Health_and_Social_Care_Unit_7_P1

Task 1-P1- explains how the human body is organised. The human body is made up of millions of tiny cells that can only be seen under a microscope, cell also vary in shape and size. Cells are the basic structural of all living things. The human body is poised of trillions of cells. They give structure for the body, take in nutrients from food, convert those nutrients into energy, and carry out specialized functions. Cells also contain the body’s hereditary material and can make copies of them. Cells all have different sizes, shapes, and jobs to do. Each cell has a different function. The actual definition of cells is the smallest structural unit of the body that is capable of independent functioning, it consisting of one or more nuclei; it has a cytoplasm, and various organelles which are all surrounded by a cell membrane. Example of cells include: sperm cell, ovum cell, nerve cell, red blood cell, white blood cell, heart muscle cell and leg muscle cell Sperm cell: Figure 1-sperm cell picture from: http://www.proceptin.com/phc/sperm-cell.php Ovum cell: Figure 2-ovum cell diagram picture from: http://bhavanajagat.com/2012/05/05/spiritualism-the-cell-theory-of-spirituality/ Nerve cell: Figure 3- nerve cell diagram picture from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa_pre_2011/human/thenervoussystemrev2.shtml Red and white blood cells: Figure 4-red and white blood cell diagram picture from: http://cnx.org/content/m43137/latest/ Red blood cell: Figure 5-red blood cell picture from: http://www.spring8.or.jp/en/news_publications/press_release/2010/100122_fig/fig1.png White blood cell: Figure 6- white blood cell diagram picture from: http://www.vetmed.vt.edu/education/curriculum/vm8054/Labs/Lab5/Lab5.htm Heart muscle cells also known as a cardiac cell: Figure 7-cardiac muscle cell picture from: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~sjjgsca/MuscleCardiac.html Leg muscle cell: Figure 8-leg muscle cell picture from: http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/cm1504/15lab42006/lb4pg7_files/image006.jpg When cells group together they form tissues, a tissue is a group of cells of the same structure. The actual definition of tissues is a distinct type of material made up of specialised cells which have a specific role in the body. There are four categories of tissues in the human body: epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle. Epithelial tissue protects your body from moisture loss, bacteria, and internal injury. Connective tissue generally provides structure and support to the body. Nervous tissue forms the nervous system, which is responsible for coordinating the activities and movements of your body through its network of nerves. Muscle tissue differs from other tissue types in that it contracts. Muscle tissue comes in three types: cardiac, smooth, and skeletal. Those muscle tissues are made up of muscle fibres. The muscle fibres contain many myofibrils, which are the parts of the fibre that actually contract. Figure 9-four types of tissues picture from: http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/kabernd/berndcv/lab/epithelialinfoweb/index.html A system is made up different tissues and organs working together to perform in the body. Systems in the body include: the digestive system, the urinary system, the cardiovascular system, the respiratory system, the endocrine system, the reproductive system, the immune system, the nervous system, the musculoskeletal system. Organs are made up different tissues that work together to carry out a specific function. Organs include: the brain, the heart, the trachea (windpipe), lungs, throat, arteries, veins, capillaries (Tiny blood vessels that carry blood to the individual cells), liver, pancreas , stomach, small and larger intestines , anus, kidney, bladder, testis(for males), ovaries (for females), ears, eyes and the uterus (for females). Task2-p1 writes briefly about the main organs and what they do and their positions within the human body. Skin: Skin is the outer layer which protects all the delicate body parts lying underneath it. It is the largest organ of our body which consists of several tissues including sweat glands, hair follicles, and Meissen’s corpuscles. Our skin not only provides protection to the internal body parts, but also gives us our sense of touch. Skin is not just the largest, but also one of the most important organs of our body since it performs an array of various significant functions. Skin protecting the inner parts from diseases, helps us to cool down through perspiration. Skin is everywhere on the human body. Figure 11-skin diagram picture from: http://www.osovo.com/diagram/skindiagram.htm The heart: The heart is one of the main part of the of our body's circulatory system. It is a muscular pump which contracts at regular intervals in order to squeeze the blood through it into the blood vessels. The heart is a responsible for pumping blood throughout our body. The heart pumps blood all around our body, delivering oxygen to the cells and removing carbon dioxide. The heart is also responsible for keeping the deoxygenated and oxygenated blood separate from each other. The heart is located just behind and slightly left of the breastbone between the lungs and behind the sternum and above the diaphragm. Figure 12-heart diagram picture from: http://flowdiagramupdate.blogspot.co.uk/2013/09/blood-flow-diagram-of-heart_9.html The lungs: The lungs are mostly known as respiratory system a major part of the body because it maintains the body oxygen supply also helping us get rid of carbon dioxide. The lungs are responsible for removing oxygen from the air we breathe and transferring it to our blood where it can be sent to our cells. The lungs also have tiny sacs at the end of the passageways in the lungs allowing oxygen that breathed in to enter the bloodstream and carbon dioxide to leave the body bloodstream so it can be breathed out. The lungs are located on both side of the chest behind the rib cage. Figure 13-lung diagram picture from: http://www.made4ll.com/anatomy/the-lungs-diagram/ The brain: The brain is the supreme structural and functional unit and control centre of the body and the superior-most region of Central Nervous System. The brain is the body's control centre, receiving and sending signals to other organs through the nervous system and through secreted hormones. The Nervous System receives information from the environment .Broadly speaking; major part of the brain is comprised of the hemispheres (left & right) of cerebral cortex. The brain is responsible for our thoughts, feelings, memory storage and general perception of the world. The brain is located inside the skull, which protect the brain. Figure 14-brain diagram picture from: http://disease-blog.info/brain-diagram-quiz/ The eyes: The human eye is the organs which enable us to see. The human eye does not only let us view our surroundings, but also enables us to differentiate between colours and eyes exist in pairs. The eye is a slightly asymmetrical globe, about an inch in diameter. The eye is made up of the Sclera, the Cornea, the Pupil, the lens, the retina which contains two types of cells: rods and cones which are sensitive to light, the rods help us with, night vision and cones help us to see colours and The optic nerve. The human eyes link in with the Nervous System. The eye’s function is to convert light into electrical signals which are deciphered by the brain into images. The eyes are located at either side of the front of the skull; they lie in the orbits-bony sockets that protect them. Figure 14-eye diagram picture from: http://i.livescience.com/images/i/000/014/308/original/051128_eye_graphic_03.jpg'1297215053 The ears: The ear is designed in such a way that it captures the maximum auditory stimuli from the atmosphere and transfers them to the brain for translating into hearing response. Three major parts of a human ear are the outer, middle and inner respectively, each having its own functions, anatomy and diseases as well. Human ear helps the people to detect sound. Ears are responsible for the equilibrium and balance of the body as the inner ear has direct connection with the brain. The outer ear is the only part of the visible. As well as the brain and the eyes link to the ears are also part of the Nervous System. There are two ears located one on each side of the skull but only the outside part is visible. Figure 15-ear diagram picture from: http://www.teachengineering.org/view_lesson.php'url=collection/cub_/lessons/cub_biomed/cub_biomed_lesson06.xml The stomach: Stomach is an important part of our digestive system which cans digestive food materials in the body from the oesophagus. It’s a J-shaped hollow organ which can hold up to one litre of food on average. This muscular organ can also expand to accommodate a greater volume of food. Stomach carries out the physical and chemical digestion of food. When the stomach muscles contract and relax periodically, food is physically digested. Therefore, the chemical digestion of food is aided by enzymes secreted by glands found in the walls of stomach. The stomach is located in the upper part of the abdomen. Figure 16-stomach diagram picture: http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/digestive--urinary/deck/2771251 The pancreas: Pancreas is one of the extrinsic glands of the digestive system since it is located outside the wall of the digestive tract. The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions. The juice from the exocrine part contains a number of digestive enzymes and pro-enzymes that help digest the food. The endocrine part produces hormones plays significant role in the absorption, metabolism and storage of nutrients such as glucose. Pancreas is located on the left side of the abdominal cavity just below the stomach. Figure 17-pancreas diagram picture from: http://www.imaios.com/en/e-Anatomy/Thorax-Abdomen-Pelvis/Digestive-system-Illustrations The small intestines: The small intestines is the another important part of our digestive system in humans body. The small intestine is divided into 3 segments: duodenum, jejunum and ileum. The function of the small intestines is: Neutralizing of the acids from the digested food coming from the stomach, bile from the liver and gallbladder, and pancreatic juice from the pancreas. It is the segment of gut that lays between pyloric sphincter and the junction at cecum where it is followed by the last part of digestive system, that is, large bowel. Both intestines are located in the lower part of the abdomen below the stomach (Both are a part of the digestive system). The large intestines: The large intestine is a long, convoluted and comparatively wide canal that performs the finishing task of gastro - intestinal mechanism. The large intestine is divided into five segments: ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum. The functions of the large intestines are: absorption of Leftover fluids, salts/mineral ions, vitamins. The waste and indigestible food is fermented with the help of bacterial action present therein. Temporary storage of the waste material before it is emptied out of the body through anus. The intestines are located inferior to the stomach in the abdominal body cavity. They are connected to the posterior wall of the abdomen by the mesentery, a thin vascular membrane. Figure 19-large intestine diagram picture from: http://keepingkidssafenow.info/anatomy/small-intestines-and-large-intestines-4/ The liver: The liver is known to be the largest internal organ and the largest gland in the human body. The liver is necessary for survival; there is currently no way to compensate for the absence of liver function in the long term. The liver is a member of the our digestive system .The liver has many functions including detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of biochemicals necessary for digestion, glycogen storage, decomposition of red blood cells and hormone production. The liver is located on the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, next to the stomach. Figure 20-liver diagram picture from: http://dentistryandmedicine.blogspot.co.uk/2011/05/free-download-abdomenspleenliver.html The kidney: There are two bean shaped kidneys in the human body. They are reddish-brown in colour and in the excretory or renal system. Both kidneys receive blood from the renal artery. The kidneys take urea out of the blood and combine it with water and other substances to make urine. Kidneys help remove excess salt, water and eliminate waste products from the bloodstream. Each kidney is located on each side of the spine at the back of the abdomen. Figure 21-kidney diagram picture from: http://healthfavo.com/human-anatomy-diagram-kidney-internal-organs.html The bladder: The bladder is (in the excretory or renal system ) an important organ of your excretory system that serves as a temporary storage point for the urinary fluid before it is eliminated through urethra. The function of the bladder is a temporary storage point for the urinary fluid before it is eliminated through urethra. In male adults the bladder is found in the region between the pubic symphysis and rectum is occupied by the base of this elastic and muscular sac. In female adults the bladder lies anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus. Figure 22-male bladder diagram picture from: http://www.malehealth.co.uk/peeing/19111-incontinence-id-rather-admit-i-cant-get-it Figure 23-female bladder diagram picture from: http://faculty.southwest.tn.edu/rburkett/A%26P2%20urinary_system.htm The ovaries: The ovaries are part of the female reproductive system which stores eggs or ovums. The ovaries are found in pairs, the ovaries pearly-white in colour. The ovaries are not attached to the fallopian tubes but to the outer layer of the uterus via the ovarian ligaments. The ovaries have two functions: they produce eggs (also called ovum) and female hormones. The ovaries are located in the pelvis one on each side of the uterus. Figure 24-ovaries and uterus diagram picture from: http://www.childrenscolorado.org/wellness/info/parents/22990.aspx The uterus: The uterus is part of the female reproductive system. The uterus is also known as the womb. One end, the cervix, opens into the vagina, while the other is connected to one or both fallopian tubes. The uterus is composed of two parts: the cervix and the corpus. Nearby organs are supported by the uterus because of its placement. The main function of the uterus is to nourish and provide a safe place for a foetus before it is born. Another function of the uterus is to direct blood flow to the sexual organs during arousal and intercourse. The uterus is located in the pelvic cavity in females, the bladder lies in front of it and the large intestine behind it. The testes: The testes are a part of the male reproductive system and are the gland where sperm and testosterone are produced. The testes are contained in the scrotum and are composed of dense connective tissue containing around three hundred internal compartments called lobules. Each of these lobules contains a number of highly coiled tiny tubules where the sperm is produced. The primary functions of the testes are to produce sperm and to produce androgens. Men have two testes and they are located in the scrotum behind the penis. Figure 25-testes diagram picture from: http://malecontraceptives.org/methods/heat_biology.php done by kerisha wynter