Grammar

Rule 2: No auxiliary verb in sentence →→ Change it by using →→ Do/does/did Or Don’t/doesn’t/didn’t. Ex: Ass:He plays Football. Int: Does he play football' Ass: They did not play football yesterday. Int: Did they play football yesterday' Rule3: Never → Replaced by → Ever. Ass: I never drink tea. Int: Do I ever drink tea' Rule 4: Every body/everyone/ All → Replaced by → Who + Don’t/ Doesn’t/ Didn’t Ex: Everybody wishes to be happy. Int : Who doesn’t wish to be happy' Rule 5: Every + noun → Replaced by → Is there any + noun+ Who don’t/doesn’t/didn’t. Ex: Ass: Every man wishes to be happy. Int: Is there any man who doesn’t wish to be happy' Rule 6: No body/ no one / None → Replaced by → Who. Ex: Nobody could count my love for you. Int: Who could ever count my love for you' Rule 7 : There is no → Replaced by → Is there any/ Who(person)/ What( thing). Ex: Ass: There is no use of this law. Int: What is the use of this law. Ass: There is no man happier than Jamil. Int: Who is Happier than jamil. Rule 8: It Is no → Replaced by → Is there any/Why. Ex: Ass: It is no use of taking unfair means in the exam. Int: Why take unfair means in the exam' Or, Is there any use of this law' Rule 9: It Doesn’t matter → Replaced by → what though/ Does it matter. Ex: Ass: It does not matter if you fail in te exam. Int: What though if you fail in the exam' Interrogative to assertive is to be done doing Vice versa. Exclamatory sentence to Assertive sentence Rule1: Subject and Verb of exclamatory sentence are to be used as the subject and verb of assertive sentence at the outset of the sentence. How/what → Replace by → Very(before adjective)/ Great(before noun) Ex: How fortunate you are! Ass: You are very fortunate. Exc: What a fool you are! Ass: You are a great fool. Rule 2: Sometimes the subject and verb may be eclipsed. Ex: What a beautiful scenery! Ass: It is a very beautiful scenery. Ex: What a pity! Ass: It is a great pity. Rule 3: Hurrah/ Bravo → Replace by → I/we rejoice that/ It is a matter of joy that. Ex: Hurrah! We have own the game. Ass: It is a matter of joy that we have won the game. Rule 4: Alas → Replace by → I/we Mourn that/ It is a matter of sorrow or grief that. Ex: Alas! He has failed. Ass: We mourn that he has failed. Rule 5: Had/were/If /Would that(at the out set) → Replaced by → I wish + subject again + were/ had+ rest part. Ex: Had I the wings of a bird! Ass: I wish I had the wings of a bird. Ex: Were I a bird! Ass: I wish I were a bird. Ex: If I were young again! Ass: I wish I were young again. Ex: would that I could be a child! Ass: I wish I could be a child. Assertive to exclamatory is to be done doing Vice versa. Imperative to assertive Rule 1: Add subject + should in doing assertive. Ex: Do the work. Ass: you should do the work. Rule 2: Please/kindly → Replaced by → you are requested to. Ex: Please, help me. Ass: You are requested to help me. Rule 3: Do not → Replaced by → You should not. Ex: Do not run in the sun. Ass: you should not run in the sun. Rule 4: Never → Replaced by → you should never. Ex: Never tell a lie. Ass: You should never tell a lie. Rule 5: Let us → Replaced by → We should. Ex: Let us go out for a walk. Ass: We should go out for a walk. Rule 6: Let + noun/pronoun → Replaced by → Subject + might. Ex: Let him play football. Ass: He might play football. Change of degree Rule1: If the superlative degree says about the best thing then the rule is:- For comparative,use – subject +verb + adjective/adverb(comp. form) + Than any other + rest part For positive, use- No other + rest part after supr. Degree + verb + so/as + positive form of adj/adv + as + sub. Ex: Su: Suman is the tallest boy in the class. Com: Suman is taller than any other boy in the class. Pos: No other boy in the class is as tall as Suman. Rule 2: If In superlative degree ‘One of the’ is transformed in this way: Comparative: Sub+verb +comp. form +than most other+ Rest part. Positive: Very few+ rest part after supr. Degree + verb + so/as + positive form of adj/adv + as + sub. Ex: Nazrul was one of the greatest poets in Bangladesh. Comp.: Nazrul was greater than most other poets in Bangladesh. Positive: Very few poets in Bangladesh were so great as Nazrul. Note: Superlative: Of all/ of any Comparative: Than all other/than any other. Positive: It does not exist. Ex: Sup: Mr. khan is the oldest of all men in the village. Com: Mr. Khan is older than all other men in the village. Pos: No other man is as old as Mr. Khan. Rule 3: Simple comparative is transformed into positive by using (not so + adj/adv+as)/ (so+adj/adv+as)if negative. Second noun or pronoun is used first. Ex: 1. com: Rina is wiser than Mina. Pos: Mina is not so wise as Rina. 2. Com: Mina is not wiser than Rina.’ Pos: Rina is as wise as Mina. Rule 4: No/not less --- than is transformed into positive by using as +adj/adv+ as Ex: com: Karim is not less meritorious than Suman. Pos: Karim is so meritorious as Suman. Complex →→→ Simple →→→ compound Rule 1:Since/As/When Change is to be made in the subordinate clause . When subjects are same. Simple: 1) Omit since/as/when. 2) (Verb+ing) of the subordinate clause. 3) then write the rest part. 4) use subject with the principal clause. 5) Principal clause remains unchanged. Ex: Since the boy worked hard, he made a good result. Simple: Working hard, the boy made a good result. Compound: 1) Omit since /as /when 2) write down the rest part. 3) join clauses by using and, and so, and therefore 4) write the main clause unchanged. Ex: The boy worked hard and made a good result. Rue2: In case of Be verb in subordinate clause: 1) Use being/ Because of + Pronoun/noun(possessive form)+ being. Ex: Since he was weak, he could not work hard. Simple: Because of his being weak, he could not work hard. Compound: He was weak and therefore could not work hard. Note: and therefore, is used for showing reasons. Rule3: When the subject of clauses are different: Simple: 1)Subject of s.c. 2) Verb+ing ( be verb → being; Have verb → having) Ex: Since the weather was foul, we did not go out. Sim: The weather being foul, we did not go out. Compound: use ‘and therefore’to join two clauses. Ex: The weather was foul and therefore we did not go out. Rule 4: If,’ is Replaced by – ‘by + (verb+ing) Ex: If you work hard, you will succeed in life. Simple: By working hard, you will succeed in life. Compound: 1) Omit if+subject. 2. use ‘and’ to join two clauses. Ex: Compound: Work hard and you will succeed in life. Rule 5: Simple: If-not/unless, is replaced by, - without+( verb+ing) Ex: Complex: If you donot work hard, you will fail in the examination. Sim: Without working hard, you will fail in the examination. Compound: Use or’/otherwise to join two clauses. Ex: Work hard or you will fail in the examination. Rule 6: Simple: Though’ is replaced by In spite of+ Possessive form of the subject+ (verb+ing) Ex: Com: Though he tried heart and soul, he could not succeed in life. Sim: In spite of his trying heart and soul he could not succeed in life. Compound: Use ‘but’ to join two clauses. Rule 7: Simple: So that is replaced by to/in order to. Ex: Comp: He works hard so that he may prosper in life. Sim: he works hard to/in order to prosper in life. Compound: “and want/wants to” is used to join two clauses. Ex: He works hard and wants to prosper in life. Rule 8: Simple: ‘so + adjective + that’ is replaced by ‘Too + adjective + to’ Ex: The boy is so foolish that he cannot understand it. Sim: The boy is too foolish to understand it. Compound: Use ‘And Therefore’ to make it a compound sentence. Ex: He is so foolish and therefore cannot understand it. Rule 9: When(if mentions time) is replaced by For short time – At For month or Season – In For age--- at the age of. Ex: She woke up when it was midnight. Simple: She woke up at midnight. Com: When it is spring, the cuckoo sings. Sim: In Spring the cuckoo sings. Con: When Samira was four she went to school. Sim: At the age of four, Samira went to school. Compound: Use and to join clauses. Ex: She woke up and it was midnight. Rule 10: Simple: If the clause says a bout a continuous fact then use- At the time of instead of ‘When’ Ex: When I was eating the phone rang. Sim: At the time of my eating, the phone rang. Compound: Use ‘And’. Ex: I was eating and the phone rang. Rule 11: Simple: Noun clause can be replaced by noun. Ex: Com: He admitted that he was guilty. Sim: He admitted his guilt. Com: That he is honest is known to all. Sim: his honesty is known to all. Compound: Use ‘And’. Ex: He is honest and it is known to all. Rule 12: Simple: If Complex sentence is made with relative pronoun(who, what, which, that), omit it and make (verb+ing). Com: The Doctor who is working in the hospital is known to all. Sim: The doctor working in the hospital is known to all. Note: If the verb is in the past participle it remains unchanged. Ex: The picture which was drawn by Liza is very fine. Sim: The picture drawn by Liza is very fine. Rule 13: Simple: Adjective Clause is changed into - Adjective, Past participle Phrase, Noun in apposition, infinitive. Adjective: ex: A man who is drowning catches at a straw. Sim: A drowning man catches at a straw. Compound: A man is drowning and so catches at a straw. Past participle phrase: Ex: The answer that he wrote was not correct. Sim: The answer written by him was not correct. Compound: He wrote the answer and it was not correct. Gerundial Infinitive: Ex: I have no money that I can lend you. Sim: I have no money to lend you. Compound: I have no money and I cannot lend you. Rule 14: In the compound “ not only---- But also” is Changed by “Besides + (Verb +ing)” In the simple. Ex: Mr.Khan not only teaches us English but also writes novels. Sim: Besides teaching us English, Mr. Khan Writes novels.