ahmedshsh was aware of this situation. He took help of the Rohillas and the Nawab of ayodhya to get rid of them and destroy the Maratha supremacy over Delhi. Later he attacked Delhi. On January 14, 1761, a terrible war was fought between the armies of Ahemadshah Abdali and Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao under the command of Sadashivroa Bhau, on battlefield of Panipat near Delhi. The Marathas suffered Page: 7 a severe defeat. The military might of the Marathas began to decline after the Third Battle of Panipat. Their unity and organization collapsed. The Third Battle of Panipat became a decisive war in the history of India. Q6]. Peshwa Madhao Rao I:- Ans. Madhao Rao peshwa the second son of Balaji Baji Rao. He took over the responsibility of peshaw at the age of only 16 years. At this age, He had all ready learnt the lessons of politics and statesmanship. He had sharp intellect and deep insight. With this cleverness and boldness he strengthened the unstable Maratha power within a short span of 11 yrs. He defeated the Nizam of Hyderabad and Hyderali of Maysore thrice. He conquered Agra and Mathura in 1770. He established supremacy over the Rohillas, Afghans and Jats and increased the influence of Maratha power in north India. Thus Peshwa Madhao Rao I proved himself to be a great conqueror through his numerous victories. Peshwa Madho Rao reestablished the prestige of Marathas which was lost in the Third Battle of Panipat. Unfortunately for India, this valiant and astute Peshwa died at a young age of only 27 yrs. Page:8 Ch-2 THE BRITISH CONQUEST OF INDIA Q1. MCQs: 1. Of which country was Vasco-da-Gama. a native' (a)England (b) Spain (c) Italy (d) Portugal 2.In which year was the east India Company granted permission to establish its trading centre [Kothi] at Surat' (a)1602 (b) 1605 (c) 1608 (d) 1613 3.From whom did the Britishers purchase the island of Mumbai' (a)From the Dutch (b) From the Indians (c) From the Portuguese (d) From the French 4. Sirj-ud-Doula lost the Battle of Plessey in 1757, because ….. (a) Clive took siraj-ud Doula’s men on his side (b) Clive paid a huge sum of money to Amichand to help him (c) Clive entered into an understanding with Manekchand (d)Mir jafar remained neutral in this battle 5. Who was the first to accept the Subsidiary Alliance System' (a) Tipu Sultan (b) Nizam (c) Hyderali (d) Ranjit singh 6. Who became the Governor General of India after Warren Hastings' (a) Lord Hastings (b) Lord Welleslley (c) Loard Dalhousie (d) Cornwallis 7. Who became the Governor General of India after Clive' (a) Warren Hastings (b) Bentinck (c) Lord Hastings (d) Sir John Shore. 8. Most important task completed by Lord Hastings…. (a) Victory against the Marathas in the Third Maratha war. (b) war against Nepal. (c) Implementation of Subsidiary Alliance System. (d) Started the modern age in India. 9.He was an imperialist and yet a reformer…. (a) Lord Wellesley (b) Lord Dalhousie (c) Lord Cornwallis (d) Lord Rippon. 10. Who started the Indian Civil Services in India' (a) Lord Wellesley (b) Lord Dalhousie (c) Lord Cornwallis (d) Lord William Bentinck. 11. Who was the first Governor General of India' (a) Warren Hastings (b) Lord Hastings (c) Lord Cornwallis (d) Lord Dalhousie. 12. Where was the Supreme Court established in India in 1774' (a) Kolkata (b) Mumbai (c) Delhi (d) Chennai. Q2 Explain the following terms:- 1] Fortification ( of treading centers):- A strong wall was constructed around a new village, town or city, for protection against the enemy. It was called ‘fortification’. 2] Dual Government:- If any region is ruled under two different types of administration, it is known as Dual System of government. 3] The Subsidiary Alliance System:- The plan executed by Governor General Wellesley to make the British Company a supreme power and to re-establish its prestige in India came to be known as ‘ The subsidiary alliance system’ in history. 4] The Policy of Annexation:- The policy of annexation to put an end to the rule of a king and bring his kingdom or territory directly under the British rule. This policy of annexation was an imperialist political scheme adopted by Governor General Dalhousie to expand the area under the British rule. 5] The Civil Services:- Expert and competent officers are necessary to make the government administration efficient and honest. The whole government machinery is run by these top-level officers, who experts on doing their job. They form what is called the Civil Services. These Civil Services do not include the military, police, etc. Q3. Answer in one sentence:- 1] Which articles from India were in demand in European countries, from ancient times' Ans. From, ancient times, Indian condiments, spices, muslin, silken cloth, indigo and many other valuable articles were in demand in the countries of Europe. Page: 9 2] Which were the main trading centers of Europe' Ans. Alexandria and Constantinople were the main trading centers of Europe. 3] By which route was the trade carried on between India and Europe, before the discovery of a new sea- route' Ans. Before the discovery of a new sea-route, trade between India and Europe was carried on through the Gulf of Iran and Red Sea by sea-route and through Central Asia by land-route. 4] Who discovered the new sea-route to India' when' Ans. The enterprising Portuguese explorer Vasco-da-Gama discovered the new sea-route to India in 1498. 5] When, where and why was the East India Company established' Ans. The East India Company was established in 1600, in England by some traders there to trade with India and some other eastern countries. 6] Where and when did the East India Company establish its first trade center (kothi)' Ans. The East India Company establish its first trade center at Surat in India in 1613. 7] At which different places did the British establish their trading centers' Ans. The British established their trading centers at Surat, Ahmadabd, Bharuch, Khambhat, Agra, Machilipatnam, St.George (Chennai), Fort William (Kolkata), etc. 8] What was the nature of siraj-ud-Doula' What was the result of his nature' Ans. Siraj-ud-Doula demolished was hasty by nature. He had many opponents because of his nature. 9] Who demolished the fortified wall of the British trading center at Kolkata' Why' Ans. Nawab Siraj-ud-Doula demolished the newly built wall of the British trading center at Kolkata. The British had constructed this wall, in breach of the terms under which they were permitted to trade. 10] Which battle led to the beginning of the British rule in India' Ans. The Battle of Plassey led to the beginning of the British rule in India. 11] In which provinces did the British secure the right to collect land revenue after the war of Buxar' Ans. After the war of Buxar, the British secured the right to collect land revenue in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. 12] Which kind of government began in Bengal when the Britishers secured the civil power' Ans. When the Britishers secured the civil power in Bengal, diarchy or dual government began there. 13] What is dual system of Government' Ans. If any region is ruled under two different types of administration, it is known as Dual System of government. 14] Who was the first Governor General of India' When did he became the Governor General' Ans. Under the provisions of the Regulating Act, Warren Hastings became the first Governor General of India in 1773. 15] Between whom was the Third Mysore War fought' Ans. The Third Mysore War was fought between the British Governor Cornwallis and Tipu Sultan of Mysore. 16] Which battle was fought between during the rule of the Mughal emperor Shah Alam' Ans. The Battle of Buxar was fought between during the rule of the Mughal emperor Shah Alam in the year 1764. 17] What kind of policy did the Governor General six John Shore was adopt' Ans. Sir John Shore adopted a policy of Non intervention. 18] Who introduced the Subsidiary Alliance System in India' Who accepted it first' Ans. Governor General Wellesley introduced the Subsidiary Alliance System in India. The Nizam of Hyderabad was the first ruler to accept the system. 19] Who was the Governor General known as a liberal one, generally' Ans. Generally, Lord William Bentinck was known as the Governor General with liberal views. Page: 10 20] Which regions did the Governor General Wellesley snatch away from the Nawab of Ayodhya' Ans. Governor General Wellesley snatched the regions of Doab and Rohilkhand from the Nawab of Ayodhya. 21] Who recruited the Gurkhas in the British army in large numbers' Ans. Lord Hastings recruited the Gurkhas in the British army in large numbers. 22] Who defeated the Sikhs and annexed Punjab' Ans. Governor General Lord Dalhousie defeted the Sikhs and annexed Punjab. 23] How did Governor General Dalhousie extend the area of British rule' Ans. Governor General Dalhousie extended the area of British rule through his policy of conquest, confiscation and annexation. 24] Who denied the right of adopting sons to the Indian rulers who died heirless' Ans. Governor General Lord Dalhousie denied the traditional right to adopt a son, to the Indian rulers who had no male heir. 25] Which kingdoms did Governor General Lord Dalhousie declare as without heirs and confiscate' Ans. The Governor General Lord Dalhousie declared the kingdoms of Satara, Jaitpur, Jhansi, Sambhalpur, Nagpur, Arcot, Tanjore, Karnataka, etc. as without heirs and confiscated and annexed them. 26] Where and when was the first railway line in India begun' Ans. The first railway line in India was started in 1853, between Mumbai and Thane. 27] During whose rule the railway, post and telegraph were introduced in India' Ans. the railway, post and telegraph were introduced in India during the rule of Governor General Lord Dalhousie. 28] Which policy did the British adopt to bring about the fall of the kings in India' Why' Ans. There was no internal amity and unity among the various kings I India. Therefore, the British adopted the policy of divide and rule and brought about the fall of the kings in India. 29] When did the British parliament pass the Regulating Act' Why' Ans. The British parliament passed the Regulating Act in 1773. It was to regulate the interests of the East India Company in India and to improve the administration of the Company government. 30] Who got the book ‘Cornwallis Code’ prepared' Why' Ans. Governor General Cornwallis got the book ‘Cornwallis Code’ prepared. It was to bring uniformity in laws in all the regions under the Company’s rule. 31] What were the evil customs that existed in the Indian society during the British rule' Ans. Child marriages, ban on widow marriages, custom of sati, female infanticide, doery, etc. were the evil social customs existing under the British rule. 32] Name some of the prominent Indians who became social reformers because of the English system of education' Ans. Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Durgaram Mehta, poet Namad, Mhipatram Rupram, Karsandas Mulji, Behramji Malbari, etc. were some of the prominent Indians who became social reformers because of the English system of education. 33] By whose efforts, was it decided to star education trough the English language' Ans. It was decided to start education in India through the English language by the efforts of Lord Macaulay. 34] On whose recommendation were the universities started in Chennai, Mumbai and Kolkata' Ans. Three universities were started in India, in Chennai, Mumbai and Kolkata on the recommendation of Charles Wood. 35] What per cent of people of India lived in villages from ancient times' Ans. Nearly 90% of India lived in villages from ancient times. Q4. Long Answers:- Q1] Note on War on Plassay: Ans. The war of Plassay was fought in 1757, between Nawab Siraj-ud-Doyla of Bengal and the British. Page: 11 The british started constructing a wall under the pretext of protecting their trade center at Fort Walliam in Kolkata. The Nawab was aeare of the Britishers intrigues. So he demolished the wall of the Fort. On receiving the news, the British Governor of Cheenai sent Robert Clive with a small army to help the governor of Bengal. In a direct battle, the British were unable to defite Nawab Siraj-ud-Doula. So, they made a conspiracy. Robert Clive offered a bribe to Mir Jafar, the nawab’s commander in chief to make him the nawab in future. Clive also bribed other opponents of Nawab and took them of his side. Thereafter he declared war against the Nawab in 1757 under the pretext that the Britishers were harassed by him. In this war of Plassey, the British defeated the Nawab and Mir Jafar was made the Nawab of Bngal. In return, Mir Jafar gave the region of 24 Paranganas as a gift to the British. Thus the British rule began in India. Q2] Note on The War of Buxar: Ans. The wae of Buxar was fought between the armies of the Nawab of Bengal, Mir Kadim, Mughal Emoeror Shah Alam and the Nawab of Ayodhya on one side and British on the other, in 1764. The British won the battle, Mir Kasim ran away. The Mughal emperor Shah Alam gave the British, power to collect land revenue in the provinces of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. As a result, without any responsibility, the British collected the revenue. The Nawab was responsible for the administration but without any money. Thus a ‘dual system’ of government, of the Nawab and of the British started in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. The people were economically ruined, due the exploitation by the British. Agriculture, industries, trade and commerce suffered a sever setback. The Nawab who had only nominal powers became very unpopular. Thus, after the War of Buxar, the British power was firmly established in some regions of India. Q3] The Regulating Act: OR Q3] The Europeans were obliged to discover a new sea-route to India. Ans. Since ancient times, there was large-Scale trade between India and some European countries. There was a great demand for spices and condiments, muslin, silk cloth, indigo and many valuable goods from India. Alexandria and Constantinople (Now Istanbul) were the main trading cities. The trade between the European countries and India was carried on through the Gulf of Iran and Red Sea by sea-rout and through Central Asia by land-route. The Turkish Muslims captured Constantinople in 1453. This action closed the trade route between India and Europe. The The Europeans could not do without the Indian goods. So, they were forced to find a new sea-route to India. Q4] Why William Bentinck is known as a liberal Governor General Ans. The East India Company had become a supreme power in India during the time of Governor General William Bentinck. So he adopted a liberal policy and tried to win the hearts of Indians, through some important action 1] In 1829, he passed an Act banning the practice of ‘Sati’. 2] He also banned the cruel custom of ‘doodh piti’-female infanticide when a girl-child was drowned in milk and killed soon after birth. 3] In 1833, he got a parliament Act passed and abolished slavery throughout India. 4] He destroyed the cruel and terrible ‘Pindharas’ and restored peace and security among the people. 5] He started the western type of education in India which brought educational and social awakening. Thus, William Bentinck carried out many reformers. Therefore he is known as a liberal Governor General. Q5] Why is Lord Dalhousie called a reformist Governor General' Ans. Lord Dalhousie started Railway in India. The first railway line in India started between Mumbai and Thane in 1853. He introduced the modern postal system in India. Telegraph service between England and India began during his time. He banned the child marriages and passed a law allowing widows to remarry. He recommended modern western education in India. As a result in 1857, three universities were established in India at Chennai, Mumbai and Kolkata. He also introduced many reforms in the administration of Company government. From the above reforms carried out by Dalhousie, it can be said that inspite Of being imperialist, Lord Dalhousie was also reformist. Q6] The cottage industries and the Villages of India collapsed. Ans. The cottage and home industries of India collapsed as a result of the British policy of economic exploitation. The village artisans became poor and unemployed. They moved to the cities for employment. Therefore, the villages of India collapsed and were ruined. (1).Large quantities of textiles and other goods were sent to India from England after the Industrial Revolution there. Page: 12 (2). The British levied nominal customs duty on these goods from England to attract better sales, while the duty on the goods manufactured in India was heavy, when the transfer took place. (3). As a result, goods made in India became costlier than the goods brought from England. (4). So the Indian cottage industries could not face the competition from England. The goods from England were sold in large quantities and therefore the cottage and home industries of India collapsed and were totally ruined. CH-3 Movements For Social And Religious Reforms In India. Q1) MCQs: 1.One student from the English school started by the missioners at Sir Rampore in Bengal was….. (a) Swami Vivekanand (b) Swami Dayanand (c) Raja Ram Mohan Roy (d) Ravidranath Tagore 2.Which magazine propagated the principles of Brahmo Samaj' (a) Tatva Bodhini Patrika (b) Ved Patrika (c) Anand Patrika (d) Subodh Patrika 3. In which year was the Native Marriage Act passed by the British' (a) 1858 (b) 1872 (c) 1881 (d) 1898. 4. Among the following leaders, who was not a worker for Brahmo Samaj' (a) Devendranath Tagore (b) Keshav Chandra Sen (c) Raja Ram Mohan Roy (d) Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar. 5. In which city did Swami Vivekananda attend the world Religions Congress' (a) New York (b) Washington (c) Chicago (d) London 6. Who started the periodical, ‘Tehzib-ul-Akhal’ ' (a) Saiyed Ahmed (b) Saiyed Shriatulla c) Sir Saiyed Ahmedkhan ( (d) Saiyed Barkatullha. 7. What did Shiromani Gurudwara prabandhak committee do to provide the Sikhs, religious and western education' (a) It sent the Sikh students to Britain. (b) It established schools and the Khalsa College in Amritsar. (c) It exhorted the Sikhs to take up English education. (d) It established schools and the Khalsa college in Ludhiana. 8. Which was the route of superstitions and other evils, according to Narayan Guru' (a) Polytheism (b) Superstitions (c) Blind faith (d) Illiteracy. 9. In which city of Gujarat, was Amritlal Thakkar born' (a) Rajkot (b) Bhavnagar (c) Junagadh (d) Jamnagar. 10. By which reforms did the Indians get more administrative powers' (a) Morley-Minto reforms of 1909 (b) Montague-Chelmsford reforms of 1919 (c) Regulating Act of 1773. (d) Pitt’s Act of 1784. Q2) One Sentence Answers:- 1. Which social evils prevailed in the Indian society in the 19th century' Ans. Child marriages, the custom of doodh piti, custom of ‘Sati’, ban on widow remarriage, custom of polygamy and the ‘Purdha’ system and other evils prevailed in the Indian society in the 19th century. 2.Where were the first English schools started in India' Who started them' Ans. The first English schools started in India in Bengal at Sri Rampore. Christian clergymen started them. P age13 3. Which British scholars made us familiar with the great heritage of Indian culture in the 19th century' Ans. In the 19th century, Max Muller, Monier Williams, William Jones, etc. were among the prominent British scholars who made us familiar with the grand heritage of the Indian culture. 4. Who was the first to begin the movement for social reforms in the 19th century' Ans. Raja Ram Mohan Roy was the first person in the 19th century to begin the movement for social reforms. 5. By which honorific is Raja Ram Mohan Roy known' Ans. Raja Ram Mohan Roy is known as the ‘Father of the Indian Renaissance which occurred in the 19th century. 6. By whose efforts was he law banning the ‘Sati’ custom enacted' When and by whom was it enacted' Ans. The law banning the ‘Sati’ custom was enacted by the efforts of Raja Ram Mohan Roy. Governor General William Bentinck enacted it in 1829. 7. Which prriodical had Raja Ram Mohan Roy started' Ans. In 1821, Raja Ram Mohan Roy had started a periodical ‘Samvad Kaumudi’ in Bengali and in 1822, he had started ‘Mirat-ul-Akhbar’ in Persian. 8. Which periodical did Devendranath Tagor start to propogated the tenets of the Brahmo Samaj' Ans. Devendranath Tagore started a periodical ‘Tatva Bodhini’ to propogate the tenets of the Brahmo Samaj. 9. Which organization did Raja Ram Mohan Roy established in 1814' Ans. Raja Ram Mohan Roy established the organization ‘ Atmiya Sabha’ in 1814. 10. Who was the founder of Brahmo Samaj' Ans. Raja Ram Mohan Roy was the founder of Brahmo Samaj. 11. Who carried on the work of social reforms started by Raja Ram Mohan Roy' Ans. Devendranath Tagore, Keshav Chandra Sen, etc carried on the work of social reforms started by Raja Ram Mohan Roy. 12. Which law was enacted by the British government in 1872, as a result of efforts made by Keshav Chandra sen' Ans. As a result of efforts made by Keshav Chandra Sen, the British government enacted a law ‘ The Native Marriage Act’ to ban the custom of child marriages. 13. Which organization did Keshav Chandra Sen establish' When' Ans. Keshav Chandra Sen established ‘the Brahmo Samaj of India’ in 1866. This was a separate and new one from the original Brahmo Samaj. 14. What important work did Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar do to encourage girls education' Ans. For encouraging girls education Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar founded ‘Hindu Balika Vidyalaya’ in Kolkata with the co-operation of a British officer named Bethune. 15. Which law was enacted by the British government in 1856, as a result of efforts made by Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar' Ans. The British government enacted a law allowing widow marriages in 1856 as a result of the efforts made by Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar. 16. Who established the Prarthana Samaj' When and Where' Ans. Dr Atmaram Pandurang Tarkhadkar, established the Prarthana Samaj in 1867 in Mumbai. 17. Who were the leaders of the Prarthana Samaj' Ans. Dr Atmaram Pandurang Tarkhadkar, Justice M.G. Ranade, Dr Ramkrishna Bhandarkar, etc. were the leaders of the Prarthana Samaj. 18. Which institutions did Justice Ranade found' Ans. Justice Ranade founded the Deccan Education Society in pune and Widow Remarriage Association in Mumbai. 19. Which organization did Ramabai Ranade start' Ans. Ramabai Ranade started ‘Arya Mahila Samaj’ and Seva Sadan’ for social service and uplift of women. 20. Which periodical did the ‘Prarthana Samaj’ start for the propogations of its tenets' Ans. The ‘Prarthana Samaj’ start a periodical ‘Sobbed Patrika’ for the propaganda of its tenets. Page 14 21. Under whose leadership were the activites of the ‘Prarthana Samaj’ carried on in Gujarat' Ans. In Gujarat, the activates of the ‘Prarthana Samaj’ were carried on under the leadership of Bholanath Sarabhai Divetia. 22. Who played an important role in the activities of social reforms in Gujarat in the 19th century ' Ans. During the 19th century, Durgaram Metha, Karssandas Mulji, Poet Dalpatram, Bhalanath Sarabha Divetia, Mahipatrai Neelkanth, Labhashankar Umiyashankar, ManilalNabhubhai, etc. played an important role in the activities of social reforms in Gujarat. 23. Who founded the ‘Arya Samaj’' When and where' Ans. Swmai dayanand saraswati founded the ‘Arya Samaj’ in 1875 in Mumbai. 24 .Where was swami Dayanand Saraswati born' Ans. Swami Dayanand Saraswati was born in the village of Tankara near Morbi in Saurashtra. 25. Which slogan did swami Dayanand Saraswaiti give to people ' Ans. Swami Dayanand Saraswati gave to the people the message of ‘Go back to the Vedas’. 26. Why did the Arya Samaj start Shuddhi (Reconversion) movement ' Ans. The Arya Samaj started Shuddhi (Reconversion) movement to eradicate untouchability from the Hindu society and to reconvert those Hindus who were converted to Islam or Christianity previously. 27. Which book did Swami Dayanand Saraswati write' Ans. Swami Dayanand Saraswati wrote the book, tiled Satyaratha prakash’. 28. Which language did Swami Dayanand Saraswati use during his precepts' Ans. Swami Dayanand Saraswati gave his precepts in Hindi. 29. Who continued the activities of the ‘Arya Samaj’ after the death of Swami Dayanand Saraswati' Ans. Lala Hansraj, Pandit Gurudatta, Swami Shraddhanand, Lala Lajpatrai and others continued the activites of the Arya Samaj after the death of Swami Dayanand Saraswati. 30. Who established ‘Dayanand Anglo-Vedic' Where' When' Ans. Lala Hansraj established ‘Dayanand Anglo-Vedik College’ at Lahore in the year 1889. 31. Who established Gurukul Kangri' Where' When' Ans. Swami Shraddhanand established ‘Gurukul Kangri’ near Haridwar in 1902. 32. Who was Ramkrishna Paramhans' Ans. Swami Ramkrishna Paramhans was a saint and priest in Kali Temple at Dakshineshwa, Kolkata. 33. What was the original name of Swami Vivekanand' Ans. The original name of Swami Vivekananda was Narendra Nath. 34. What did Swami Vivekanand preach to the people' Ans. Swami Vivekanand preached to the people to serve the poor and miserable people and realize God through service to humanity. 35. What was the influence of Swami Vivekanand on the youth of India ' Ans. Swami Vivekanand aroused a sense of pride for the grand past of Iandia and faith in its future among the youth of India. 36. What was the name of swami Vivekanand’s guru' Ans. The name of swami Vivekanand’s guru was swamiRamkrishna Paramhans. 37. When was Ramkrishna Mission first established ' Ans. The Ramkrishna Mission was first established in 1897 at Belur near Kolkata, by Swami Vivekanand. 38. According to which tenets of Ramkrishna, does the Ramkrishna misson carry out its social work' Ans. Ramkrishna Paramhans always said that Service to man is Service to God’. In the service of the poor and the miserable, can God surely be realized. Ramkrishna Mission carries out its social service according these tenets. 39. Who founded the theosophical Society' When and where' Ans. Madam Blavatsky founded the Theosophical society in New York (USA) in 1875. 40. What are the main aims of the Theosophical society' Page: 15 Ans. The main aim of the Theosophical society is universal brotherhood, a comparative study of the religions of the world and discovering the divine mystic powers. 41. Who started the activities of the Theosophical Society in India' Ans. Dr Annie Besant started the activites of the Theosophical Society in India. 42. Where was the headquarter of the Theosophical Society established in India' Ans. The headquarter of the Theosophical Society established in India was established in Adyar near Chennai. 43. Which organization did Dr Annie Besant established in Banaras' Ans. Dr Annie Besant established Central Hindu School at Banaras. Later, it developed into the now famous Benaras Hindu University. 44. Who made efforts to bring awakening in the Muslim community in India' When' Ans. The first persons to bring awakening in the Muslim community in India were Sir Saiyed Ahmedkhan of Raibareily and Shariatulla of Bengal in the beginning of the 19th century. 45. Who were the leaders of the Wahabi movement in India' Ans. Sir Saiyed Ahmedkhan and Shariatullla were the leaders of the Wahabi movement in India. 46. From whose precepts were Saiyed Ahmed and Shariatulla inspired' Ans. Saiyed Ahmed and Shariatulla were inspired from the precepts of a Muslim religious leader Shah Valimullah. 47. When, where and by whom was the Mohammedan Literary Society formed' Ans. The Mohammedan Literary Society was formed by Nawab Abdul Latif in 1863 at Kolkata. 48. Who started the Aligarh Movement' Why' Ans. Sir Saiyed Ahmedkhan started the Aligarh Movement. His aim in starting it was to spread modern education among the Muslims and to eradicate evils like Purdah system and polygamy. 49. When was the Muslim college established at Aligarh' By whom and why' Ans. Sir Saiyed Ahmedkhan established the Muslim college at Aligarh in 1875 to provide English education to the Muslims. Later it developed into the famous Aligarh Muslim University. 50. Why was ‘Shiromain Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee’ formed' Ans. ‘Shiromain Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee’ was formed to eradicate the evils which had cropped up in the Gurudwaras and to improve their administration. 51. Why were the Khalsa college and schools started in Amritsar' Ans. The Khalsa college and schools were started in Amritsar to provide not only religious education but also Western education to the Sikhs. 52. Who worked for the religious and social redorms in the parsi society' Ans. K.R. Cama and Behramji Malbari worked a lot for the social and religious reforms in the Parsi society. 53. Which law has enacted by the British government as a result of Behramji Malbari’s efforts' Ans.As a result of Behramji Malbari’s efforts, the British government enacted a law in 1891, fixing age limites for marriage. 54. When and by whom was the custom of ‘Sati’ declared illegal' Ans. In 1829, Governor General Lord William Bentinck, declared the custom of ‘Sati’ illegal in Bengal. 55. Where and when was Narayan Guru born' Ans. Narayan Guru was born in Emperg village of Kerala in 1856. 56. Under which law, the inter-caste marriages were recognized in India' Ans. Under the marriages act of 1872, the inter-caste marriages were allowed and recognized. 57. Why was there considerable progress in the efforts to improve the condition of the backward classes' Ans. Gandhiji laid great stress on the eradication of untouchability. Thereafter, there was considerable progress in the efforts to improve the condition of the backward classes. 58. Which organization did Narayan Guru form in 1903' Page: 16 Ans. In 1903, Narayan Guru fomed the organization, ‘Shri Narayan Dharma Paripalan Yogam’. 59. In what words has Rabindranath Tagore acclaimed Narayan Guru' Ans. Rabindranath Tagore has acclaimed Narayan Guru with these words:’ he is a great reformist saint of his age. 60. Who considered liilteracy as the root cause of superstitions and other evils' Ans. Narayan Guru, a great social reformer of Kerala considered illiteracy as the root cause of superstition and other evils. 61. Who started a girls school in pune in 1857' Ans. Jyotiba Phule started a girls school in Pune in 1857. 62. Who established ‘Satyashodhak Samaj’' Ans. The well-known social reformer of Maharashtra, Jyotiba Phuke established ‘Satyashodhak Samaj’. 63. Where was Amritlal Thakkar born' Ans. Amritlal Thakkar was born at Bhavnagar in Gujarat. 64. Who established the Panchmahal Bhil Seva Mandal' Ans. Thakkar Bapa established the Panchmahal Bhil Seva Mandal to bring a change in the lives of tribal Bhils living in the deep forests and hilly areas of Panchmahal. 65. Thakka Bapa’s contribution to the uplift of Harijans was very valuable. In what why' Ans. Thakkar Bapa served the All India Harijan Samaj for many years as its Secretary and contributed greatly to the uplift of Harijans. 66. When, where and by whom was the Singh Sabha established' Ans. The Singh sabha was established in 1873 at Amritsar in Punjab by sardar Thakursingh Sandhanwalia. 67. Who or which organization brought a great change in the intellectual and cultural life of Punjab' Ans. The Singh Sabha brought a great change in the intellectual and cultural life of Punjab. 68. What was the main aim of the Singh Sabha' Ans. The main aim of the Singh Sabha was the eradication of social evils prevailing among the Sikhs and inspiring them to take up Western education. Q3) Long Answers:- 1] What activities did Raja Ram Mohan Roy undertake for bringing about social reforms' Ans. In the 19th century, Raja Ram Mohan Roy laid the foundation of social and religious reforms. He undertook the following activites for social reforms: 1. he founded Brahmo Samaj to start a movement against the evil customs in the society. 2. Raja Ram Mohan Roy propogated monotheism and opposed ideal worship. 3. He started a movement against the custom of sati, child marriages, caste system, practice of doodh piti, ban on widow marriages, pokygamy and other evil coustoms. 4. He carried on a great agitation against the custom of sati. As a result, the Governor General William Bentinck put a ban on the custom of ‘sati’ in 1829, by law. 5. He specially advised the Indians to take up English education and established the Hindu college in Kolkata. 6. He pleaded with the british government to grant freedom of press, freedom of speech, women’s rights, individual freedom and to separate the judiciary and the executive. 2] What kind of activities were carried out by the Brahmo Samaj for ushering social reforms' Ans. The Brahmo Samaj carried out the following activities for ushering social reforms: 1.The Brahmo Samaj propogated monotheism. 2.In 1825, the Vedant College was started for the propogation of monotheism. 3.It encouraged the widow remarriages and girls education. 4.It propogated against caste distinctions through inter-caste marriages and feasts. 5.It gave importance to prayers and hymns, also for feeling of remorse, more than to idol worship and its related ceremonies. Page: 17 6.It tried to eradicate the evil practices like child marriages, the custom of ‘sati’ and veil system, etc. 7.It recommended to the British government, to remove the control on the newspapers, grant freedom of speech, individual freedom, rights to women and separate the judiciary from the executive. 3] Which activities did the Prarthna Samaj carry out for the welfare of women' Ans. The Prarthna Samaj undertook the following activities concerning women: 1. The Prarthna Samaj started a movement against the veil(or the purdha) system, child marriages, polygamy and other evil practices. 2. It propagated for the uplift of women, girls education, widow remarriages, inter caste marriages, etc. 3. The prarthna Samaj founded night schools, widow-houses, institutions working for the uplift of backward classes, orphanages, etc. 4. Institutions like Deccan Education Society in Pune and Widow Remarriage Association in Mumbai were established through efforts of Justice Ranade. 5. Ranade’s wife, Ramabai Ranade, started Arya Mahila Samaj’ and ‘Seva Samaj’ for social service and uplift of women. 4] In what different ways does the Ram Krishna Mission serve society' Ans. Swami Vivekanand found the Ram Krishna Mission in 1897, at belur near Kolkata. It was to propogated the liberal, religious and service sentiments of his guru Ramkrishna. Ramkrishna Mission is an organization for social service. The motto of the Mission is : ‘Service to man is service to god’ . as per its moto, the mission serves the poor, the unhappy and the exploited people in society. For this purpose, it runs a number of activites in India and abroad for education, medical aid, social service, etc. They take relief work and provide a medical aid to the affected people. Thus, the Ramkrishna Mission serves the society excellently through different ways. Today, its branches serve the people all over the country and at many places abroad. 5] Why is Narayan Guru called a saint and social reformers' Ans. 1.From his early age, Narayan guru had a spiritual bent of mind. 2.His life was simple and saintly, like a holy man’s life. 3. After living his home, he went to the forests and hills and served the poor people. 4. He spread education among the untouchables, gave them equal rights and tought them to live like human beings. 5. In 1903, he established an institution named ‘Shri Narayan Dharma Paripalan Yogam’. 6. He considered education necessary for freedom, organization for unity of industrial progress for removal of poverty and for economic prosperity. 7. He belived that illiteracy is the root of superstitions and evils. So he persuaded people to educate themselves 8. He advised them to avoid communal conflicts and sectarian elements. He preached people to believe in one community, one religion and one god. 9. He urged people to eradicate the differences of caste and the feeling of high and low. 10. He propogated international brotherhood, humanism and equality of all human beings. As a result, he became well known as a spiritual reformer in man countries. Thus, because of his noble and excellent work of service to the weak and the poor, Narayan Guru is called a great saint and social reformer. 6] What different cavities did Thakkar Bapa undertake for the Bhils' Ans. Thakkar Bapa undertook the following activites for the uplift of the Bhils: 1.Thakka Bapa founded Panchmahal Bhil Seva Mandal’. 2.He brought about a great change in the lives of the tribal Bhils living in the deep forests and hills. 3. He freed the bhils from alcoholism, oher evil habits and superstitions. 4. He opened schools in the trible areas for the children of the Bhils. 5. He thought them the use of spinning wheels and many cottage industries. 6. Thakkar Bapa made a valuable contribution to the uplift of the untouchables by serving for long years as the secretary of the All India Harijan Sevak Sangh, founded by Gandhaji. 7. He also made noteworthy contribution in providing relief to the victims of natural calamities like floods, famines, etc. 7] Short Note on Raja Ram Mohan Roy: Page: 18 Ans. Raja Ram Mohan Roy was a great social reformer. He was born in 1772 in a Brahmin family in Radhanagar of Bengal. He was married at a young age. When his elder brother died, Ram Mohan’s sister-in-law became a siti. This two event left a deep event on Ram Mohan’s mind. He studied Sanskrit at Benaras. He also studied Arabic and Persian at patna. He learnt English, Greek and Gebrew too. In 1821, he started a Bengali newspaper ‘Samvad Kaumudi’ and in 1822, he started a Persian newspaper ‘Mirat-ul-Akhbar’. Raja Ram Mohan Roy founded ‘Atmiya Sabha’ in 1814, British India Unitarian Association’ in 1827 and the Brahmo Samaj’ in 1828. He opposed the caste system, the custom of ‘Sati’, child Marriages, the practice of doodh piti, and other social evils. E started agitation against the practice of ‘Sati’ and demanded a ban on it. As a result, the Governor General William Bentinck passed a law in 1829 which banned the practice of ‘Sati’. Raja Ram Mohan Roy gave much importance to English education for social reforms and founded the Hindu college in Kolkata. He pleaded to the government to remove restrictions on the newspapers, to grant individual freedom and freedom of speech. He also called for the separation of judiciary from the executive. Thus, the Raja Ram Mohan Roy laid the foundation of social, religious and political movements in India. Therefore, he is called the farther of the Indian Renaissance in the 19th century. The Mughal Emperor of Delhi honored him with the title ‘Raja’. The Emperor sent Raja Ram Mohan Roy to England in 1830, in connection with a case of his rights on certain property. He died at Bristol in England in 1833. 8] Note on Arya Samaj: Ans. The arya samaj was founded at Mumbai in 1875 by Swami Dayanand Saraswati. The main activities of the arya samaj were the following: 1) Swami Dayanand Saraswati propagated the Vedic religion and gave the message of ‘Back to the Vedas’ to the people. 2) He wrote the book ‘Satyarath Prakesh’ and proved that there is no mention of idol worship, religious ceremonies, child marriages, custom of ‘Sati’, untouchability and such other evils in the Vedas. 3) He propogated monotheism. 4) The arya samaj undertook the social activities like girls education, widow remarriages, inter-caste marriages, eradication of untouchability. 5) The Arya Samaj started ‘Shuddhi’ movement to bring those Hindus, who were converted to other religions, back to Hindusium. 6) To show the importance of the Vedic religion, the arya Samaj established many gurukuls based on the ashrams of rishis in acient times. 7) For Vedic education in Western style, the Arya samaj founded Dayanand Anglo-Vedic College in Lahore. Later there were more D.A.V. Schools in Punjab and the north. 8) For girls education, schools were started at many places, e.g., ‘Arya Kanya Vidhyalaya’ at Vadodara in Gujarat. Arya Samaj spread its acvities widely in Lahore, Punjab, uttar Pradesh, Rajesthan, Gujarat, etc. through active efforts of Dayanand Sareswati. It became an important social and political factor. Raja Hunsraj, Pandit Gurudatta, Swami Shraddhanand, after his deth. In 1889, Lala hunsraj founded Dayanand Anglo-Vedic College in Lahore. In 1902, Swami Shraddhanand established ‘ Kangri Gurukul’ at Vadodara in Gujarat. This Vidyalaya trains girls in discipline, dignity of labour, self-restranit and Character-building. 9] Note on Shri Narayan Guru: Ans. Narayan Guru was born in 1856 in the Kerala village of Emperg. His parents had the qualities of purity of character, simplicity and cultured behavior. Narayan had inherited these qualities. After leaving his house, Narayan guru moved to the forests and hills and served the poor, downtrodden people. He persuaded the untouchables to get education and taught them to live as human beings. He believed that illiteracy is the root of superstitions and other evils. So he always advised the people to believe in one caste, one faith and one god. He exhorted the people to get rid of feelings of high and low and castesim. He preached the people to cultivate human equality, duties as human being and international brotherhood. In 1903, Narayan Guru established an organization ‘Shri Narayan Dharam Paripalan Yogam’. He thought it was necessary to have education for freedom, an organization for unity and industrial progress for removal of poverty ad for economic welfare. He persuaded people to keep away from communal disputes and sectarian elements. Rabindranath Tagore acclaimed him as a great saint and reformist of his age. 10] Note on Jyotiba Phule. Ans. Jyotiba Phule was a well-known social reformer of Maharashtra. He founded the ‘satyashodhak Samaj’ to rouse self-confidence and courage among the people. He had taken up social work among the women and the ‘dalits’ for their uplift. In 1857, he started a Page: 19 girls’ school for female education and anotherschool for ‘dalits’ children in pune. He helped the widows to remarry. The contribution of Jyotiba to eradication is noteable. He challenged the Brahmins for their domination in the society. 11] Note on Thakkar Bapa: Ans. Thakkar Bapa was born at Bhavnagar in 1869. He was a sincere, lifelong social worker. He had an engineering degree. Though he received a good salary as an engineer, he gave up, his job, under the influence of Gandhiji and devoted his whole life to the service of the extremely backward and poor people. Thakkar Bapa founded ‘Panchmahal Bhil Seva Mandal’ Through this body, hr brought about a great change in the life of Bhil tribals living in the deep forests and the hilly regions of Panchmahal. He freed the Bhils from the evils like alcoholism, superstitions and some bad habits. He opened schools for their children in that area. He taught them the benefit of Charkha-a spinning wheel, and some cottage industries. Hakkar Bapa worked as the secretary of Akhil Hind Harijans. His service to the people during many natural calamities like floods, famines, earthquakes, etc. was very notable. 12] Note on The Singh Sabha: Ans. Sardar Thakursingh Sandhanwalia founded the Singh Sabha in 1873 at Amritsar in Punjab. The main aim of this Sabha was the eradication of the evils which had spread in the Sikh community and to spread Western education among the Sikhs. The branches of the Singh Sabha were opened in many cities and towns of Punjab. All the Sikhs in the army and those who had retired from it propagated the progressive ideas of reforms among the Sikh farmers. Some of the Sikhs formed ‘bhajan mandalis’ and took the reforms to the villages through prayers and bhajans. Thus, the Singh Sabha worked for the religious and social reforms, and brought a great change in the intellectual and cultural life of Punjab. CH-4 The Rise Of Nationalism in India. Q1) MCQs:- 1. Where did the modern nationalism originate' (a) In Europe (b) In Asia (c) In India (d) In Japan. 2. Where did the 1857 Revolt start from at first' (a) Kanpur (b) Delhi (c) Patan (d) Merath. 3. Who was the first martyr of the war of 1857' (a) Mangal Pande (b) Mangal Sinh (c) Tatya Tope (d) General Neil. 4. One of the leaders of the war of 1857 was….. (a) Baji Rao Peshwa (b) Shivaji (c) Gandhiji (d) Nana Saheb Peshwa 5. When did Tatya Tope come to Gujarat with an army' (a) In December, 1858 (b) In March, 1858 (c) In July, 1858 (d) In August, 1858. 6. On which day, did the 1857 Revolt start' (a) 12th January (b) 10th May (c) 15th August (d) 10th November. 7. Under whose leadership, did the Kuka movement start in Punjab at Ludhiana' (a) Guru Bhai Devsingh (b) Guru Bhai Thakursingh (c) Guru Bhai Ramsinh (d) Guru Bhai Makusingh. 8. The Santhals were well known for their…. (a) guerrilla warfare (b) independent temperament (c) archery (d) loyalty 9. ‘Death of the Zamindars, money lenders and English officer was the slogan of… (a) Mundas (b) Kukas (c) Jats (d) Santhals 10. Under whose leadership did the revolt take place at Manipur in East India' (a) Rajendra Jat (b) Tikendra jat (c) Birsa Jat (d) Raghavendr Jat. 11. Who called the 1857 revolt as the First war of Indian independence' (a) Bhagat Sinh (b) Chandrasherkhar Azad (c) Veer Saverkar (d) Lala Lajpatrai 12. Where did the revolt take place in 1806, inspired by the sons of Tipu Sultan' (a) Manipur (b) Kanpur (c) Vellore (d) Meerut (Merath) 13. By which land revenue policy of Cornwallis were Indian landlords and farmers ruined' (a) Collectivism (b) Permanent Serrlement System (c) Zamindari (d) Roytwari. 14. Which British Commander committed many cruel and oppressive acts against Indians to capture Kanpur during 1857 revolt' (a) Neil (b) Wheeler (c) James (d) John Keil. 15. Which revolt took place against the landlords and the Shahukars during British rule in Andhre Pradesh' (a) Munda (b) Santhal (c) Kuka (d) Rampa. Q2) Answer in One Sntence:- 1] Define nationalism. Ans. Nationalism means the feeling of oneness with and prige in one’s nation and the feeling of readiness to sacrifice one’s all for the nation if the need arises. 2] What is the form of nationalism in India' Ans. The form of nationalism in India is liberal. 3] Where was the modern form of nationalism born' Ans. The modern form of nationalism was born in Europe. 4] Which factors have played an important role in the rise and spread of nationalism in Europe' Ans. Factors like the renaissance, reformation, the revolutions in France and America, Unification of Italy and Germany, etc. have played an important role in the rise and spread of nationalism in Europe. 5] Who first started the 1857 revolt' Ans. The army sepoys in Meerut first started the 1857 revolt. 6] The revolt of which tribe of Orissa continued for nine long years' Ans. The revolt of Kond tribals of Orissa continued for nine long years. 7] Whose provocation had created a revolt in Vellore in the uear 1806' Ans. A revolt in Vellore in the 1806 was at the provocation of Tipu Sultan’s sons. 8] Why is the 1857, revolt called ‘the first war of Independence in India' Ans. In 1857 revolt, the Indian sepoys of various religions, some kings, landlords, thakores, farmers, artisans, etc. in large numbers participated. Therefore, the 1857, revolt called ‘the first war of Independence in India. 9] What was the main cause of the 1857 revolt' Ans. There was a great deal of discontent in India, because the british government had adopted unjust and partial policies in India. That discontent was the main reason for the 1857 revolt. 10] Which kingdoms did Dalhousie annex' Ans. Governor General Dalhousie annixed the kingdoms of Nagpur, Satara, Jhansi, Tanjore, Jaitpur, Sambhalpur, Arco, Karnataka, etc. 11] Why did the British government annex the kingdom of Jhansi' Ans. The ruler of Jhansi, Gangadhar Rao had no son, when he died. Therefore, the British government annexes the kingdom of Jhansi. 12] Why did the British government depose the Nawab of Awadh (ayodhya)' Ans. The British government deposes the Nawab of Awadh (ayodhya) under the pretext of misrule. 13] How did the British government ruin the farmers and the landlords of India' Ans. The Permanent Settlement System of Cornwallis and Ryotwari Revenue System of Munro and their consequent high rates of revenue ruined the farmers and the landlords of India. 14] What was the immediate cause of the 1857 revolt' Ans. The newly introduced Royal Enfield rifle in the Indian army was the immediate cause of the 1857 revolt. 15] Who was the first martry of the 1857 revolt' Ans. Mangal Pande was the first martry of the 1857 revolt. 16] Who had taken the leadership of the freedom struggle in Lucknow' Ans. Begum Hazrat Mahal of the Avadh Nawab had taken the leadership of the freedom struggle in Lucknow. 17] Who was the leader of freedom struggle in Kanpur' Ans. Nana Saheb Peshwa was the leader of freedom struggle in Kanpur. 18] Who had taken the leadership of the freedom struggle in Bihar' Ans. The landlord of Jagdishpur, Raja Kanwarsinh had taken the leadership of the freedom struggle in Bihar. 19] Who was the leader of the armies of peshaw nana sahib' Ans. Tatya Tope was the leader of the armies of peshaw nana sahib. 20] Who was in charge as Commander-in-chief of the freedom struggle army in Jhansi' Ans. Rani Lakshmibai was in charge as Commander-in-chief of the freedom struggle army in Jhansi. 21] Where did the tagic incidents of killing the Britishers take place during the 1857 revolt' Why' Ans. During the Revolt 1857, the tragic killing of the Britishers took place in Kanpur, at Satichaura Ghat and in Bibighar, because the British General Neil had committed horrible crimes against the Indians there. 22] Who started the 1857 revolt first in Gujarat' When' Ans. The 7th Army platoon at Ahmadabad first started the 1857 revolt in Gujarat in June 1857. 23] Where was the plan to end the British rule in Gujarat made' When' Who were its main leaders' Ans. The plan to end the British rule in Gujarat was prepared at Shahibag in Ahmadabad, in September 1857. The main leaders of this plan were Govindrao of Vadodara, Bhonsale Raja, Nihalchand Jhaveri of Vadodara and Maganlal Benia of Patan. 24] Who had started a revolt against the British in Kheda district' Ans. The ‘mukhi’ Garbaddas of anand had started a revolt against the British in Kheda district. 25] When and under whose leadership did the Vaghers of Okhamandal revolt against the British' Ans. The Vaghers of Okhamandal revolted against the British in March 1858, under the leadership of Jodha Manek of Umarpur in Saurashtra. 26] Where is nana sahib peshaw said to have lived in Gujarat' Ans. Nana Saheb Peshwa is said to have lived in Shihor town near Bhavnagar in Gujarat. 27] What different views prevailed about the last days of Tatya Tope' Ans. According to one view Tatya Tope was hanged to death by the British. Another views says that Tatya Tope had spent his last days at Navsari in Gujarat. 28] Name the Chief leaders of the revolt of 1857' Ans. Mughal Emporor Bahadurshah, Nanasaheb Peshwa, Tatya Tope, Begum Hazrat Mahal, Raja Kuwar Singh, Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi, etc. were the Chief leaders of the revolt of 1857. 29] Why did the plan of the 1857 revolt go haywire' Ans. The 1857 revolt began earlier than the date fixed for it. Therefore the plan went haywire. 30] What was the immediate result of the 1857 revolt' Ans. The East Company’s rule in India ended and the rule of the government of England started. This was the immediate result of the 1857 revolt. 31] What was the change in the economic policy of the British at the end of the 1857 revolt' Ans. Some change did come in the economic policy of the British at the end of the revolt. They gave some relief to the Indian industries. As a result, in the beginning of the 2th century, development of some industries in India was possible. Page: 22 32] What was the change in the religious policy of the British at the end of the 1857 revolt' Ans. At the end of the 1857 revolt, the British stopped interfering in the religious matters of the Indians. They banned the Christian priests from forcible conversion of the Indians. 33] Which policy did the British government adopt after winning over the Muslims in the years after 1857' Ans. The British government won over Muslums with various steps and tricks after 1857 and it adopted a policy of ‘divide and rule’ thereafter. 34] Why did the Deoband institution in Uttar Pradesh near Saharanpur object to the activities of Sir Saiyed Ahmed-khan' Ans. The institution at Deoband near Saharanpur in Uttar Pradesh objected to the activites of Sir Sayed Ahmedkhan because Sir Saiyad Ahmedkhan exhorted the Muslims to take up English education and be loyal to the British rule. 35] What was the slogan raised by the Santhals' Ans. ‘Death of the Zamindars, money lenders and English officer was the slogan raised by the Santhals. 36] Under whose leadership did the Sikhs start the Kuka movement in Patiala of Punjab' Ans. The Sikhs start the Kuka movement under the leadership of Guru Bhai Ramsinh in Patiala of Punjab. 37] Which movement was prominent among the peasants movements which occurred after the year 1857' Ans. The rebellion by the farmers who cultivated indigo in Bengal was prominent among the peasants agitations after the year 1857. 38] Where did the Ramapa revolt take place' Ans. The Ramapa revolt took place in Andhra Pradesh against the British rule as well as the zamindars and the money lenders. 39] Which revolt took place under the leadership of Birsa Munda' When and where' Ans. The Munda revolt took place in Chhota Nagpur and Bihar in 1890 under the leadership of Birsa Munda. 40] What is the belief regarding the death of Birsa Munda' Ans. The popular belief regarding the death of Birsa Munda is that he was poisoned while in jail by the British government. Q3) Answer in Brief:- 1]. Why did the Muslims join the 1857 revolt' Ans. The Beritish government did not recognized the son of the Mughal Emperor Bahadurshah as the legal heir. It also forced the prince to leave the palace. The pension of the emperor was also redused from rupees 1 lakh to only rupees 15,000 per month. The treatment by the government; meted out to Bahadurshah made the Muslims unhappy and angry. So they joint the revolt of 1857. 2]. Why did the farmers, zamindars and craftmen take part in the revolt of 1857' Ans. On account of the permanent Settlement System of Cornwalllis and the Ryotwari Revenue System of Munro, farmers and landlords became landless. They lost their means of livelihood and were ruined. The discriminatory customs duty on the Indian and British goods destroyed the cottage industries and the handicraft in India. The artisans were unemployed and became poor. Thus, the farmers, landlords and artisans, all were hurt by the British economic policies. So they participated in the revolt of 1857. 3]. Mention the various revolts raised by the Adivasi tribals in India. Ans. 1. ‘Ramapa Movement’ against the British government, the landlords and the money-lenders in 1879-80 and 1886 in Andhra Pradesh. 2. ’Munda Movement’ under the leadership of Birsa Munda in 1890 in the Chhota Nagpur area of Jharkhand. 3. A movement, under the leadership of Tikendra Jat in Manipur of eastern India. 4]. Why did the Indian soldiers murder some British officers in Vellore' Ans. The British officers at Vellore passed an order requiring the Indian soldiers to were a new kind of headgear and asking them not mark a ‘tilak’ on their foreheads. This was interference in their religion which they resented. They revolted in anger and murdered some British officers in Vellore. 5]. Of which revolt did Begum Hazrat Mahal take leadership' Why' Ans. Governor General Dalhousie deposed Wajid Ali Shah, the Nawab of Awadh, under the pretext of misrule and confiscating his territory, annexed it. As a result, the angry Begum Page: 23 Hazarat Mahal, the wife of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah took the leadership of the revolt at Lucknow. 6]. Why did the artisans and craftsmen become unemployed' Ans. The British government levied a heavy tax of about 70% to 80% on all the export of cotton and silk textiles, but levied a very small tax on the import of textiles and other goods. This resulted in the ruin of Indian cottage and small industries and the unemployment of our artisans and craftsmen. 7]. Why did the Kukas become opponents of the British' Ans. There were many reasons, steps of the British that made Kukas opponents of the British. Impoverishment of the farmers, labourers and craftsmen, the policy of annexing Punjab, the incedent treatment shown to Queen Zindan, Diwan Mulraj and Maharaja Duleepsingh, removing the ban on cow slaughter in Punjab with the evil intention of dividing Hindus and Muslims, loyalty shown by some landlords and religious heds to the British to save theor jagirs and properties. All these made Kukas opponents of the Britis and resulted in the Kuka movement. 8]. India can inspire the people pf the world in the matter of nationalism. Ans. Feelings of nationalism developed in India in the second half of the 19th century. Various factors were responsible for this. Uniform administration, policy of exploitation by the British, modern industrial development, English education, development of literature and newspapers, awareness of the grand culture heritage of India, etc. were responsible for rise and development o nationalism in India, during the British rule. The face of our nationalism is liberal. Therefore, India can inspire the people of the world in the matter of nationalism. 9]. Why is the revolt of 1857 is considered to be the first war of Independence of India' Ans. During the revolt of 1857, solider of different religions caste and community fought together against the British, forgetting the differences. Large sections of the people, consisting of kings, zamindars, thakores, farmers, artisans, etc. had participated in the revolt. This revolt of 1857 was the most widespread and aggressive. In many ways, it was unique in the history of India. The objective of this revolt was to make India free from British rule. Therefore, this revolt is truly said to be the first war of Independence of India. 10]. Why was Mangal Pande hanged to death' Ans. On 29th March 1857, a platoon of Barrackpur cantonment was given the new Royal Enfiled rilef in which the cartridge coated with cow and pig fat was to be opened with teeth. One soldier Mangal Pande refused to touch the rifle. So he was arrested. The agitated pande fired at the British officer who came to arrest him and injured the officer. So, he was arrested and hanged to death. Thus, Mangal pande became the first martyr of the 1857 revolt. 11]. The British government developed railway and other means of communication. Ans. During the 1857 revolt, the British armies and the weapons could not be transported in time in the absence of quick means of transport and communication. As a result, the British found it difficult to control the revolt. The British developed railways and other means of communication with the objective to control the future revolts easily and to facilitate travels as well as develop trade and commerce. 12]. Why is the revolt of 1857 considered as an epoch-making event in the history of India' Ans. Though the 1857 revolt failed, it shook the foundations of the British Empire in India. The British Crown started rule over India, in place of the British East India Company. The Crown rule in India was constitutional and liberal. The British government was obliged to make important changes in its political, social, economic, religious and military policies. The 1857 revolt inspired the Indian national freedom movement. The 1857 revolt aroused the feeling of patriotism as the ‘First war of independence’ of India. On account of all these reasons, the 1857 revolt or war is an epoch-making event in Indian history. Q4) Long Answers:- 1] What different revolts took place in India between 1757 and 1857' Ans. Between 1857 and 1857, the following revolts took place against the British in India: In 1817-1818, a revol against the British had taken plae in Khandsesh of the western Ghats. In 1824, the sepoys of Barrackpur had revolted. In 1825, the Bhils of Bangal had revolted. In 1831, the Bhils of Dhar had revolted against the British. The Kolis of Gujarat and the Gurjars of Saharanpur had revolted against the British. The revolt of Khonds in Orissa lasted for nine long years. The Sanyasisand Fakirs of Bengal kept on fighting the British for about 30 years. The Santhals of Jharkhand revolted often between 1854 and 1856. Inspired by th sons of Tipu Sultan, the soldiers at Vellore revolted against the British in 1806 and murdered many British officers. Q2] Why was there a discontent among the Indian sepoys' Ans. The main causes of discontent against the British among the Indian seopys were the following: The proportion of the Indians and the Bruisers in army was 7:1 by way of numbers. Still the Indian soldiers received much less salary, allowances, facilities, etc. in comparison with the British soldiers. While an Indian infantry solider received a pay of Rs 7 per month, a British soldier in the same position received Rs 150 per month. Thus great injustice was done to the Indian soldiers. While a British soldier could reach the highest officer’s rank, the Indian solider couldn’t go higher than the subedar. This too was a great injustice. The British officers considered the Indian soldiers very low and worthless. Their behaviour towards the Indian soldiers was quit uncivilized and even insulting. It was a belief among the conservative Indians that going abroad crossing the black waters of the seas was sinful. But the Indian soldiers were forced to travel abroad to fight the battles for the British. So, the Indian soldiers had great hearted for the British. The Indian soldiers were very unhappy because of the great injustice done to the Indian society and their insult and misery made the soldiers also unhappy. Q3] What was the contribution of Gujarat in the revolt of 1857' Ans. In Gujarat, 7th army platoon of Ahmadabad started the revolt in June 1857. The British government arrested the Subedar of the platoon and disarming the whole platoon, suppressed the revolt. In July 1857, Indian soldiers in Dahod, Jhalod and Godhar revolted and taking help of the local Kolis. The British troops suppressed them. The revolt by the Nayakda tribals continued for nearly a year. A plan to end the British rule from Gujarat was formed in September 1857 at Shahibag in Ahmadabad. The aim of the plan was to depose the Gaikwad of Vadodara who favoured the British government and take control of Gujarat. The important leaders of it were Govindrao, a step-brother of Gaikwad, Bhonsale Raja, and Nihalchand Jhaveri of Vadodara and Maganlal Bania of patan. They had collected an army of 4000 men in the ravines of the river Mahi. But the information of this plan was leaked out by a rebel. The armies of Gaikwad and the British made a surprise attack and the plan failed. Mukhi Garbaddas Patel o anand in Kheda district ollected 2000 men with the co-operation from Thakore Jivabhai of Khanpur and revolted. The British government crushed the revolt. The jagirdars of Patan, Kheralu, vijapur, hiloda, Mundeti, etc. in north Gujarat also revolted with the help of the local people. In August 18587, the platoon of Indian soldiers of Nandod near Rajpipla revolted under the leadership of Saiyed Murad Ali. In March 1857, Vaghers of Okhamandal and others revolted under the leadership of Jodha Manek of Umarpur. The Vaghers captured the centers of Gaikwad and the British in the area including Okha, Bet Dwarka, etc. By august 1859, they captured all the areas of Okhamandal. The revolt of 1857 continued till the middle of 1862, in scattered places. Thus, during the 1857 revolt, Gujarat contributed to it by scattered revolts against the British rule at many places. Q4] State the causes of the 1857 revolt. Ans. The causes of the 1857 revolt were the following: 1. Political causes: The native kings were very angry as they were the victims of the policy of annexation introduced by Dalhousie. So they joined the revolt. Under the pretext of misrule, Dalhousie confiscated and annexed the Awadh kingdom. So the Bengum of Awadh’s nawab, Hajrat Mahal joined the revolt. The British government refused to pay pension to Peshwa Nanasaheb. So he joined the revolt. As great injustice was done to the Mughal emperor Bahadurshah, the Muslims joined the revolt. In the religions which were annexed, a large number of landlords, farmers, artisans, scholars patronized by the kings, officials and thousands of soliders became unemployed. They were all very angry with the British. So, they all joined the revolt. 2. Economic causes: As a result of the agriculture, industrial and trade policies adopted by the British, large groups of people in India were ruined. The permanent Settlement System of Cornwalllis and the Ryotwari Revenue system of Munro put the landlords and the farmers in deep distress. Because of the partial customs policy of the British, cottage industries, handicraft, trade, etc. broke down and the artisans became unemployed. As a result, many landlords, farmers and artisans joined the revolt. 3. Social causes: the conservative people of India were displeased with the British government because of its social reforms. The reforms created fears in the minds of people that the British government wanted to destroy the Hindu culture and the Hindu religion.in the army, jails, railways, etc. the new changes, the conservative people were much dissatisfied. They joined the revolt to keep the socio-religious framework of the people intact and undisturbed. 4. Religious Causes: the English teaching schools in India taught about Christian religion compulsorily. The Catholic priests openly abused the Hindu and the Muslim religions. This angered the Hindus and the Muslims against the British. The Indians who became Christians by conversion, were promoted by law and given the right to their parental property. 5. Discontent among the Indian soldiers: the Indian soldiers were paid much lower saliries than the British soldiers. There was a great injustice to the Indian soldiers about the salaries and promotions. Higher posts in the army were reserved for the Page: 25 6. Britishers. Even though they were properly qualified, the Indian soldiers had very limited opportunities for promotion. The British officers considered the Indian soldiers as low as worthless. Q5] Note on the causes of the failure o f the 1857 revolt. Ans. The main reasons are as follows: There was no central coordination. The revolt started at different places under the local leadership. Therefore they lacked the co-ordination among the leaders. Compared to the British, the rebels had limited means of transport and communication. Therefore, they could not supply the weapons needed and soldiers from where they had the same in surplus. The revolt was to start all over the India at one time, on 31st May 1857; but it started in the month of March. So its plan went haywire and the British government was now alert. The revolt was limited to some places in north India only. Elsewhere there were only scattered revolts. Therefore, the British forces could concentrate and mobilize there forces and fight. The revolt did not received the help and co-operation of the educated classes of the Indians. The leaders of the revolt suffered from the conservative middle age mindset. They had the false ideas of cultural superiority. Moreover, they were not truly nationalists; instead of thinking of India, they only thought of their own region or kingdom. Most of the native kings either helped the British or remained aloof of the revolt. The Sikhs and the Gurkhas played the important role in failure of revolt by fighting from the British side in the revolt and played an important role for the failure of the revolt. The British had better military strength and weapons and trained leadership than those who revolted. The leaders of the revolt were fighting more for their own kingdom and to recapture the same rather than for the defeat and exit of the British from India. Q6] Note on Kuka Movement: Ans. The Sikhs of Ludhiana in Punjab had started a movement under the leadership of Guru Bhai Ramsinh. It is known as Kuka movement or Namdhari movement. Many reasons like an economic ruin of the farmers, laborers, artisans, etc. brought about by the Britishers, annexation of Punjab, uncivilized and shameful dealing with Maharani Zindan, Diwan Mulraj and Maha Raja Duleep Singh, removel of the ban on cow slaughter to divide the Hindus and the Muslims, loyalty to british announced by some Sikh religious leaders to save their jagirs, etc. made the kukas enemies of the British. When the Muslims started the cow staughter, the kukas killed them. On this question of cow staughter, a group of kukas attacked the fort of Raipur-Malodh near Ludhiana in 1871, and fought with the Britishers there. Another group attacked Maler Kotal town to loot the treasury, on 15th January 1872. However, the British took timely steps and averted the situation. The kuka movement was at his highest stage during the time of Governor General Lord Northbrook. Political murders and robberies had increased. At last the British took more severe steps and arrested 8 kukas rebels and the very next day, killed 49 of them, shooting them with the cannons. The government banished the kuka leader Guru Bhai Ramsinh to Myanmar, where he died at the age of 61, in 1885. The kuka movement still contained. The feelings of self-pride and their spirit of sacrifice remained a source of inspiration for the future revolutionaries. The kuka movement played an important role in spreading the feelings of self respect and patriotism among the people of Punjab. Q7] Note on Santhal agitation. Ans. The Santhals, known for their independent temperament, lived by cultivating their land in the forests of Chhota Nagpur. The Act of permanent Settlement in 1793, passed all their lands in the hands of the landlords. So they moved to the Raj Mahal hills of the present Jharkhand. Even this land was taken over by the landlords and the santhalshad to move again. As a result, 1855-56, the Santhals took to armed movement against the British. Under the leadership of fur brothers Sidhu, Kanhu, Chand and Bhairo, Santhals of Bhagalpur, Manbhoom and Raj Mahal joined the movement. About 10000 Santhals armed with bows and arros, swords, spears, etc. came together in a village called Bhaga Deehi. They declared themselves independent. Shouting the slogan ‘ Death to zamindars, money-lenders and English officers, they attacked their homes, raiway stations and indigo factories. In Sahibganj they killed some British officers. The government took stern steps against the santhals. As a result, the Santhals suffered severe losses of men and arms. Nearly 200 Santhals were killed. The Britishers gave them a warning, to surrender within 10 days or be ready for severe punishment. Finally the government declared the Martial Law and came down heavily on them. Nearly 10000 Santhals were put to death. Thus, the British government completely crushed the Santhal agitation. Ch- 5 The Indian National Congress and the Growth of Nationalism Q1. MCQs: 1.Who was the president of the Indian National Congress at its third session' (a) Badruddin Tayyabji (b) Lokmanya Tilak (c) Lal Murlidhar (d) Gopal Krishna Gokhale. 2. Radicalism means……. (a) those who opposed the national goods. (b) those who wanted aggressive, active action. (c) those who belived in soft constitutional approach (d) those who trusted the Britishers. 3. Who was the main protagonist of radicalism' (a) Vyomesh Chandra Bnerjee (b) Lala Lajpatrai (c) Surendra Nath Banerjee. (d) Lokmanya Tilak 4. Who impimented the policy of “ Divide and Rule”' (a) Viceroy Lord Canning (b) Viceroy Lord Curzon (c) iceroy Lord Rippon (d) Viceroy Lord Lytton. 5. ‘ Swarajya is my birth right’ who gave this slogan' (a) Dadabhai Navroji (b) Gopal Krishna Gokhale. (c) Lokmanya Tilak (d) Mahatma Gandhi. 6. Which year did the British government annual the partition of Bengal' (a) 1911 (b) 1913 (c) 1916 (d) 1920. 7. Who provided an example of Hindu-Muslim unity' (a) Nawab Sailmulla (b) Bahadur Shah Zafar (c) Ashfaq Agakhan (d) Ashfaqulla Kha. 8. Who unfurled the tricolor flag of India abroad' (a) Sardarsinh Rana (b) Madam Bhikhaji Cama (c) Shyamji Krishna Verma (d) Lala Hardayal. 9. Who was the first heroic warrior woman to fight against the British rule' (a) Rani Tarabai (b) Rani Ahalysbai (c) Rani Laxmibai (d) Rani Chennama. 10. Who was the first president of the interim government of Indian in excile, which was formed in Kabul in 1915' (a) Barkatulla (b) Raja Mahendra Pratap (c) Rasbihari Ghosh (d) Abidulla. 11. Who was the first to begin revolutionary activities in England' (a) Lala Hardayal (b) Vinayak Savarkar (c) Madanlal Dhingra (d) Shyamji Krishna Verma. 12. The day, when the partition of Bengal was implemented, was observed as… (a) National Day (b) Independence Day (c) Day of Mourning (d) Opposition Day. 13. Who was hourned as Lokmanya during the Home Rule Movement' (a) Lala LAjpatrai (b) Bal Gangadhar Tilak (c) Bipin Chandra pal (d) Gopal chandra Gokhle. 14. Who lighted the torch of revolution among the tribal forest-dwellers' (a) Shambhudhan Phugal (b) Medonang (c) Durgabhabhi (d) Veer Birsa Munda. 15. Who was released from jail after the independence of India' (a) Smt. Annie Besant (b) Rani Chennamma (c) Rani Gidinleu (d) Durgabhabhi 16. Who had established an international organization in Zurich to help the freedom movement in India' (a) Champak Raman Pillai (b) Barkatulla (c) Rasbihari Ghosh (d) Abidulla Q2 One Sentence Answer:- 1. When and where was the Indian Association founded' Who were its leaders' Ans. The Indian Association was founded in 1876 in Kolkata. Surendranath Banerjee, Anand Mohan Bose and Kishnodas Pal were its leaders. 2. What was the main objective of starting the Indian Association' Ans. The main objective of starting the Indian Association was to build unity among various communities of India and give constitutional fight to the British government. 3. By whose efforts and when was the Indian National Congress founded' Ans. The Indian National Congress was founded by the efforts of A.O. Hume, a retired British officer, in December 1885. 4. Where was the first session of the Indian National Congress held' Who was its president' Ans. The first session of the Indian National Congress was held in Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit Pathshala in Mumbai on 28th December, 1885. Its first president was Vyomesh Chandra Banerjee. 5. Who were the leaders present in the first session on the Indian National Congress' Ans. Dababhai Navroji, sir Pherozshah Mehta, K.T. Telang, Badruddin Tayyabji, A.O. Hume, Dinsha Vachha, Rangnath Naidu,Veer Raghavacharya, Lala Murlidhar and other leaders were present in the first session on the Indian National Congress. 6. Where were the second and the third session of the Indian National Congress held' Who was its president' Ans. The second session of the Indian National Congress was held at Kolkata in 1886 under the presidentship of Dadabhai Navroji and third session was held in 1887, under the presidentship of Badruddin Tayyabji at Chennai. 7. Which period of time was known as ‘time of moderates’' Ans. The period of time from 1885 to 1905 is known as the ‘time of moderates’ for the Indian National Congress. 8. Who refused to accept the title of ‘knight’, awareded by the British government' Ans. The title awarded by the British government to Gopal Krishna Gokhle was not accepted by him. 9. Which festivals did Lokmanya Tilak inspire the people of Maharashtra to celebrate' Ans. Lokmanya Tilak inspired the people of Maharashtra to celebrate Ganesh Chaturthi and Shivaji Jayanti in Maharastra. 10. Which two slogans were given by Lokmanya Tilak' Ans. Lokmanya Tilak gave the following two slogans: (1) Swarajya is my Birth right (2) Our life and religion are of no avail without attaining Swarajya. 11. Who were the main ‘moderate’ leaders of the Indian National Congress' Ans. Vyomesh Chandra Benarjee, Dadabhai Navroji, Romesh Chandra Dutt, Gopal Krishna Gokhle, Dinsha Vachha, Sir Pherozshah Mehta, Madan Mohan Malaviya, Surendranath Benerjee were the main ‘moderate’ leaders of the Congress. 12. Who were the main radical leaders of the Indian National Congress' Ans. Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpatrai and Bipin Chandra Pal were the main radical leaders of the Indian National Congress. 13. Which provinces became main centers of Indian Nationalism because of radical activities' Ans. Maharashtra, Punjab and Bengal became the main centers of Indian nationalism, because of radical activities. 14. Who became well-known as Sher-e-Punjab' Ans. Lala Lajpatrai became well-known as Sher-e-Punjab. 15. Who divided Bengal' Ans. Viceroy Lord Curzon divided Bengal. 16. By whose suggestion was the day of division of Bengal was celebrated as ‘Ekta Din’' Ans. By the suggestion of the great poet Ravindranath Tagore was the day of division of Bengal was celebrated as ‘Ekta Din’. 17. Which policy did Viceroy Lord Curzon adopt to break the Indian national army' Ans. Viceroy Lord Curzon adopted the policy of ‘divide and rule’ to break the national unity of India. 18. What policy did Lord Curzon use for the partition of Bengal' Ans. Lord Curzon used his now well known policy of the British ‘Divide and Rule’ for the partition of Bengal. 19. How was the day of partition of Bengal observed' Ans. The day of partition of Bengal was observed as a ‘Day of Mourning’ and ‘Unity Day’ 20. What were the chief features of Bang Bhang movement' Ans. The chief features of Bang Bhang movement were: Swadeshi, boycott of foreign goods and national education. 21. Who were the main leaders of the committee formed for Bang Bhang movement' Ans. Surendarnath Banerjee, Bipin Chandra Pal, Rasbihari Ghosh and Arvind Ghosh were the main leaders of the committee formed for Bang Bhang movement. 22. What were the people to do in the programme of boycott and swadeshi' Ans. In the boycott programme, people were to give up foreign goods and a social boucott of the government officers and opponents of the movement was to be carried out; while in swadeshi programme, people were urge to use only swadeshi Indian made goods. 23. Who played an important role in the formation of the Muslim League' Ans. The religious head of a muslim sect Agakhan, Dhaka nawab Salimulla, Viceroy Lord Minto and his privae secretary Dunlop Smith, etc. played an important role in the formation of the Muslim League. 24. Who started the Home Rule Movement' When' Ans. Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Mrs Annie Besant started the Home Rule Movement in 1916. 25. Through which newspapers did Lokmanya Tilak and Mrs Annie Besant propagate Home Rult Movement' Ans. Lokmanya Tilak through his newspapers ‘Kesari’ and ‘Maratha’ while Mrs. Annie Besant through her weekly, the common will, and her daily ‘ the new India’ propagated their Home Rule Movement. 26. What was the main effect of Home Rule Movement' Ans. As a result of Home Rule Movement, on 20th August, 1917, the British government, through Montague, announced to increase the number of Indians in the administration and to grant ‘responsible government’ to India. 27. Which Pact is considered to be an important Pact in the history of the Indian freedom movement' Ans. The ‘Lucknow Pact’ is considered to be an important Pact in the history of the Indian freedom movement. 28. Who had started a center for imparting training in the use of arms at Purandar' Ans. Vasudev Balant Phadke, a pioneer among revolutionaries started a center for imparting training in the use of arms at Purandar. 29. Who became very famous in the north-east region of India during the freedom struggle' Ans. In the north-eastern India, the name of Shambhudhan Fuglo became very well known during the freedom struggle. 30. Who began the revolutionary activity in India' Ans. Vasudev Balant Phadke began the revolutionary activity in India. 31. Who carried out the activities for gaining freedom in the tribal regions' Ans. Vir Birsa Munda carried on the activities for gaining freedom for the tribal regions. 32. Who was the first to make a bonfire of foreign cloth in India' Ans. Vinayak Savarkar was the first to make a bonfire of foreign cloth in India. 33. Who was the medium or the link of contact for the revolutionaries' Ans. Durgabhabhi was the medium or the link of contact for the revolutionaries. 34. Who was the Durgabhabhi’s husband' Ans. Bhagwati Charan Bohra, originally form Gujarat was the Durgabhabhi’s husband. 35. Name the revolutionary who became a symbol of Hindu and Muslim unity' Ans. Ashfaqulla Khan was the revolutionary who became a symbol of Hindu and Muslim unity. 36. Who formed the organization ‘Haraka’' Ans. The revolutionary, Queen Gidinleu and her brother Medonang, formed the organization ‘Haraka’. 37. Who started the revolutionary movement for India in England' Ans. Shyamji Krishna verma, a native from Kachchh started the revolutionary movement for India in England. 38. Who conducted the revolutionary movement for India in Paris' Ans. Madam Bhikhaiji Rustom Cama, conducted the revolutionary movement for India in Paris. 39. Who unfureled the tricolor of India in Stuttgart city of Germany' When' Ans. Madam Bhikhaiji Cama unfureled the tricolor of India in Stuttgart city of Germanyin 1907. 40. Who started the revolutionary movement for India in America' Which organization did they form for this purpose' Ans. Tarak Nath Das and his friends started the revolutionary movement for India in America. They formed an organization called Indian Independence League in California in 1907 for this purpose. 41. Who changed the name of the Indian Independence League to the ‘Gadar Party’' what was the main objective of it' Ans. A revolutionary, lala Hardayal changed the name of the Indian Independence League and called it Gadar Party. Its main objective was to drive away the British from India. 42. Which organization did the Indian revolutionaries start in Berlin' What kind of activities did they start' Ans. The Indian revolutionaries formed Berlin Samiti there. This committee started a camp to give military training to the Indian yought and trained them in the use of making bombs, to exploe them and in handling weapons. 43. Who started the revolutionary activities in Japan' Ans. Rasbihari Ghosh started the revolutionary activities in Japan. 44. Who had started revolutionary activities for the freedom of India in south East Asia' Ans. Rasbihari Ghosh and Champak Raman Pillai started revolutionary activities for the freedom of India in south East Asia. 45. Which committee did Champak Raman Pillai start with the help of German government in Berlin' Ans. Champak Raman Pillai started the Indian Independence Committee in Berlin with the help of the German government. 46. What is meant by religious conversion' Ans. The activity to induce a person of one caste with some benefits is called ‘religious conversion’. Q3 Answer in Brief : 1) What resolutions were passed at the first conference of the Indian National Congress' Ans. The Indian National Congress passed the following resolutions at its first session: The British government should reduce its administrative and military expenses. There should be elected members in the legislative assemblies. The age limit of the ICS should be raised and the examination should be held in England and at the same time. 2) What objectives were put fourth in the first conference of the Indian National Congress' Ans. Discriminations prevailing in the name of castes, religion or region in various masses of India should be removed and a feeling of a national unity should be created in the people. Attention of the educated Indians should be drawn to the social and political problems which may arise in future. Propaganda of the feelings of the ordinary Congressman about the common national interests, among the active workers and leaders of congress. To decide the policy for national development in the year to come. 3) What is moderation' Ans. The style of working of some Congress leaders oppose the unjust policies of British government through strictly constitutional and democratic means, to discus the demand and pass resolutions and send the resolution to the Viceroy as a request or petition- is known as moderation. 4) What is radicalism' Who was its main advocate' Ans. The young leaders of the congress believed the active steps be taken and vigorous movements should be launched against the British government to attain swaraj. The ideology of the congress leaders who advocated this type of work come to be known as radicalism. Lokmanya Tilak was the main advocate. 5) Name the persons involved in resolution activity of India. Ans. Vasudev Balvent Phadke, Damoder Chaphekar, Balkrishna Chaphekar, Veer Savarkar, Barindra Ghosh, Khudiram Bose, Prafulla Chaki, Ramprasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan, Chandrashekhar Azad, Bhagat Sinh, Sukhdev, Batukeshwar Datt, Shyamji Krishna Verma, Madam Cama, Madanlal Dhingra, Sardarsinh Rana, and Lala Lajpatrai. Q4 Shot Notes: 1] Lokmanya Tilak: The original name of Lokmanya tilak was Bal Gangadhar Tilak. He was born on 23rd july 1856 at Chikhli in Ratnagiri district in Maharashtra. He was a front rank leader of the Indian freedom movement. He was was the main advocate of radicalism in the Congress. He started two periodicals, ‘ the Maratha’ in English and ‘Kesari’ in Marathi to awaken the people and express his political ideology. He started the celeberation of ‘Ganesh Chaturthi’ and ‘Shivaji Jayanti’ to create unity and awakening among our people. In 1906, Lokmanya Tilak gave two famous slogans, ‘Swarajya is my birth-right’ and ‘our life and religion are no avail without attaining swarajya. The British government disliked Tilak’s writings and activities. In 1908, the British government punished him with rigorous imprisonment for 6 years for criticizing the government harshly. He was sent to jail in Mandalay in Mayanmar. He founded ‘Indian Home Rule League’ in pune in 1916, to make the national movement widespread in India. Lokmanya Tilak was died on 1st August 1920, in Mumbai. 2] Lala Lajpatrai: He was a radical patriotic leader of Congress. He was born in 1865. He became known as ‘Sher-e-punjab’. He was very much impressed by ‘Arya Samaj’, founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswati. He started two newspapers, ‘The Punjabi’ and the ‘People’. For leading the Punjab farmers, he was imprisoned. He also took leadership of the procession taken out to oppose the ‘Simon Commission’. A British officer, Scott, made a severe lathi-charge on Lala Lajpatrai. He was hospitalized. He died on 17th November 1928. 3] Annie Besant: Mrs. Annie Besant was born in Ireland. She came to India in 1893. She founded the Home Rule League in 1916 in Chennai to attain freedom by constitutional means. Prior to this, the radical leader of congress, Bal Gangadhar Tilak had already founded the Indian Home Rule League’ in Pune. Mrs. Besant, by her articles in her weekly, the ‘Common Will’ and the daily ‘New India’ and through public meetings, propagated the idea of Home Rule. The British government took stern steps to suppress the Home Rule Movement. the ‘Common Will’ and ‘New India’ were both banned for publishing strong articles against the government. On 15th june, 1917, the British Government put Mrs Annie besant under house arrest at Ooty. People protested strongly through meetings and processions against her arrest. They demanded her immediate release. So the government forced to release her. Mrs. Annie Besant, by her active movement for the independence of India, has rendered invaluable service to India. 4] The Lucknow Pact: The agreement at Lucknow in 1916, between the Congress and the Muslim League is known as the Lucknow Pact. This pact is considered to be very important in the history of the Indian nationalist movement. According to the Pact, It was demanded that there will be 80% elected and 20% nominated members in the Central Legislative Council and the members of the Viceroy’s executive council should be from among the elected Indian members. In Punjab, Bengal and some other places, the congress agreed to allot more seats than their population should get, to the Muslims. With this Lucknow Pact, unity between the Hindus and the Muslims was established. Congress and Muslim League, as political parties gave more importance to the national interests than to the party interests. As a result, the freedom Struggle of Indian received a powerful impetus. 5] Vinayak Savarkar: Vinayak Damodar Savarkar was born in 1883. He was a poet, writer, staunch patiot and revolutionary leader. In 1900, he started an organization called ‘Mitr Mela’. Which later became known as ‘Abhinav Bharat’. Savarkar was the first to make a bonfire of foreign clothes. He went to London and joined the revolutionary movement headed by shyamjKrishna varma. He started a brench of ‘ Abhinav Bharat’ in London. He was prosecuted in the International Court at The Hague.