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A Cultural diffusion article from - Cultural Assimilation Cultural Diffusion This research argues that variations in the interplay between cultural assimilation and cultural diffusion have played a significant role in giving rise to differential patterns of economic development across the globe. Societies that were geographically less vulnerable to cultural diffusion, benefited from enhanced assimilation, lower cultural diversity and, thus, more intense accumulation of society-specific human capital, enabling them to flourish in the technological paradigm that characterized the agricultural stage of development. The lack of cultural diffusion and its manifestation in cultural rigidity, however, diminished the ability of these societies to adapt to a new technological paradigm, which delayed their industrialization and, thereby, their take-off to a state of sustained economic growth. The theory contributes to the understanding of the advent of divergence and overtaking in the process of long-run development, attributing the dominance of some societies within a given technological regime to a superior operation of cultural assimilation, while the success of others in the switch between technological regimes to a higher frequency of cultural diffusion and the beneficial effect of diversity on the adaptability of society to a changing technological environment. Thus, in contrast to the cultural and institutional hypotheses, which posit a hierarchy of cultural and institutional attributes in terms of their conduciveness to innovation and their ability in fostering industrialization, the proposed theory suggests that the desirable degree of the relative prevalence of cultural assimilation versus cultural diffusion varies according to the stage of development. Enhanced cultural assimilation is optimal within a given stage of development, but is detrimental for the transition between technological regimes. Therefore, while cultural traits themselves do not necessarily have a differential effect on the process of development, it is the variation in the relative strengths of the forces of cultural assimilation and cultural diffusion, which together determine the heterogeneity of these traits, that is instrumental for comparative economic development. Types of cultural diffusion • Expansion diffusion: an innovation or idea that develops in a source area and remains strong there, while also spreading outward to other areas. • Relocation diffusion: an idea or innovation that migrates into new areas, leaving behind its origin or source of the cultural trait. • Hierarchical diffusion: an idea or innovation that spreads by moving from larger to smaller places, often with little regard to the distance between places, and often influenced by social elites. • Contagious diffusion: an idea or innovation based on person-to-person contact within a given population. • Stimulus diffusion: an idea or innovation sparked by an idea that diffused in from another culture. The specific trait may be rejected, but the underlying concept is accepted. Mechanisms for inter-cultural diffusion Inter-cultural diffusion can happen in many ways. Migrating populations will carry their culture with them. Ideas can be carried by trans-cultural visitors, such as merchants, explorers, soldiers, diplomats, slaves, and hired artisans. Technology diffusion has often occurred by one society luring skilled scientists or workers by payments or other inducement. Trans-cultural marriages between two neighboring or interspersed cultures have also contributed. Among literate societies, diffusion can happen through letters or books (and, in modern times, through other media as well). There are three categories of diffusion mechanisms: • Direct diffusion is when two cultures are very close to each other, resulting in intermarriage, trade, and even warfare. An example of direct diffusion is between the United States and Canada, where the people living on the border of these two countries engage in hockey, which started in Canada, and baseball, which is big in American culture • Forced diffusion occurs when one culture subjugates (conquers or enslaves) another culture and forces its own customs on the conquered people. An example would be the conquistadors that took over the indigenous population and made them practice Christianity. • Indirect diffusion happens when traits are passed from one culture through a middleman to another culture, without the first and final cultures ever being in direct contact. An example could be the presence of Mexican food in Canada, since they have a huge country in between them. Direct diffusion is very common in ancient times, when small groups, or bands, of humans lived in adjoining settlements. Indirect diffusion is very common in today's world, because of the mass media and the invention of the Internet. Diffusion theories The many models that have been proposed for inter-cultural diffusion are • Heliocentric diffusionism—the theory that all cultures originated from one culture. • Culture circles diffusionism (Kulturkreise)—the theory that cultures originated from a small number of cultures. • Evolutionary diffusionism—the theory that societies are influenced by others and that all humans share psychological traits that make them equally likely to innovate, resulting in development of similar innovations in isolation. • Mallory's "Kulturkugel" (a non-existent German compound meaning "culture bullet"), a term suggested by to model the scale of invasion vs. gradual migration vs. diffusion. According to this model, local continuity of material culture and social organization is stronger than linguistic continuity, so that cultural contact or limited migration regularly leads to linguistic changes without affecting material culture or social organization. A concept that has often been mentioned in this regard, which may be framed in the evolutionary diffusionism model, is that of "an idea whose time has come" — whereby a new cultural item appears almost simultaneously and independently in several widely separated places, after certain prerequisite items have diffused across the respective communities. This concept has been invoked, for example, with regard to the development of calculus by Newton and Leibnitz, or the inventions of the airplane and of the electronic computer. “Cultural diffusion in Bangladesh” Our topic is “Cultural diffusion problem in Bangladesh.” In this topic we tried to show the reason, effect and present situation of Changing Pattern of Culture in Bangladesh. We also gave some suggestion regarding this topic. When we started our group discussion, we found so many topics to work with. But at last we came to a conclusion that, we are going to work on a social issue and it is a social problem which is Cultural diffusion problem in Bangladesh. Bangladesh is one of the developing countries in the world. Inside this country there are many issue like educational, cultural diffusion, employment , and medical & so on. In our country’s perspective the major problem is Cultural diffusion Problem. This is not only a major issue for Bangladesh but also for any country in the World. Cultural diffusion increasing day by day. This problem is sometimes visible and invisible. Cultural diffusion becomes a threat to our society. It has many bad impacts in our society. Throughout the report, we tried to show what we have studied. Lets have a look! What is culture' Culture describes the many ways in which human beings express themselves for the purposes of uniting with others, forming a group, defining an identity, and even for distinguishing themselves as unique. Cultural expression is highly sensual in that human beings often create activities, practices, symbols, and so on that can be easily consumed by our senses. For example, culturally distinct forms of dance or physical movement attract our senses of touch and sight; whereas culturally specific foods seek to activate our sense of taste and smell. Although “culture” is not necessary for the survival of the human species, notions of culture and cultural identities are present in almost every human being. Sociological Analysis of Culture Sociologists regard culture as a central ingredient in human behaviors. However, depending upon their particular theoretical perspective, different sociologists see culture through different lenses. [pic] Recall the different theoretical perspectives: -Functionalist -Conflict -Interactionist Looking Cultural mixing in Three Theoretical perspectives. Functionalist view: The word culture is often thrown around when speaking of organizations.  However, not many people take time to think about what it really means when the buzz phrase organizational culture or corporate culture are mentioned.  Culture is the shared meanings, stories, symbols and attitudes that humans have in common.  More specifically, “there are simple and complex definitions of organizational culture.  A simple one is: ‘the way we do things around here’- the rules and regulations.  A more complex one is: the interpretive frameworks and core values that creates a unique sense of meaning in an organization”. While the definition gives a basic understanding of culture within an organization, a more in depth look better explains how organizations function in terms of their culture.  There are two perspectives in organizational culture which offer two different views on culture within an organization.  They are the functionalist perspective and the symbolist perspective (also known as interpretative or semiotic perspective).  The difference between the two is the idea of “. . . culture being something that an organization has’ as compared with something an organization.‘” The functionalist perspective of culture takes the stance that culture is something that an organization has.  Examples of companies with a functionalist perspective are Nokia, Vivendi, McDonalds, and most Universities.  This perspective believes that the most successful organizations are characterized by shared meanings and social integration, motivation, and commitment.  “While the pool of values and beliefs in the organization may have additional purposes, they primarily serve, according to this perspective, to help the organization integrate its members, adapt to its surroundings, and survive in a changing environment”   The functionalist perspective assumes that culture consists of consistent practices, symbols and values shared by every member, that culture is used as a form of control and is unique to each organization. These beliefs and patterns of behaviors are often taken for granted because they are not thought about Organizations in the functionalist perspective can be compared to a machine.  The main goal is to improve effectiveness of the organization. [pic] In Bangladesh foreign culture influence our pure Bangladeshi culture, [pic] Our teenager & also adult people are influence by Indian Culture , Western Culture & Arabian Culture. [pic] By- TV program, Films, Music, Product, Education, Literature, Internet etc. [pic] Those element enter in our society and we practicing everyday. [pic] We can give example that, now a days in marriage ceremony we used lots of activities what we haven’t in our culture, like that in our dress in our fashion we have lots of changes, teenage wearing Jeans, t-shirt, shirt, and lots of western and Indian dresses. Some times some value , behavior , mores, folkway changes in our life, in previous day we use to give “SALAM” now we use “HELLO” Now it consider as modern. Sometimes religion matter involved in our culture. So We are practicing those foreign cultural activities every day. Conflict View: Conflict perspective is a socio-historical theory that examines how conflict is generated within society. Discover how conflict perspective divides a society into groups with help from a research coordinator with a master's degree in political science. conflict perspective is a socio-historical theory that looks at how conflict is generated within society. Now, it states that there are groups, be they economic groups, racially-based groups, religious-based groups, in society that compete for political and economic resources in order to have the most power within a given society. Now, these groups compete and, thus, come into conflict, but generally, conflict theory understands that there is a dominant group and seeks to explain how this group maintains dominance. So the question is: What is the dominant group, how is it powerful, and how does this power express itself' What are the...what are the values that the dominant group holds dear, and how are these values promoted and protected' Who are the other groups in society' How are they exploited' How are they manipulated' How are they coerced' What are the resources that are available to the dominant group to maintain power' Do other people or other groups have access to these resources' How are other groups resisting' Are they resisting' And if they are, why are they resisting' And if not, why aren't they resisting' And lastly, authority: How is authority maintained within a society based on the relationship between the power group and the other groups' And this, in a nutshell, is conflict perspective. [pic] Well here is lots of question , if consider as Bangladesh present situation than, we can see many conflict like [pic] Hindi TV serial makes conflict between families, or may be in internal mater of family. [pic] Dress up of western & Indian culture makes so many problem for us. Specially for teenagers. [pic] To viewing English , Hindi movie our children doing so many bad work. [pic] Some times the trying killing!!! Take drugs!!! , robbery!!! Sexual work means incest taboos. [pic] Dominated culture by religion make conflict between two group. [pic] The most important thing is that we are losing our own culture and value. We make a mix culture for us. Sometimes we says that have ever seen a Bangladeshi cultured people in present situation. Its shame for us. Interactionist view: Human beings exist and interact in a reality which they define themselves. Inside of this reality they make use of social objects, that is, anything used between to actors in social situations that have meaning and function in that social environment. Many social objects are used to represent something else and are interpreted to convey more meaning. These social objects are known as symbols and it is the core of the interactionist perspective. Simply defined, a symbol is something that stands for something else. In Sociology, a symbolic classified as a social object that the members of a society have agreed represents a concept, an object , or an ideal that is not present. They are used to communicate, express intentions,represent objects and groups and define the reality that surrounds us. [pic] Recall that the Interactionist perspective is engaged in micro-level analysis, and examines society as the sum of all people’s interactions [pic] People create, maintain and modify culture as they go about their day-to-day activities [pic] According to Interactionists, our culture’s values and norms do not automatically determine our behaviour [pic] Rather, we re-interpret these values and norms with each situation we come across. In other words, our values and norms are dynamic; that is, we are constantly changing them. [pic] Georg Simmel suggested that eventually culture takes on a life of its own – and begins to control us instead. [pic] For example, people initially created money as a means of exchange. It is a social construct that was designed to facilitate economies. Now, however, money has taken on a new meaning: it has become an end in itself (ie. material wealth), rather than a means to an end (facilitating the exchange of goods and services). [pic] Symbolic Interactionists examine how people maintain and change culture through interaction with others [pic] As a result, Symbolic Interactionism does not provide an outline to analyze how we shape culture and how it in turn shapes us. It fails to take into account the larger, macrolevel social structures (eg. social class) that are considered in the Functionalist and Conflict perspectives. Well if you consider as Bangladesh situation than you can see that many social organization work on this subject. Now a days Bangladeshi media work to follow up our culture. Many researchers work on this , that how to stop and what we have to do, to save our culture. Cable network are trying to exchange our TV channel to foreign country. Bangla academy, sayanot, nitto-natto work for save our culture, Parents are more restrict to follow our cultural dress, language etc Thinking Globally: Cultural diffusion is now globally problem, probably all county now face this challenge. Every country trying to save their own culture, and work on it! Well we have to share our culture each other, that doesn’t mean we have to change our culture any more. Conclusion: We thought that we have the power to save our from culture diffusion or from changing. But we have to work together to stop cultural diffusion. After completing our research we have found some technique in our point of view. We think this technique will be helpful for prevent cultural diffusion. We have to work on those subject (Suggestion): [pic] Risky TV channel should be closed. [pic] Should be careful about foreign music. [pic] Should be careful about fashion & style. [pic] Internet site must be filter from porn & bad cultural site. [pic] Education institute should be more careful on this matter. [pic] Teacher can be play a good role on this tropic. [pic] TV channel & all media have a role on this matter. [pic] Cultural organize should be more active. [pic] Student should be awareness on this matter & have to follow with more carefully. [pic] Parents should be more restrict on this matter. Reference: 1) The new age 2) www.cultural.com 3) www.google.com 4) www.search.aol.com 5)www.encyclopedia.com.