Immunizaton_Scares

Immunization project By: Sha’lana Koger Diphtheria What is Diphtheria' is an upper respiratory tract illness It is characterized by sore throat, low fever, and an adherent membrane (a pseudomembrane) on the tonsils, pharynx, and/or nasal cavity. A milder form of diphtheria can be restricted to the skin. Uncommon consequences include myocarditis (about 20% of cases) and peripheral neuropathy (about 10% of cases). What does it do' it can produce a thick gray membrane that may grow large enough to obstruct breathing. How is it contacted' Diphtheria is a contagious disease spread by direct physical contact or breathing the aerosolized secretions of infected individuals. Signs and symptoms toxin usually attacks the tonsils first and causes fever, red sore throat, weakness, and headache. The toxin destroys the normal throat tissue, causing the throat to swell. As the tissue dies, the toxin forms a thick, grayish white membrane that completely covers the throat. The appearance of this membrane is important in making a diagnosis. Without treatment, the membrane will spread to cover the entire throat and larynx. How to prevent it' vaccine is recommended for all school-age children. Boosters of the vaccine are recommended for adults since the benefits of the vaccine decrease with age without constant re-exposure; they are particularly recommended for those traveling to areas where the disease has not been eradicated. Treatment diphtheria antitoxin is administered (either intravenously or by intramuscular injection) antitoxin helps to prevent damage caused by the bacterial toxin to vital organs. Antibiotics are give to treat the infection. Case study The two patients did not give a complete history of immunization and may not have been vaccinated (or may have been partially vaccinated) with DPT. On the Indian subcontinent, DPT vaccination coverage is reported to be 80%. However, it may not be so in all areas, and immunization may have decreased to approximately 50% in certain areas of Southeast Asia (2). This may also be true in certain areas of eastern Nepal. An immunization status survey done in midwestern Nepal from 1989 to 1990 showed that DPT coverage was unsatisfactory (3). Lack of sustained immunization may even result in outbreaks. The recent epidemics of diphtheria in the Ukraine, Russian Federation, and other countries of the former Soviet Union are examples of resurgence due to ineffectively maintained immunization programs (4,5). Haemophilus Influenza Type b (HIB) What is it' formerly called Pfeiffer's bacillus or Bacillus influenzae, is a non-motile Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium first described in 1892 by Richard Pfeiffer during an influenza pandemic. A member of the Pasteurellaceae family, it is generally aerobic, but can grow as a facultative anaerobe. How is it contacted: Direct contact with respiratory droplets from nasopharyngeal carrier or case patient. Treatment Haemophilus influenzae produces beta-lactamases, and it is also able to modify its penicillin binding proteins, so it has gained resistance to the penicillin family of antibiotics. In severe cases, cefotaxime and ceftriaxone delivered directly into the bloodstream are the elected antibiotics, and for the less severe cases, an association of ampicillin and sulbactam, cephalosporins of the second and third generation, or fluoroquinolones are preferred. Macrolide antibiotics (e.g. clarithromycin) may be used in patients with a history of allergy to beta-lactam antibiotics. Signs and symptoms: The most common types of invasive disease are pneumonia, occult febrile bacteremia, meningitis, epiglottitis, septic arthritis, cellulitis, otitis media, purulent pericarditis, and other less common infections such as endocarditis, and osteomyelitis. Prevention: Elimination of persistent Hib disease in the United States. Currently available conjugate vaccines differ in immuno-genicity in very young children and possibly in duration of antibody persistence, raising questions about long-term efficacy (more than 5 years), optimal use, and schedules Case study: Due to routine use of the Hib conjugate vaccine since 1990, the incidence of Hib disease in infants and young children has decreased by 99% to fewer than 1 case per 100,000 children under 5 years of age. In the United States, Hib disease occurs primarily in underimmunized children and among infants too young to have completed the primary immunization series. In developing countries, where routine vaccination with Hib vaccine is not widely available, Hib remains a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and children. Hepatitis B what is it' is an infectious hepatitis caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). This infection has two possible phases; 1) acute and 2) chronic. - Acute hepatitis B refers to newly acquired infections. Affected individuals notice symptoms approximately 1 to 4 months after exposure to the virus. In most people with acute hepatitis, symptoms resolve over weeks to months and they are cured of the infection. However, a small number of people develop a very severe, life-threatening form of acute hepatitis called fulminant hepatitis. - Chronic hepatitis B is an infection with HBV that lasts longer than 6 months. Once the infection becomes chronic, it may never go away completely. Transmission: The hepatitis B virus is known as a blood-borne virus because it is transmitted from one person to another via blood or fluids contaminated with blood. Another important route of transmission is from an infected mother to a newborn child, which occurs during or shortly after birth.The virus may be transmitted when these fluids come in contact with broken skin or a mucous membrane (in the mouth, genital organs, or rectum) of an uninfected person What does it do: The acute illness causes liver inflammation, vomiting, jaundice and rarely, death. Chronic hepatitis B may eventually cause liver cirrhosis and liver cancer—a fatal disease with very poor response to current chemotherapy Signs and symptoms: Appetite loss, Feeling tired (fatigue),Nausea and vomiting, Itching all over the body, Pain over the location of the liver (on the right side of the abdomen, under the lower rib cage),Jaundice (a condition in which the skin and the whites of the eyes turn yellow in color), Dark urine (the color of cola or tea),Pale-colored stools (grayish or clay colored) The infection is preventable by vaccination.Acute hepatitis B usually resolves on its own and does not require medical treatment. If very severe, symptoms such as vomiting or diarrhea are present, the affected person may require treatment to restore fluids and electrolytes. There are no medications that can prevent acute hepatitis B from becoming chronic. Case study : A woman known to be chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) delivered her third infant a month early at a birthing hospital. Unfortunately, her HBsAg status was incorrectly recorded in her hospital record as negative. The hospital did not have a universal birth dose policy so the infant received no hepatitis B vaccine at birth. The mother assumed that the baby was vaccinated because her other two infants had been treated appropriately. A few weeks later (at the time of the mother's original due date), the public health department contacted her to make sure the infant had been vaccinated. They discovered the mother had not been given a shot record for her newborn upon discharge, nor had vaccines ever been discussed with her at the hospital. The hospital was contacted, and it was discovered that the infant had not received any prophylaxis. The first dose of vaccine was immediately administered but by then, the infant was already one month old. H1N1 (swine flu) What is it' also called pig influenza, swine flu, hog flu and pig flu, is an infection by any one of several types of swine influenza virus. Swine influenza virus is common throughout pig populations worldwide. Signs and symptoms In adults: Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath, Pain or pressure in the chest or abdomen, Sudden dizziness, Confusion, Severe or persistent vomiting, Low temperature In children: Fast breathing or working hard to breathe, Bluish skin color, Not drinking enough fluids, Not waking up or not interacting, Being so irritable that the child does not want to be held, Flu-like symptoms that improve but then return with fever and worse cough, Fever with a rash, Being unable to eat,Having no tears when crying How is it contracted' the H1N1 flu virus cannot be spread by eating pork or pork products; similar to other influenza viruses, it is typically contracted by person to person transmission through respiratory droplets Symptoms usually last 4–6 days and are similar to those of influenza[->0] and of influenza-like illness[->1] in general, namely chills[->2], fever[->3], sore throat[->4], muscle pains[->5], severe headache[->6], coughing[->7], weakness[->8] and general discomfort[->9]. The H1N1 vaccine should go to priority groups such as pregnant women, people who live with or care for babies under six months old, children six months to four years old and health-care workers Measles What is it' also known as Rubeola, is an infection of the respiratory system caused by a virus. What does it do' usually a benign infection, encephalitis is a grave complication Signs and symptoms: fever, cough, runny nose, red eyes and a generalized, maculopapular, erythematous rash. Treatment' -Maintain bedrest and provide quiet activities for the child. If there is sensitivity to light, keep room darkly lit. -Remove eye secretions with warm saline or water. Encourage the child not to rub the eyes. -Administer antipruritic medication and tepid sponge baths as ordered. -A cool mist vaporizer can be used to relieve cough. -Apply antipruritic medication to prevent itching. -Isolate child until fifth day of rash. Prevention of Measles Generally two doses of live measles vaccine are recommended, one shot at 15 months of age, and the second shot before entering either kindergarten or first grade (or at some other age as required by law in your state). Treatment There is no specific treatment for measles. Most patients with uncomplicated measles will recover with rest and supportive treatment. It is, however, important to seek medical advice if the patient becomes more unwell as they may be developing complications. Mumps What is it' viral illness characterized by swelling of the parotid glands, just below and in front of the ear, and at times, the salivary glands under the jaw. Symptoms: Parotid[->10] inflammation[->11] (or parotitis[->12]) in 60–70% of infections and 95% of patients with symptoms. Parotitis causes swelling and local pain, particularly when chewing. It can occur on one side (unilateral) but is more common on both sides (bilateral) in about 90% of cases. Fever, Headache, Orchitis, referring to painful inflammation of the testicle. Males past puberty who develop mumps have a 30 percent risk of orchitis[->13]. Other symptoms of mumps can include dry mouth, sore face and/or ears and occasionally in more serious cases, loss of voice. In addition, up to 20% of persons infected with the mumps virus do not show symptoms, so it is possible to be infected and spread the virus without knowing it. How is it contracted' Mumps is a contagious disease that is spread from person-to-person through contact with respiratory secretions such as saliva from an infected person. When an infected person coughs or sneezes, the droplets aerosolize and can enter the eyes, nose, or mouth of another person. Mumps can also be spread by sharing food and drinks. The virus can also survive on surfaces and then be spread after contact in a similar manner. PREVENTATION: The most common preventative measure against mumps is immunization with a mumps vaccine, The vaccine may be given separately or as part of the MMR immunization vaccine which also protects against measles and rubella. recommends the routine administration of MMR vaccine at ages 12–15 months and at 4–6 years. TREATMENT: There is no specific treatment for mumps. Symptoms may be relieved by the application of intermittent ice or heat to the affected neck/testicular area and by acetaminophen/ paracetamol (Tylenol) for pain relief. PERTUSSIS What is it' also known as whooping cough , is a highly contagious disease caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis what does it do: describe the whoop as "high-pitched", this is generally the case with infected babies and children only, not adults signs and symptoms paroxysmal cough, inspiratory whoop, and post coughing vomiting Transmission: Pertussis is spread through the air by infectious droplets and is highly contagious. Treatment: antibiotic[->14] (erythromycin[->15] or azithromycin[->16]) CASE STUDY About 20-30% of infants less than 12 months old with pertussis are so sick they are admitted to hospital; brain damage occurs in approximately 1 out of 400 of these hospitalized infants. Studies in Britain show that children who had pertussis in infancy have a much higher rate of learning and behaviour problems than children who did not have the infection. Polio [->0] - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza [->1] - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza-like_illness [->2] - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chills [->3] - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever [->4] - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharyngitis [->5] - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myalgia [->6] - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headache [->7] - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cough [->8] - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(medical) [->9] - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaise [->10] - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parotid_gland [->11] - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation [->12] - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parotitis [->13] - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchitis [->14] - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic [->15] - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythromycin [->16] - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azithromycin