Immigrants

This is my eighth grade term paper we choose the following topics child labor, and tenements. We will be discussing the life styles and living of the people who had to go through the brutal times During the industrial revolution young children were put to work .the children were put to work either because they were immigrants or if their family was poor Children at the age of four years old were put to work in factories and sweatshops trying to make money for their family to eat. At the factories the smallest kids were employed to retrieve cotton ribbons from under the machines. Twelve year old boys were employed by the chimney sweeping company, and were also employed to work in coal mines to crawl through tunnels too narrow and low for adults. As early as 1802 and 1819 factory acts were passed to regulate the working hours of workhouse children in factories and cotton mills to 12 hours per day. A Royal Commission recommended in 1833 that children aged 11-18 should work a maximum of 12 hours per day, children aged 9-11 a maximum of eight hours, and children under the age of nine were no longer permitted to work. This act however only applied to the textile industry, and further agitation led to another act in 1847 limiting both adults and children to 10 hour working days. Some children enjoyed running errands, selling matches, flowers and other cheap goods. A high number of female children were employed into prostitution. Most children died by the ages of twenty-five or thirty-two .In the 1900’s 1.7 million child laborers were reported in American industry by the age of fifteen that number doubled in 1910. The industrial revolution caused unspeakable misery both on England and in America. In the Lancashire cotton mills children worked from 12 to 16 hours a day; they often began working at the age of six or seven. Children had to be beaten to keep them from falling asleep while at work; in spite of this, many failed to keep awake and were mutilated or killed. The government employed agent’s provocateurs to try to get revolutionary sentiments out of wage-earners, who were then deported or hanged. Such was the first effect of machinery in England. There were over 120,000 domestic servants in London in the mid 18th Century. Working hours were long: builders worked 64 hours a week in summer and 52 in winter, while domestic servants worked 80 hour weeks. Children suffered bruises, broken bones, and deep cuts some were abused for not doing their job right or their parents will beat them to the International Labor Organization’s International Program on the Elimination of Child Labor (IPEC) was created in 1992 with the overall goal of the progressive elimination of child labor, which was to be achieved through strengthening the capacity of countries to deal with the problem and promoting a worldwide movement to combat child labor. IPEC currently has operations in 88 countries, with an annual expenditure on technical cooperation projects that reached over US$61 million in 2008. It is the largest program of its kind globally and the biggest single operational program of the ILO. Most child employees got seriously abused by their employer .most kids spent their time working at factories mostly clothing factories. IPEC's work to eliminate child labor is an important facet of the ILO's Decent Work Agenda. Child labor not only prevents children from acquiring the skills and education they need for a better future, it also perpetuates poverty and affects national economies through losses in competitiveness, productivity and potential income. Withdrawing children from child labor, providing them with education and assisting their families with training and employment opportunities contribute directly to creating decent work for adults. On November 21, 2005, An Indian NGO activist Junned Khan, with the help of the Labor Department and NGO Pratham mounted the country's biggest ever raid for child labor rescue in the Eastern part of New Delhi, the capital of India. The process resulted in rescue of 480 children from over 100 illegal embroidery factories operating in the crowded slum area of Seelampur. For next few weeks, government, media and NGOs were in frenzy over the exuberant numbers of young boys, as young as 5-6 year olds, released from bondage. This rescue operation opened the eyes of the world to the menace of child labor operating right under the nose of the largest democracy in the whole world. During the 1900’s all the countries in the world except Somalia and the United States became a signatory to the convention on the rights of the child also known as the CRC. Somalia signed the convention in 2002, the delay of the signing was believed to been due to Somalia not having a government to sign the convention. The CRC provides the strongest international legal language prohibiting illegal child labor; however it does not make child labor illegal. Poor families often rely on the labors of their children for survival, and sometimes it is their only source of income. This type of work is often hidden away because it is not always in the industrial sector. Child labor is employed in subsistence agriculture and in the urban informal sector; child domestic work is also important. In order to benefit children, child labor prohibition has to address the dual challenge of providing them with both short-term income and long-term prospects. Some youth rights groups, however, feel that prohibiting work below a certain age violates human rights, reducing children's options and leaving them subject to the whims of those with money. In December 2009, campaigners in the UK called on two leading high street retailers to stop selling clothes made with cotton which may have been picked by children. EJF and the anti slavery international had an altercation with the store H&M and Zara of using cotton suppliers in Bangladesh. It was suspected that most of their raw material originated from Uzbekistan, where children aged 10 is forced to work in the fields. The activists were calling to ban the use of Uzbek cotton and implement a "track and trace" systems to guarantee an ethical responsible source of the material. Most of the kids that were involved in child labor live in tenements because their family was poor. The tenements were small and cramped and each tenements had a limit of a family of 10 or higher. These forms are still preserved in the law, even though feudalism itself is extinct, because all of real estate law as it has developed over centuries is founded upon them, and it is generally held that no value could be had in eliminating these last vestiges of feudalism, which would not be grossly outweighed by the costs, in new litigation, of stirring up, by new enactments of basic law, what has been so long settled. In the late 1800s, people in many parts of the world decided to leave their homes and immigrate to the United States. Fleeing crop failure, land and job shortages, rising taxes, and famine, many came to the U. S. because it was perceived as the land of economic opportunity. Others came seeking personal freedom or relief from political and religious persecution. With hope for a brighter future, nearly 12 million immigrants arrived in the United States between 1870 and 1900. During the 1870s and 1880s, the vast majority of these people were from Germany, Ireland, and England--the principal sources of immigration before the Civil War. That would change drastically in the next three decades. Immigrants entered the United States through several ports. Those from Europe generally came through East Coast facilities, while those from Asia generally entered through West Coast centers. More than 70 percent of all immigrants, however, entered through New York City, which came to be known as the "Golden Door." Throughout the late 1800s, most immigrants arriving in New York entered at the Castle Garden depot near the tip of Manhattan. In 1892, the federal government opened a new immigration processing center on Ellis Island in New York harbor. Although immigrants often settled near ports of entry, a large number did find their way inland. Many states, especially those with sparse populations, actively sought to attract immigrants by offering jobs or land for farming. Many immigrants wanted to move to communities established by previous settlers from their homelands. Once settled, immigrants looked for work. There were never enough jobs, and employers often took advantage of the immigrants. Men were generally paid less than other workers, and women less than men. Social tensions were also part of the immigrant experience. Often stereotyped and discriminated against, many immigrants suffered verbal and physical abuse because they were "different." While large-scale immigration created many social tensions, it also produced a new vitality in the cities and states in which the immigrants settled. The newcomers helped transform American society and culture, demonstrating that diversity, as well as unity, is a source of national strength. Once settled, immigrants looked for work. There were never enough jobs, and employers often took advantage of the immigrants. Men were generally paid less than other workers, and women less than men. Social tensions were also part of the immigrant experience. Often stereotyped and discriminated against, many immigrants suffered verbal and physical abuse because they were "different." While large-scale.