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MIS 5422 Group Assignment 1. Introduction 1 2. Nanotechnology Applications 2 Nanotechnology on Display ( Steven) 2 Nano Communication – Global Positioning System ( GPS) & E-Sensing ( Eva) 5 Chemical and Biological Sensors (Yvonne) 6 Nanomedicine – Nanorobots in surgery （Edmond） 9 Nanotechnology in Food （Eddie） 14 Potential risks of Nanotechnology （ Raymond） 15 3. Conclusion 18 4. Reference 19 Our Team 1. Introduction Nanotechnology. To begin with a lecture “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” by the physicist Richard Feynman at an American Physical Society Meeting at Caltech on 29 Dec 19591, the development of the Nano-technology was first introduced to our world. The Nanotech is the combination of the matter on an atomic and molecular scale and it is usually with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers, which one nanometer is one billionth of a meter. With a verity of the possible application, nano -technology is the one of the key technology development nowadays. Until scanning tunneling microscope2 was introduced by Gerd Binning and Heinrich Rohrer, the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986, the first instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level for the afterward development of the Nanotechnology. Two main approaches are used in nanotechnology. In the "bottom-up" approach, materials and devices are built from molecular components, which assemble themselves chemically by principles of molecular recognition. In the "top-down" approach, nano-objects are constructed from larger entities without atomic-level control3. U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative has described four generations of nanotechnology development4, namely Passive Nanostructures, Active Nanostructures, System of Nanosystems and Molecular Nanosystems. There are verity applications on the nanotechnology and, in this report, it is only concerned on the nanotechnology on the electronic communication and medical, including introduction on the current applications on the nanotechnology on the corresponding aspects and their future possibility use afterwards. 2. Nanotechnology Applications Nanotechnology on Display ( Steven) Display technology is the one of the key improvement section by the Nanotechnology. In the first place, it is necessary to realize the history of television on the technology of the display1. At 1930, it is only provided the black and white Television up to 12 inch by using the CRT (Cathode Ray Tube). The CRT technology with color feature was introduced on 1954 and the size also increased to 21 inch. Up to early of 1990, the CRT with large size up to 34 inch was introduced to the market. It required 45 years development on the CRT technology until the commercial use of the nanotechnology for the display technology. Since 2000s, Plasma, LCD and LED TV were introduced to the market, which make the display reduce its size, quality and price. In 2003, Sony stopped the production line for the CRT display and switched over to LCD panels2. Samsung announced to stop selling CRT-based TVs to China on Auguest 2005 and the same directions was also declared by Sanyo and Sharp at earlier 20053. Nowadays, the display technology has been fully switched from CRT-era to digital-era. The nanotechnology can reduce the power consumption in electronic display4 enable the manufacturer to product the plasma, LCD and LED display with reasonable power consumption. The carbon nanotube is used to light up the RBG dots for each pixel instead of a beam of electrons by cathode ray tube across the TV screen in order to provide high evolution of the television. Apart from the well development on the Plasma, LCD and LED display, the latest development on the display technology, the active-matrix organic light emitting diode is current technology applying the display industry. An AMOLED display5 consists of an active matrix of OLED pixels that generate light upon electrical activation that have been deposited or integrated onto a thin film transistor (TFT) array6, which functions as a series of switches to control the current flowing to each individual pixel. These technologies offer the potential for fabricating the active matrix backplanes directly onto flexible plastic substrates for producing flexible AMOLED displays7. From Samsung promotion advertisement namely “Amazing Screen Technology : Samsung Flexible AMOLED”8, it is indicated the Samsung’s ambition on the next generation of the portable device. The transparent panel integrated with projector, scanner and display make the new generation on the customer’s expectation on portable devices. Besides, Samsung announced that the first AMOLED screens, which be in final stage of development, could arrive early 20139. The development of the display is under-going a fast-track stage under the possibility of the nanotechnology. Most of the top manufacturers have focus on the product development on the display. From the latest news from CNet, Apple, Samsung, LG as well as Sharp10 are now be on baffle on the development on the display market.. According to one of top electronic manufacturer’s visions11, the display can be integrated with the wall finishes and further be connected to computer in order to make our wall being a display. Therefore, the deck-top and lap-top computer shall be transferred to wall or even any location your want. This concept is to combine the transparent LED and Nano network transistor with namely see-through electronics. Other conceptual use shall be goggle display, which same to the famous Japanese canton “Dragon Ball”, the information as you want could be displayed on the goggle. Those necessary information, likes weather condition, GPS location services and so on, could be displayed during sport according to your preference. The concept is used combination of nanodot LED and transparent TFT (Thin Firm Transistor), while the current being flowed thought to light up RGB pixel to create the image on the goggle. Nano Communication – Global Positioning System ( GPS) & E-Sensing ( Eva) Over past decade, Nano-technology is being highly developed. With this amazing technology, information and communication is improved drastically. Global Positioning System (GPS) is a system launched for civilian more than twenty years. Basic concept is a GPS receiver calculates its position by precisely timing the signals sent by GPS satellite high above the Earth. Each satellite continually transmits messages that include the time the message was transmitted, and satellite position at time of message transmission. Hugh data transmission is required obviously. The device of GPS was big, slow in speed and less functions in the past. However, with the application of Nanotech, size, data processing and calculations, as well as transmission speeds are upgraded tremendously. It has significant military and civilian applications. It becomes a widely deployed and useful tool for commercial, tracking and scientific uses. For instance, it is very common in mobile phones nowadays that are able to work with different kinds of maps. Small size of GPS can be installed in bracelets, watches or even shoes. It makes more convenience to travelers, safeguards for elderly and people suffering from dementia by providing real time location, http://www.tracking-system.com/senior-gps-bracelet.html , or even trackinginformation of offenders or pets. http://www.dailynews.com/news/ci_21722920'source=rss By using Nanotech, way of communication can be improved too. Take mobile phone as an example. Strengths of Nanotech reduces the size, improves the data processing and transmission speed, and memory storage, etc. However, only text messages, voices, images and movies can be exchanged during communication currently. By using extremely small molecular of Nanotech, electronic sensing (e-sensing) technology is invented recently. E-Nose, for instance, could detect and recognize odors. It is developed in order to mimic human olfaction. It includes three major parts, a sample of delivery system, a detect system and a computing system. E-noses use Nanotech sensor arrays can react to odors gas molecules. A specific response is recorded by the electronic interface, transforming the signal into a digital value. Recorded data are then computed based on statistical models. By mapping to the data base, as a result, odors and flavors can be recognized http://www.alpha-mos.com/products_technology/electronic_nose.php.By transmitting the digital data, receiver device will analysis data and generate same odors by Nanotech. Not only e-nose, but e-tongue technology has undergone developments with similar principles. In the future, after implemented the e-sensing technology in mobile phone, not only text message, images, but odors and flavors become transmittable. It makes more convenience to our life. Chemical and Biological Sensors (Yvonne) Nanotechnology improves chemical and biological sensors to enable them detecting a very small chemical vapors, substances. It is done by enlargeing surface-to volume ratio of sensor with advantage of high sensitivity & low power assumption. These sensors are useful in wide aspects to bring high yield and low cost to the society. Nano Sensor We call it “Nano Sensor” where is using certain types of detecting elements, such as carbon nonotubes, Zinc Oxide nanowires or palladium nanoparticles to form the sensor based. For Zinc Oxide nanowire, it offers particularly attractive properties for nano-sensing and other devices. Its nanowires can be used in a type of transistor that responds to the presence of various gases, thus acting a powerful chemical sensors. In transistors made with Zinc Oxide nanowire, the presence of foreign substances alters the wire’s ability to conduct the current. Nitrogen dioxide gas, for instance will reduce how much current the wire conducts, whereas carbon monoxide will increase it. Different substance will make either increase or decrease current. Compare to traditionally used thin film detector, it can only alter the current by only 2 percent, for Zinc oxide nanowire it can move 50 percent. Zinc Oxide nanowires also can be more quickly reset to begin sensing again, while film needs to cleanse the surface, requiring from half an hour to many hours. Thus, Zinc Oxide nanowires are more effectively and efficient acting as sensor. (http://phys.org/news77303473.html) Carbon nanotube, it offers similar benefit as of Zinc Oxide nanowires. It is a single walled carbon nanotubes combined with a silicon-based micro fabrication and micromachining process. This technology provides a sensor array that can accommodate different nanostructures for specific applications with the advantages of high sensitivity, low power consumption, compactness, high yield and low cost. (http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/research/technology-onepagers/gas_detection.htm The common features of nanotubes, nanowires, or nanoparticles are their small size to have large surface-to-volume ratio, a few gas molecules are sufficient to change the electrical properties of the sensing elements. This allows the detection of a very low concentration of chemical vapors. Nano sensor is applying in wide range of industry for instance Medicine, Electronics & Environmental. Below is a more specific applications of how it applies. Application of Nano-sensor * Air Quality Monitoring Urban air pollution has become a big topic across nations due to its serious consequences on public health. There is a high demand for an accurate tracking system on air quality, to measure the major air pollutants ( CO, NO, NO2, O3 ) . This could be achieved by using the zinc oxide nanosized particles with both controlled size and surface chemistry, and by adapting the screen-printing process to the nonometer size specificity. The detection thresholds for CO, NO, NO2, O3 of our nanoparticles-based sensors have been decreased by a factor of 3-5 compared to currently commercialized sensors. It gives signal on minimal detectable air pollutant, to bring high sensitivity. (http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FB%3ANANO.0000023239.56676.12) * Detection of gas leakage Gas explosion would bring serious impact. Hydrogen sensor will detect gas leaks at lower amount from hydrogen –powered cars and fueling stations long before the gas becomes an explosive hazard. It improves the safety level. (http://www.understandingnano.com/nanoparticle-palladium-hydrogen-sensor.html) * Biological Chemical sensor using nano-cantilevers that are oscillating at their resonance frequency. When the chemical attaches to the cantilever it stops the oscillation, which triggers a detection signal. Nanocantilevers can also be used to detect biological molecules, such as viruses. The cantilever is coated with antibodies that capture the particular virus, when a virus particle attaches to antibody the resonance frequency of the cantilever changes. (http://www.understandingnano.com/chemical-sensor-cantilevers-resonance-frequency.html) Drug Delivery Methods Nanosensor as a tool for delivery of drug to the small molecules, proteins, peptides, and other biomolecules. (http://www.phosphorex.com) * Airport security check To install the nanosensors throughout an airport, or any facility with security concerns, to check for vapors given off by explosive devices. (http://www.understandingnano.com/sensor.html) Nanomedicine – Nanorobots in surgery （Edmond） Introduction As we know that the development of surgery is very advance and fast in recent decades. Doctors and Scientists are thinking to perform the surgery faster, more accurate with shorter scar and better recovery. For example, many surgery are performed under minimal invasive which only need three to four 5mm incision. It can improve the recovery for the patients such as post-operative pain and hospital stay. Nowadays, Doctors are using a master-slave type robot called Da Vinci robotic system to perform the surgery which allow the surgeon to do the surgery more easily and can do the surgery remotely. However, it still gets a lot of limitation and involves the scar on the patient. The future development trend is making use of the nanotechnology for making some nanoscale robot to perform the surgery inside the body. Future applications of nanomedicine will be based on the ability to build nanorobots. In the future these nanorobots could actually be programmed to repair specific diseased cells, functioning in a similar way to antibodies in our natural healing processes. What are nanorobots' Nanorobots are tiny machine to be used to cure diseases in human and perform task at nanoscale.The use of nanorobots for health care and surgery instrumentation is an emerging technology considered as an advanced product currently in development to reach the marketplace in the coming years with potentially broad biomedical applications. The on-going developments of molecular-scale electronics, sensors and motors are predicted to enable microscopic robots with dimensions comparable to bacteria. Recent developments on the field of biomolecular computing and nanoelectronics circuitry have demonstrated positively the feasibility of processing logic tasks by bio-computers, which are promising steps to enable nanoprocessors with increasingly complexity. Studies in the sense of building biosensors and nano-kinetic devices, which is required to enable nanorobots operation and locomotion, have been advanced recently too. Moreover, classical objections related to the real feasibility of nanotechnology, such as quantum mechanics, thermal motions and friction, have been considered and resolved and discussions about the manufacturing of nanodevices is growing up. Developing nanoscale robots presents difficult fabrication and control challenges. The development of complex integrated nanosystems and manufacturing of devices with high performance can be well investigated and addressed via computer aided manufacturing analysis, helping pave the way for future use of nanorobots in biomedical engineering problems. | | Nanorobots can be useful in a large range of biomedical applications for future drug delivery applications, such as dosage regimens based on predicted pharmacokinetic parameters for chemotherapy in anti-cancer treatments. A range of different signals are directly correlated to specific medical problems. Chemical signals can serve for medical target identification and actuation. A single tumor cell can be characterized as a typical endothelial cell mutation with profound consequences for patients suffering from cancer. Endothelial cells have a large number of functions and may play an important role in human health. They also serve as part of the structure forming the inside blood vessels, which are spread throughout every single organ or system comprising our body. Nanobioelectronics using nanowires as material for circuit assembly can achieve maximal efficiency for applications regarding chemical changes, enabling new medical applications. Using chemical sensors nanorobots can be programmed to detect different levels of E-cadherin and beta-catenin as medical targets in primary and metastatic phases. Integrated nanosensors can be utilized for such a task in order to find different concentrations of E-cadherin signals. Beyond sensors, nanorobots may be designed with appropriated space to carry chemotherapy for future cancer drug delivery. Such approach allows maintaining the drug carrier for a time longer as necessary into the bloodstream circulation, avoiding the current resulting extravasation towards non reticuloendothelial-located cancers and the high degenerative side-effects. A nanorobot employing nanosensors and advanced nanorobot control design features. Courtesy of Adriano Cavalcanti, www.nanorobotdesign.com Although developing nanoscale robots presents difficult fabrication and control challenges, considerable advances have already been made. The world’s smallest untethered, controllable robot was recently disclosed, measuring 2506100 nm (http://www.dartmouth.edu/,news/releases/2005/09/14.html). This robot is about the width of a human hair and half the length of a full stop. The key to miniaturising nanorobots even further is the further downscaling of integrated circuit processors. The integrated circuit industry believes that it will have reduced the size of today’s processors by a factor of 25 within 10 years, leading to the development of nanorobots measuring just 50 nm, small enough to get into the smallest vessels in the body. The nanorobot pioneer, Dr Adriano Calvacanti, believes that nanorobots will be used in humans within a decade 30 although the potential uses in urology have been identified by others. Nanorobot performing cell surgery (source: Nanotechnology News Network). Nanotechnology in Food （Eddie） Nanotechnology is having an impact on several aspects of food science, from how food is grown to how it is packaged. Companies are developing nanomaterials that will make a difference not only in the taste of food, but also in food safety, and the health benefits that food delivers. Food science: current Nanotechnology Applications Clay nanocomposites are being used to provide an impermeable barrier to gasses such as oxygen or carbon dioxide in lightweight bottles, cartons and packaging films. Storage bins are being produced with silver nanoparticles embedded in the plastic. The silver nanoparticles kill bacteria from any material that was previously stored in the bins, minimizing health risks from harmful bacteria. Food Science: Nanotechnology applications under Development Researchers are using silicate nanoparticles to provide a barrier to gasses (e.g. oxygen) or moisture in a plastic film used for packaging. This could reduce the possibility of food spoiling or drying out. Zinc oxide nonoparticles can be incorporated into plastic packaging to block UV rays and provide anti bacterial protection, while improving the strength and stability of the plastic film. Nanosensors are being developed that can detect bacteria and other contaminates, such as salmonella, at a packaging plant. This will allow for frequent testing at a much lower cost than sending samples to a lab for analysis. This point-of packaging testing, if conducted properly, has the potential to dramatically reduce the chance of contaminated food reaching grocery store shelves. Research is also being conducted to develop nanocapsules containing nutrients that would be released when nansensors detect a vitamin deficiency in your body. Basically this research could result in a super vitamin storage system in your body that delivers the nutrients you need, when you need them. Interactive foods are being developed that would allow you to choose the desired flavor and color. Nanocapsules that contain flavor or color enhancers are embedded in the food; inert until a hungry consumer triggers them. The method hasn’t been published, so it will be interesting to see how this particular trick is accomplished. Researchers are also working on pesticides encapsulated in nanoparticles; that only release pesticide within an insect’s stomach, minimizing the contamination of plants themselves. Another development being pursued is a network of nanosensors and dispensers used throughout a farm field. The sensors recognize when a plant needs nutrients or water, before there is any sign that the plant is deficient. The dispensers then release fertilizer, nutrients, or water as needed, optimizing the growth of each plant in the field one by one. Potential risks of Nanotechnology （ Raymond） Potential risks of nanotechnology can be grouped into three areas: * Health concerns - the effects of nanomaterials on human biology * Environmental concerns - the effects of nanomaterials on the environment * Societal concerns - the effects that the availability of nanotechnological devices will have on politics and human interaction Health issues Nanotoxicology is a sub-specialty of particle toxicology. It found that the toxicology of nanoparticles (particles <100 nm diameter) which appear to have toxicity effects that are unusual and different to larger particles. These studies also found that the most penetrating particle size range was between 30 and 100 nanometers. Nanoparticles can be divided into combustion-derived nanoparticles (like diesel soot), manufactured nanoparticles like carbon nanotubes and naturally occurring nanoparticles from volcanic eruptions, atmospheric chemistry etc. Typical nanoparticles of titanium dioxide, alumina, zinc oxide, carbon black and carbon nanotubes and “nano-C60” have been studied. Nanoparticles have much larger surface area to unit mass/volume ratios which in some cases may lead to greater pro-inflammatory effects (in, for example, lung tissue). Nanomaterials are more able to cross the biological membranes and access cells, tissues and organs than the normal larger-sized particles. The Nanomaterials can entry the blood stream through inhalation or ingestion. At least some nanomaterials can penetrate the skin. Broken skin is not an effective barrier for nanomaterials, they can penetrate through the acne, wounds or severe sunburn. Once the nanomaterials enter the blood stream, they can be transported around the body and taken up by the organs and tissues. Nanomaterials have proved toxic to human tissue and cell cultures, resulting in increased oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokine production and cell death. nanomaterials may be taken up by cell mitochondria and the cell nucleus. Studies demonstrate the potential for nanomaterials to cause DNA mutation and induce major structural damage to mitochondria, even resulting in cell death. Environmental Concerns Nanopollution is the term for all waste generated by nanodevices or during the nanomaterials manufacturing process. This kind of waste is possible to be very dangerous because of its size. It can float in the air and might easily penetrate animal and plant cells causing unknown effects. Most human-made nanoparticles do not appear in nature, so living organisms may not able to deal with nanowaste. Apparently, there are a lot of uncertainty about the different nanomaterials effects and impact on the human health and the environment compared with the conventional materials. There is not much done about the understanding of the potential risks of nanopollutants and nanowaste by the governments. It is a big challenge to the governments to handle with the nanopollutants and nanowaste with unknown environmental impact. Carbon nanotubes. They are looked like “asbestos”, with needle-like fiber shape and similar impact to the health. In a recent study that introduced carbon nanotubes into the abdominal cavity of mice, results demonstrated that long thin carbon nanotubes showed the same effects as long thin asbestos fibers, raising concerns that exposure to carbon nanotubes may lead to pleural abnormalities such as mesothelioma (cancer of the lining of the lungs caused by exposure to asbestos). Societal Impacts of Nanotechnology The main issues include privacy. Privacy. 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