Intro_to_Criminal_Justice

GROWTH OF JAILS “Jails have been called the ’shame of the criminal justice system.’ Many are old, poorly funded, scantily staffed by underpaid and poorly trained employees.” A 1983 national census revealed that jails were operating at 85% of their rated capacity. See Table below. | | 1983 | 1988 | 1993 | 2000 | 2004 | |# of Jails | 3,338 | 3,316 | 3,304 | 3,365 | 3,360 | |# of Jail Inmates | 223,551 | 343,569 | 459,804 | 621,149 | 713,990 | |Capacity of Jails | 261,556 | 339,949 | 475,224 | 677,787 | 755,603 | |% of Cap Ocupied | 85% | 101% | 97% | 92% | 94% | JAIL FACTS Although jail overcrowding is not the issue, it was a decade ago; it is still a problem. Other factors conspire to keep jail populations high. They include the following: • Inability of jail inmates to make bond due to institutionalized bail bond practices and lack of funding sources for indigent defendants. • Unnecessary delays between arrest and final case disposition. • The limited ability of the criminal justice system to handle cases expeditiously due to a lack of needed resources (judges, assistant prosecuting attorneys, and so on.) And inappropriate attorney delays in moving cases. • Unproductive statutes requiring that specified nonviolent offenders be jailed. | | | |DIFFERENCES BETWEEN JAILS AND PRISONS | | |JAILS: | | | |PRISONS: | |*Jails are locally operated places of incarceration – usually the County runs the jail and includes | | |cities and counties. There are about 3,600 jails in US. |*Prisons are operated by the State Govt. or by the Fed. Govt., and are designed to hold individuals | |*Jails are within the County where individual was arrested; the jail is not far away. |convicted of crime. Most people sentenced to State Prisons are convicted of violent crimes (50.5); drug | |*A person who is being held in custody before a trial/has not yet been convicted and are awaiting |crimes (21.4) and property crimes (20.4) tie as the 2nd most common violation. | |trial. Have not paid bail/was only recently arrested, will be held at a local jail, not prison. |*A State or Federal prison could be very far away from a convicted person’s home and family. There are | |*Jails are also a place for people who have been convicted of relatively minor crimes. A jail |about 100 Federal prisons, detention centers, and correctional institutions in the US. | |sentence rarely exceeds a year or two. |*Defendants who are convicted of State crimes will serve their sentence in a Federal prison. | |*The majority of jails are designed to hold a minimal amount of offenders so they tend to have |*In general, the prison facility as a whole is very tightly secured, even if not all the criminals inside | |relatively low security. However, some jails in major cities and those that are considered prone to |are violent, to prevent escapes or potential violence between wings of the prison. The prison staff are | |violence, may have stricter and tighter security. |specifically trained to work in a prison environment, and a board of govt. is appointed by State to oversee | |*Jails don’t have many amenities for people serving time there, since they won’t be there for very |prison management. | |long. The amenities offered by jails often include food, water, and bathrooms. |*A prison is far more capable of handling more prisoners than a jail is, and the prisoners are typically | |*A County Jail may have a work release program and services to combat substance abuse and address |segregated on the basis of the types of crimes that they have been convicted of as a safety precaution. | |vocational needs of its inmates – or it may provide only the basic necessities of housing, food, and |*Prisons will house people awaiting trial, particularly those who are awaiting trial for a heinous offense | |safety. |such as homicide, rape, terrorism or armed robbery. | | |*Prisons often have work release programs, a halfway house service, classrooms for vocational training and | | |recreation and entertainment facilities. Some prison inmates are going to be there for decades or for a | | |lifetime. | | | | |FOR PRIVATIZATION OF PRISONS |AGAINST PRIVATIZATION OF PRISONS | | |* Successful rehabilitation of the prisoners. Once the prisoner is released back into society, if they | |*There is more flexibility in treatment, including faith-based alternatives, than with public |are rehabilitated, they will have less likelihood to re-offend, and will not become a danger to society. | |institutions. | | |*Private prisons provide jobs where they are located and market opportunities for those selling |* The treatment of prisoners would be another concern. A privately owned prison is primarily | |products to them, thus benefiting the economy. |interested in making a profit for the company, not in the treatment of the prisoners. | |*Private companies offer state-of-the-art correctional facility designs that are efficient to operate|*The safety of the employees is a huge issue. The privately run institutions are less open to public | |and that are based on cost-benefit considerations. |oversight, less transparent. | |*Private operators typically design and construct a new correctional facility in half the time it |* A privately owned prison has an incentive to increase the prison population, thus increasing their | |takes to build a comparable government project. |profits. | |*Government can reduce or share its liability exposure by contracting with private corrections |*Few private companies are available from which to choose. | |companies. |The procurement process is slow, inefficient, and open to risks. | |*Government can retain flexibility by limiting the contract’s duration and by specifying the | | |facility’s mission. | | | | | | | | PRISON WEAPONS THAT WERE CONFISCATED. [pic] PRISON RIOTS A video image of prisoners being rounded up after the fourth day of inmate rioting at the Attica Correctional Facility on May 2, 1971. [pic]By Randy James; Tuesday, August 11, 2009 Although today’s prisons are relatively calm, the ten years between 1970 and 1980 have been called the “explosive decade” of prison riots. The decade began with a massive uprising at Attica Prison in New York State in September 1971, in which 43 deaths occurred and more than 80 men were wounded. CAUSES OF RIOTS *An insensitive prison administration and neglected inmates’ demands. Calls for “fairness” in disciplinary hearings, better food, more recreational opportunities, and the like may lead to riots when ignored. *The lifestyles most inmates are familiar with on the streets. It should be no surprise that prisoners use organized violence when many of them are violent people. *Dehumanizing prison conditions. Overcrowded facilities, the lack of opportunity for individual expression, and other aspects of total institutions culminate in explosive situations of which riots are but one form. *To regulate inmate society and redistribute power balances among inmate groups. Riots provide the opportunity to “cleanse” the prison population of informers and rats and to resolve struggles among power brokers and ethnic groups within the institution. *”Power vacuums” created b changes in prison administration, the transfer of influential inmates, or court-ordered injunctions that significantly alter the informal social control mechanisms of the institution. FEMALE INMATES In 1977, United States prisons housed 11,212 female inmates: by 2004, the female prison population had increased almost nine-fold, reaching 96,125. The number of female inmates grew every year except for 2001 when the number of female inmates dropped slightly before resuming its upward trend. Between 1977 and 2004, the female imprisonment rate in the United States grew by 757% (with an average annual change of 8% per year). [pic] Female Imprisonment Rates Between 1977 and 2004, the United States female imprisonment rate (including the federal prison system and the prison populations of all fifty states) grew from 10 to 64 female prisoners per 100,000 female residents. [pic] [pic] • [pic] INDIANA STATE PRISON MICHIGAN CITY, INDIANA [pic] Indiana Executions Since 1900 (As of July 1, 2007) Prior to 1913, all executions in Indiana were hanging. From 1913 until 1995, all executions were by electrocution. Since 1995, all executions have been by lethal injection. Current death penalty procedure is found at Indiana Code 35-38-6 and requires that the execution by lethal injection take place inside the walls of the Indiana State Prison at Michigan City before sunrise. A total of 89 convicted murderers have been executed in Indiana since 1900. Of this total, all 89 were men; none were juveniles at the time of the murder; 65 were white and 24 were black; 3 were executed on the same day. There were no executions in Indiana from June 15, 1961 to March 9, 1981. Only 19 have been executed in Indiana since the death penalty was reinstated in 1977. The five convicted murderers executed in 2005 was the most in any year this century except 1938, when Indiana executed 8 convicted murderers. The annual cost to house an adult prisoner in the United States is $22,650. PROGRAMS OFFERED TO PREPARE INMATES FOR RELEASE Domestic Violence Programs Education Programs Family Ties Programs Health Programs Industrial Programs Life Skills Programs Privilege Programs Spirituality Programs Treatment Programs Vocational Programs Mandating Programs Prison inmates celebrate earning college education at ceremony [pic] THE TIMES Marlon Sims, left, an inmate at Westville Correctional Facility in Westville, Indiana, speaks Wednesday during a college graduation ceremony inside the prison. Purdue University President France Cordova, center, attended the ceremony for the first time along with PNC Chancellor James Dworkin, right. |Summary findings | |On June 30, 2008 — | |– 2,310,984 prisoners were held in federal or state prisons or in local jails – an increase of 0.8% from yearend 2007, less than the average annual growth of 2.4% from 2000-2007. | |– 1,540,805 sentenced prisoners were under state or federal jurisdiction. | |– there were an estimated 509 sentenced prisoners per 100,000 U.S. residents – up from 506 at yearend 2007. | |– the number of women under the jurisdiction of state or federal prison authorities increased 1.2% from yearend 2007, reaching 115,779, and the number of men rose 0.7%, totaling 1,494,805. | |At midyear 2008, there were 4,777 black male inmates per 100,000 U.S. residents being held in state or federal prison and local jails, compared to 1,760 Hispanic male inmates per 100,000 U.S. | |residents and 727 white male inmates per 100,000 U.S. residents. | | | |In 2005 there were an estimated 687,700 state prisoners serving time for a violent offense. State prisons also held an estimated 248,900 property offenders and 253,300 drug offenders. | |Click on the chart to view full sized version. | |Most serious offense |Percent of sentenced | | |State inmates | | |[pic] | | |1995 |2005 | |[pic] | |Total |100 |% |100 |% | |Violent |47 | |53 |  | |Property |23 | |19 |  | |Drug |22 | |20 |  | |Public-order |9 | |8 |  | REFERENCES: Smith, Phil Private prisons: Profits of Crime, Covert Actions Quarterly, Fall 1993; Jones, Richard and Mary Zhan. Private Prisons-Public Concerns, Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel, January, 2000 Segal, George. Private Prisons Better Suited to Address Problems, Institute Change, Reason Public Policy Institute, October 2001. OPPAGA (Office of Program Policy Analysis & Government Accountability, Report) dated 12/2008. No. 08-71. Schmalleger, Frank. Criminal Justice Today, An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 9th Edition. http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/images/gurney2002.jpg US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Randy James’- Riot photograph. Texas State Correctional Facility (Sorry, it’s not local. I tried on three separate occasions to my local prison, and they would not return my phone call; and on one occasion told me “they didn’t have the authority to give me this information.” I called a relative that lived in Texas that works at a corrections facility, and he sent me this. I hope you do not mind. I really did try.) [pic] ----------------------- CREATIVE PROJECT 3 FINAL ANALYSIS ESSAY Instructor: Ms. Elisa Martin Student: Lori Tiemann Class: 0904A; CJ101-29AU Dated: October 21, 2009