History

Year Ten History Assessment Task Topic 7: Australia as a Global Citizen 1a) who was Dr Herbert Evatt' Herbert Evatt (1894-1965) politician and judge, was born on 30 April 1894 at East Maitland, New South Wales. His father was a publican from India. He died when Herbert was 7. Bert attended East Maitland Superior Public School and from 1905 Fort Street Model (Boys' High) School, Sydney, matriculated brilliantly in 1911 and entered St Andrew's College, University of Sydney , where he achieved excellent results in mathematics, logic, philosophy and English, and won a swag of medals and awards. He edited Hermes, tutored at his college and presided (1916-17) over the University Union. He was denied for service in World War I because of sightlessness. At first he supported conscription, but was let down with the 'Yes' arguments in the referendum of 1917. His anti-conservatism was backed up by the influence of his profound friend Gordon Childe. In 1918 Evatt published Liberalism in Australia (a thesis on the evolution of Australian politics towards liberal democracy) and became a part of the Australian Labour Party. After a period as associate to Sir William Cullen, chief justice of New South Wales, he was admitted to the Bar on 31 October 1918. b) Write a recount explaining Dr Herbert Evatt’s involvement in the United Nations. Dr Herbert Evatt served in many important roles in Australian law and politics- as a high court judge, attorney-general, minister for external affairs and as leader of the labour party. He led Australia’s delegation to the meetings to establish the UN’S mandate and draw up its charter. The United Nations Charter, signed on 26 June 1945, created UN’s organ/the general assembly, the Security Council, the econo0mic social council (ESOSOC), the trusteeship council, the international court of justice, (ICJ) and the secretariat. In 1947, those ‘DOC’ Evatt chaired the United Nations Palestine commission. He served as president of the general assembly from 1948-49, was the first chair person of its atomic energy commission and contributed to the drafting of the UN’s 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights. ) Locate information on the charter and structure of the un9united nations) and: a) Describe the aims of the UN. The aims of the United Nations: * To keep peace throughout the world. * To develop friendly relations between the nations. * To work together to help people live better lives, to eliminate poverty, disease and illiteracy in the world, to stop environmental destruction and to encourage respect for each other’s rights and freedoms. * To be a centre for helping nations achieve these aims. The principles of the United Nations: * All members’ state have sovereign equality. * All members’ states must obey the charter. * Countries must try to settle their differences by peaceful means. * Countries must avoid using force or threatening to use force. * The UN must not interfere in the domestic affairs of any country. * Countries should try to assist the United Nations. b) List the principle organs. * The general assembly: - the assembly where all the member nations are presented. It makes political and economical decisions and goals and establishes committees e.g. UNESCO (UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CUTURAL ORGANISATIONS). * The Security Council: - makes decisions about world security. For example if the UN decides to send troops to settle problems or keep the peace. The Security Council’s makes this decision. Five countries can ‘veto’ the council’s decisions- meaning they can cancel the action decided upon. The five countries include: US, Britain, France, China and Russia * Economic and social council: -At the 2005 World Summit, Heads of State and Government mandated the Economic and Social Council to hold Annual Ministerial Reviews (AMR) and a biennial Development Cooperation Forum (DCF). * Trusteeship council: - Under the Charter, the Trusteeship Council is authorized to examine and discuss reports from the Administering Authority on the political, economic, social and educational advancement of the peoples of Trust Territories and, in consultation with the Administering Authority, to examine petitions from and undertake periodic and other special missions to Trust Territories. * International court of justice: - A new wing built in 1978 behind the Palace accommodates the Court’s Deliberation Room and the offices of its Members. It was extended in 1997, notably to house the increased number of judges ad hoc. That same year, the attic of the Palace was renovated to provide new offices for Registry staff. * Secretariat: - the secretariat an international staff working in duty stations around the world. - carries out the diverse day-to-day work of the organisations. it services the other principle organs of the united nations and administers the programmes and policies laid down by them. At its head in the secretary general, who is appointed by the general assembly on the recommendations of the Security Council for a five year renewable term. * UN commission: - write up agreements/ charters that member nations signs. Usually address world problems such as refugees. c) Identify three UN agencies and write a paragraph about each agency. One of the three must be UNESCO. UNESCO: - UNESCO works to create the conditions for dialogue among civilizations, cultures and peoples, based upon respect for commonly shared values. It is through this dialogue that the world can achieve global visions of sustainable development encompassing observance of human rights, mutual respect and the alleviation of poverty, all of which are at the heart of UNESCO’S mission and activities. UNESCO’s unique capability in education, the sciences, culture and communication and information contribute towards the realization of those goals. UNESCO’s mission is to contribute to the building of peace, the eradication of poverty, sustainable development and intercultural dialogue through education, the sciences, culture, communication and information. The Organization focuses, in particular, on two global priorities WHO: - WHO is the directing and coordinating authority for health within the United Nations system. It is responsible for providing leadership on global health matters, shaping the health research agenda, setting norms and standards, clear evidence-based policy options, providing technical support to countries and monitoring and assessing health trends. In the 21st century, health is a shared responsibility, involving equitable access to essential care and collective defence against transnational threats. ILO: - The ILO is the international labour organization responsible for drawing up and overseeing international labour standards. It is the only 'tripartite' United Nations agency that brings together representatives of governments, employers and workers to jointly shape policies and programmes promoting Decent Work for all. This unique arrangement gives the ILO an edge in incorporating 'real world' knowledge about employment and work. d) Provide an explanation of Australia’s involvement in at least one UN programme. Australia’s permanent Mission in Nairobi is officially recognised to UNEP, and staff from the Mission represents Australia at various meetings held in Nairobi, including the Committee of Permanent Representatives. Australia's High Commissioner to Kenya is also the Australian Permanent Representative to UNEP. Australia has been actively involved in UNEP activities since its, including through the supplying of funding. We have been particularly active at various times with UNEP on issues such as cleaner production, sustainable consumption, marine environment, chemicals and ozone. Australia has assisted UNEP with work in our region, including contributing funding for regional meetings on specific issues. We have also had major involvement at various times with some of the sector-specific work of UNEP. Officers from the Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, and from other Departments as relevant from time to time (particularly the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade), represent Australia's interests at various UNEP meetings, including Governing Council and Global Ministerial Environment Forum and meetings/workshops related to specific issues. e) Explain Australia involvement in at least two UN conventions. International covenant on civil and political rights: - (ICCPR) is the primary international legal instrument on civil and political rights.   Australia became a signatory to the ICCPR in 1972 and ratified it in 1980.  The ICCPR has not been formally incorporated into Australia’s domestic law.  However ICCPR is attached as a schedule to the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission Act 1986. This schedule empowers the Australian Human Rights Commission to investigate alleged violation of rights covered in the ICCPR, though the Commission’s findings are not binding. The Human Rights Committee (CCPR) is the treaty body which monitors ICCPR.  The Committee meets three times a year to monitor and provide recommendations (known as concluding Observations) on how State parties are implementing the provisions of ICCPR.  The Human Rights Committee also produce General Comments on interpretations of the Convention.  The Committee is made up of 18 independent experts who are elected for a term of four years.  Committee members serve in their personal capacity and do not represent their country.  International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: - (ICESCR) is the primary international legal instrument on economic, social and cultural rights.  Australia became a signatory to the ICESCR in 1972 and ratified it in 1975.  The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) is the body of independent experts that monitors implementation of the ICESCR by its States parties.  The Committee meets twice a year in Geneva to discuss and perform its monitoring functions, and also produces its interpretation of ICESCR provisions, known as General Comments. 3) Select and asses an achievement of Australia’s role within the UN. For example: a peace keeping mission or its work with an UN agency such as UNESCO. Australia’s military forces have contributed to over 20 UN peacekeeping operations. This role began in 1947 when Australia sent four men to act as observers at the UN commission for Indonesia during Indonesia’s fight for independence from Dutch rule. In the years since, Australia’s forces have provided both peacekeeping and humanitarian’s aid in Afghanistan, Cambodia, Iran, Iraq the middle east, Namibia, Papua New Guinea, Rwanda, the Solomon islands, Somalia and Zimbabwe. During his time as foreign minister, Gareth Evans promoted the expansion of the UN’s peacekeeping role. In 1999, Australia responded to the UN’s request for it established and leads INTERFET, a multinational peacekeeping force in East Timor. Australia sent more than 5000 military personnel, and 21 other countries contributed to the remainder of the 10 000- strong coalition force. This has now given way to the United Nations Mission of Support in East Timor (UNMISET), which is maintaining the UN’s peacekeeping role in East Timor as well as assisting with the establishment of a civil administration system. In 1947 Australian military observers were the first UN peacekeepers, serving in Indonesia. MILAD ALRAMADAN 10H1