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2013-11-13 来源: 类别: 更多范文
From the book: American Indians: Stereotypes & Realities
by Devon A. Mihesuah
1. Stereotype:
Indians are all alike.
Reality:
In America alone, there are approximately 2.1 million Indians, belonging to 511 culturally distinct federally recognized tribes or an additional 200 or so unrecognized tribes. They live in a variety of environments, either on 286 U.S. reservations, or off reservation in rural areas or cities.
2. Stereotype:
Indians were conquered because they were inferior.
Reality:
Indians were conquered because of their lack of immunity to European diseases.
3. Stereotype:
If Indians had united, they could have prevented the European invasion.
Reality:
Tribes were too different culturally and lived too far apart to fight together as a cohesive unit.
4. Stereotype:
Indians had no civilization until Europeans brought it to them.
Reality:
Indians were civilized. Their cultures were different from those of Europeans.
5. Stereotype:
Indians arrived in this hemisphere via the Siberian land bridge.
Reality:
Indians believe that they were created in this hemisphere.
6. Stereotype:
Indians were warlike and treacherous.
Reality:
Indians fought to defend their lands, sovereignty and way of life from invaders.
7. Stereotype:
Indians had nothing to contribute to Europeans or the growth of America.
Reality:
The contributions of American Indians have changed and enriched the world.
8. Stereotype:
Indian tribes did not value or empower women.
Reality:
Indian women often wielded considerable power within their tribes.
9. Stereotype:
Indians have no religion.
Reality:
Indians are deeply religious. Each tribe has its own religion.
10. Stereotype:
Indians welcome outsiders to study and participate in their religious ceremonies.
Reality:
Indians often practice their religions secretly and want outsiders to respect their desire for privacy.
11. Stereotype:
Indians are a vanished race.
Reality:
There are 2.1 million United States Indians today.
12. Stereotype:
Indians are confined to reservations, live in tipis, wear braids, and ride horses.
Reality:
There is nothing that confines Indians to reservations. Few wear braids and rid horses. Fewer still own tipis.
13. Stereotype:
Indians have no reason to be unpatriotic.
Reality:
Most American patriotism is the celebration of Euro-American history and interest. Euro-Americans' behavior and policies towards Indians have been brutal throughout American history.
14. Stereotype:
Indians get a free ride from the government.
Reality:
The benefits Indians receive from the government derive from treaty agreements, which purport to compensate them for the surrender of some or all of their invaluable lands.
15. Stereotype:
Indians' affairs are managed for them by the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
Reality:
Each tribe has its own govermental structure possessing a variety of self-governing powers.
16. Stereotype:
Indians are not capable of completing school.
Reality:
Hundreds of Indians graduate from universities every year.
17. Stereotype:
Indians cannot vote or hold office.
Reality:
Indians represent a powerful voting bloc in elections. Numerous Indians hold tribal, state and national offices.
18. Stereotype:
Indians have a tendency towards alcoholism.
Reality:
Indians are no more predisposed to alcoholism than members of any other ethnic group.
19. Stereotype:
"My grandmother was an Indian"
Reality:
Thousands of Americans "wannabe" Indian, but they are not.
20. Stereotype:
Indians are all full bloods.
Reality:
The majority of Indians are of mixed heritage.
21. Stereotype:
All Indians have an "Indian name."
Reality:
Most Indians have only a Euro-American name. A minority of Indians also have "Indian names."
22. Stereotype:
most Indians know the histories, languages and cultural aspect of their own tribe and of other tribes.
Reality:
few Indians know all cultural aspects of their own tribe, much less those of other tribes.
23. Stereotype:
Indians are stoic and have no sense of humor.
Reality:
Indians are as endowed with as rich a sense of humor as anyone else.
24. Stereotype:
Indians like having their pictures taken.
Reality:
Indians find photographers intrusive.
