French_Revolution

F.2 History Long Question – The Renaissance文藝復興 1.          Where is the Birthplace of the Renaissance' ( p.10-11 ) (1 MARK) ANS: The Birthplace of the Renaissance is the Italian peninsula. 2.          Why did Italy begin the Renaissance first' ( p.10-11 ) (12 MARKS) ANS: (choose 2 points for political factors, 1 point for Economic factors, and 2 points for Cultural factors) Political factors: Many independent city-states started to appear. A city state was formed by a city and its surrounding lands, and had an independent government and army. Feudalism gradually disappeared there. Many people living in these city-states at the time were freemen, and could freely express their ideas about art and learning. The Italian peninsula was near to Constantinople, the capital city of the Eastern Roman Empire. It allowed Roman culture to spread easily. Economic factors: Florence, Genoa and Venice controlled the trade in the Mediterranean Sea. Traders of these city-states became rich. They could pay high prices for fine art and paintings. Cultural factors: The Italian peninsula became an artistic and cultural center as early as the era of the Roman Empire. They had high cultural and artistic values. Rome was the capital city of the Roman Empire, there were many remains of Rome art and heritage.   3.          Why did the Renaissance start at 17th centuries in Europe' (p.6-8)(12 MARKS) ANS: (choose six points) 1 The decline of church influence: The German and French rulers challenged the position of the Church and Pope. The Development of the industry and trade, townspeople became wealthy. They will focus on improving their living standard. People gained new scientific knowledge from the East. 2 The spread of Eastern knowledge Crusades 十字軍東侵: The Crusaders fought with the Muslims. The Crusaders returned to Europe with fine art and paintings from the East. The city-states of Italy became global trade centers. Many Eastern art works were brought by Italian merchants to all parts of Europe. 3 The decline of feudalism Many lords had joined the Crusades. Some serfs escaped to live in the towns. Many serfs also joined the Crusades and were then set free. They became freemen and lived in the towns. The Crusades also were killed many lords and serfs. The Black Death killed 1/3 of the European population. It left the remaining population without enough labor (勞動) to support feudal economic system. 4 The rise of universities The universities were developed in Europe as students joined together to study under famous scholars (學者). The universities were not controlled by the Church, and had a great collection of books about ancient Greco- Roman ideas. More and more became educated. Revision Guides for Second Term Examination A.     Chapter 1 – The Renaissance 1.      What is the meaning of “Renaissance”' The Renaissance was a new cultural movement focused on art, literature, natural sciences and other ideas. This movement appeared in Europe between the 14th and 17th centuries. 2.      What is the meaning of “humanism”' Humanism emphasized that human values and talents were more important than religion. Under the influence of humanism, people valued the use of reason instead of blindly believing in existing ideas of rules. People no longer simply focused on gods or religion. They noticed the things or events surrounding them. 3.      What are the influences on religion' The Renaissance released the mental hold of the Church over Europeans. During the Renaissance, people began to think independently and to question the Church’s teachings. These changes helped bring about the Reformation (宗教改革) of Europe. Protestant Reformation   In 1517, Martin Luther (馬丁路德), a German priest, nailed his 95 Theses to a church door in the German city of Wittenberg (威登堡), listing all the wrongdoings of the Church. He was excommunicated (逐出教會)in 1521. His attack led to the birth of a new Christian faith called Protestantism (新教). Catholic Reformation Marlin Luther’s ideas became widespread, and were supported by many people. Faced with this new challenge, the Catholic Church introduced reforms, including a ban on the selling of indulgences (放任)and setting up schools to train priests.   The Reformation split the Church into the traditional Roman Catholic Church and the reformist Protestant Church. The Protestant Church had many sects (派別)of its own, which changed the development of Christianity throughout Europe. B.     Chapter 2 – The Age of Revolution 4.      What is the “Divine Right of Kings”' This theory was used by absolute kings to consolidate their power. They claimed that their power to rule came from god, and they were God’s representatives on earth so all people had to obey them. 5.      What is the meaning of “nation-states”' A nation-state is a country formed by one people sharing the same race, cultural heritage, language, and so on. 6.      What following features with absolute power' Government: Absolute monarchs took back all the power from the lords and controlled the government. Military: Absolute monarchs controlled the armies to prevent their countries from splitting up again. Religion: Absolute monarchs were no longer controlled by the Church. Source of power: Absolute monarchs emphasized that they were chosen by God, thus the people had to obey them. 7.      What is the meaning of “Enlightenment”' Some thinkers during the Age of Reason had new ideas about people’s rights. They talked about the people-government relationships, and wanted to end inequality不平等 in society. This stared the period of Enlightenment. 8.      What is the meaning of “Liberalism”' All people were born free and equal, and had freedom of speech, the press and religion. 9.      What is the meaning of the “Nationalism”' Loyalty to the nation, not to a ruler or a government. C.     Chapter 3 – Life in the Age of Machines 10.  What is the different of the Domestic system and factory system' Domestic System means the majority of goods and products were produced in homes. However, Factory system means the new machines were put by wealthy merchant in a factory and hired workers to operate them. 11.  What causes of the Industrial Revolution' (1)   Scientific developments: important development and inventions followed. This laid the foundation for the Industrial Revolution. (2)   Abolition of trade limits: The markets were no longer monopolised, and people could trade freely. This encouraged changes in production methods. (3)   Rise in population: Rising demand for goods. This encouraged changes in production methods. (4)   Development of world trade: They are acquired raw materials from their colonies and oversea markets for their goods. (5)   Accumulation of capital: developments in trade allowed merchants to accumulate large amount of capital. 12.  What is the “Agricultural Revolution”' It provided raw materials for industry to develop, while the Industrial Revolution also helped agricultural developments in return. 13.  Textile machines invented in the 18th century The Spinning JennyHargreaves | The Power LoomCartwright |                 The water FrameArkwright | The Spinning MuleCrompton |   14.  What are the different social classes of Factory System' The capitalist class: owned banks, railways, steamships, factories and shops. They were rich and had a say in the government. The Middle Class: formed Lawyer, doctor, merchant, and so on. They were educated, so had a great influence on society. The working class: worked for the capitalists in factories, mines, and shops, and so on. They earned little, and lived in dirty and crowded slums. 15.  What is the life of he working class Workers lived in dirty and crowned slums. Hygiene was very bad, and water supplies were insufficient. It was easy for disease to spread. Workers earned little, so women and children had to work in factories and mines as well. Western governments did little to help workers or to protect their rights. Workers had to work in poor working conditions everyday, and many workers were injured or killed when operating machines or mining.   16.  What are the responses to the worker problem'           Set up trade unions           Fought for rights including shorter working hours and better working conditions.           In 1824, Workers were allowed up trade unions.           Some formed political           Organised the Chartist Movement           To give all males over 21 the right to vote. 17.  What is socialism' It proposes that recourses are all properties of society. The state should distribute these recourses according to the needs and interests of each social class. 18.  What is the “communism” or “Marxism”' They published the Communist Manifesto in 1848. They propose that the workers had to overthrow governments formed by the capitalist class, and set up a communist government ruled by the workers. This could build a fair and equal society. D.    Chapter 4 – East-West encounters 19.  Why did voyages of discovery start' Explain your answer by using examples from Political factors, economic factors, religions factors and Cultural factors.           Political factor           Rich European ruler and nobles funded navigators to help them find new lands treasures.           A symbol of their wealth and power.           Economic factor           Land route         The Ottoman Turks and the Arabs were in control of the land trade routes between Europe and Asia.         Buy goods from the Turks and the Arabs at high prices.           Sea route         Italian merchants controlled trade in the Mediterranean Sea, they were able to sell goods at high prices.           Religions factors           Sense of mission concerning religion           Cultural factors           The Renaissance helped Europeans to accept new ideas.           Looking for new lands beyond Europe and learning if the Earth was round.           Great improvement         Astrolabe       Allowed navigators to find their positions at sea.           Learned from the Arabs how to use the compass and to draw more accurate maps. 20.  What are the influences of voyages of discovery' (1)   Knowledge about the world (2)   East-West encounters – travel, trade and to preach. To learn about the different histories, geographies, customs and cultures of the East. (3)   Spread of Christianity (4)   World trade – increased trade between the Europe and Asia (5)   Europe expansion – Slave trade 21.  What are the causes of “western expansion into Asia”' Western countries expand into some Asian areas to acquire more resources. With the start of the IR, the Western countries needed more resources and overseas markets. 22.  What are the influences of expansion'           Influence on Western powers           Speeded up colonial expansion           Influence on Asia           Before         Self-sufficient           After         Western powers intruded new technologies to their colonies.         Failed to make up for their exploitation (剝削) of the natives 23.  According to the cartoon, what is the differences between reactions of china and Japan to Western expansion in 19th century' See the new pages 24.  What is the background of the Hundred Days’ Reform' After China’s defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Western powers began to press the Qing government for more land. During 1898-99, Britain, Russia, France, Germany and Japan started setting up their spheres of influence in China. This was known as the Scramble for Concessions. Facing the danger of partition, scholars including Kang and Liang asked Emperor Guangxu for reforms. 25.  What is result of the Hundred Day’s Reforms' Empress Dowager Cixi, China’s real ruler, suddenly stopped all reforms. The reform FAILED. 26.  What are the main points of the treaties signed between Japan and the Western powers'           To increase the number of trading ports           To allow foreigners to live in some cities           Fixed customs           To give signing countries the right to set up embassies in Japan. 27.  What is the aim of the Meiji Reform'           To modernize Japan           To prevent further Western expansion 28.  How did the Meiji Reforms modernize Japan' Explain your answer with reference to Political reforms, Economic reforms, Military reforms and education reforms carried out by the Meiji government in 1868-1912.           Political reforms           Ending feudalism           Proclaiming the constitution           Economic reforms           Introducing new currency: Yen           Improving transportation and communication           Development industry         Invested a lot in Western machines and technology         Began to sell some enterprises to financial groups         Speed up its industrialization           Military reforms           Conscription           Military modernization           Education reforms           Education for all           Sending students abroad   29.  What is the result of the Meiji Reforms           Abolition of unequal treaties.           Victories in foreign wars       The first Sino-Japanese War       The Russo-Japanese War           Alliance with a Western power       Japan formed the First Anglo-Japanese Alliance in 1902       Showed that Japan’s international status.           Japan’s expansion into Asia E.     Chapter 6 – Growth and development of HK up to the early 20th century 30.  What did Britain ruled the early administration of Hong Kong' (A)  A governor was appointed by Britain as leader of Hong Kong. (B)   The administration of Hong Kong was based on the Letter Patent and Royal Instructions.   31.  What were social positions of the Chinese' The majority of the population in Hong Kong were Chinese. They were traded unequally during early British rule, and this led to racial and class conflict.   32.  What were the British rules in the early years' (A)  Members of the Councils and important government official were British. (B)   The government passed laws against the local Chinese (C)  Banning them from living with foregners.   33.  What is the Central administration'           The Legislative Council           Makes laws and votes taxes           Formed by three official member with the Governor as both member and chairman in 1843           Appointment of unofficial members in 1850           *Appointment of Ng Choy as the first Chinese member in 1880           The Executive Council           Grants land and gives advice on policy-making           Formed by three official members in 1843           Appointment of unofficial members in 1865           Appointment of these Ex-officio members in 1896           *Appointment of Shouson Chow as the first Chinese unofficial member in 1926.   34.  What is the Local administration'           The Sanitary Board           Deals with municipal matters           Formed by three official members in 1883           Appointment of unofficial members in 1886           Replaced by the Urban Council in 1935           The Huang Yee Kuk           Advises the government on New Territories affairs           Preceded by a non-governmental organization formed by local leaders of the New Territories   35.  What did the government maintain law and order'           Asked the British navy to get rid of the pirates;           Enforced a curfew on local Chinese from 1843-97           Set up a police force of British and Indians;           Banned gambling in 1870;           Set up Tuen Fong Kuk to help the police force keep law and order in areas around Sheung Wan and Central.   36.  What did the public health in the British rule'           The Chinese lived in very crowed areas, and they lacked a proper sewage system.           The government setting up:           the first public hospital in 1848           the Sanitary Board in 1883           After a serious plague broke out in Taiping Shan area in 1894,           The local Chinese were required to whitewash their houses twice a year   37.  What/Why did the education develop in the British rule' Because of Rapid economic growth, the government set up the Board of Education.           In 1862           Set up of HK’s first public school (Central School)           In 1878           English became a required subject in all public schools           In 1890           Set up of HK’s first public girls’ school (Central School for Girls)           In 1912           Set up of HK’s first university (the University of HK)   38.  What is the detail of the Entrepot(轉口港) in Hong Kong' In 1841, Hong Kong became a free port where all ship could freely enter or leave its harbor. Foreign merchants were attracted to trade here as they did not need to pay any taxes for their goods. Moreover, Hong Kong’s shipping industry developed. Many foreign shipping companies set up routes to Hong Kong. Some even set up companies here. Related industries such as dockyards and warehouses then grew. Many foreign banks (such as HSBC) came and set up branches here. The banks provided loans to encourage trade and improve port facilities. Long Question – The Age of Revolution and the French Revolution The Age of Revolution 1.                 *What is Nation-state' ANS: A nation-state is a country formed by one people sharing the same race, cultural heritage, language, and so on.   2.                 *What features did European monarchs rule their countries with absolute power' Explain your answer by using examples from Government, Military, Religion and Source of power. ANS: Government: took back all the power from the lords and controlled the government. Military: controlled the armies. Religion: were no longer controlled by the Church. Source of power: emphasized that they were chosen by god.   3.                 Who important thinkers during the Enlightenment' ANS: Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire and Rousseau.   The French Revolution 4.                 *What causes of the French Revolution' Explain your answer by using examples from Political problems, Economic problems, Social problems, Influence of Enlightenment and Impact of the American Revolution. ANS: Political problems   When Louis XVI became king, his poor rule made the country’s problems worse. The majority of French people were discounted with his rule. Economic problems   During the 1770s, the French government faced economic crisis: (i)                                    Foreign wars: Louis XIV and Louis XV had fought many wars and spent a lot of money on them. (ii)                                  Court expenditure: Louis XVI’s court lived luxuriously. The court expenditure was very high. (iii)                                Serious corruption(貪污): Tax officials were corrupt and reduced the real income of the money. (iv)                                Crop failures (缺乏): When France was hit by many natural disasters in the 1780s, tax income was gently reduced as many peasants had no income to pay tax.   Social problems   Although feudalism had disappeared in Europe by the 18th century, French society still retained some features of feudalism. At that time, France was still divided into three estates. The French king still wanted to keep privileges for the First Estate (the clergy) and the Secondary Estate (the nobles) in return for their loyalty. Because of this, the Third Estate had to bear the burden of all taxes.   The Third Estate demanded an equal society. But the king did not agree, and even increased taxes on them to solve the economic problems of the country. This angered the masses.   Influence of the Enlightenment   France was one of the birthplaces of the Enlightenment, and produced such thinkers as Voltaire, Montesquieu and Rousseau. The idea they encouraged such as equality and the right to rebel were popular among the middle classes. This helped bring about the Revolution. Impact of the American Revolution   The success of the American Revolution made the French more supportive of Enlightenment ideas. French soldiers returned home full of ideas of equality and liberty. These were spread among the middle classes in France, and made them more determined to fight for freedom and equality. 5.                 *After the outbreak of the French Revolution, other European countries fear the Revolution would affect them. The formed a coalition against France and started the war. What name of the wars' ANS: The Revolutionary wars. 6.                 *Who was the radical leader ended with the Reign of Terror in July 1794' ANS: Robespierre. 7.                 When did Napoleon overthrow the Directory' ANS: In 1799. 8.                 *On December 2, 1804, Napoleon abolished the republic. He made himself king and restored the monarchy to France. What name was his empire' And what name of the European wars that broke out during the reign of Napoleon' ANS: First French Empire(1804-15), Napoleonic Wars(1803-15). 9.                 *What system that Napoleon set up to weaken Britain in 1806' ANS: The Continental System. 10.             *What is Continental System' ANS: Napoleon ordered all European nations to stop trading with Britain. 11.             *What name of war to punish Russia for disobeying by Napoleon in 1812' ANS: The Russian Campaign.   12.             *What is liberalism' ANS: All people were born free and equal, and had freedom of speech, the press and religion. 13.             *What is nationalism' ANS: Loyalty(忠誠) to the nation, not to a ruler or a government. 14.             *In 1814, Europe was in chaos(混亂). The spread revolutionary ideas worsened the situation. The leaders of Europe met in Vienna, the capital of Austria. What name of this meeting' ANS: The Congress of Vienna(1814-15). 15.             *According to Question 14, what were the reasons for calling the meeting' ANS: to restore the old order of Europe, to stop the spread of liberalism and nationalism in Europe, and to prevent the future expansion of France. 16.             What years did a wave of revolutions break out all over Europe' ANS: During 1820s, 1830s and 1848. 17.             *What two countries succeeded to unify their country' ANS: 1Italy 2Germany. 18.             *What idea encouraged the success of these two unification movement' ANS: The spread of nation of nationalism in Europe. A.      What were the causes of World War I' 1 The Alliance System In 1873, German Chancellor Bismarck hoped to use alliance to isolate France and prevent it from taking revenge on Germany. Formed the Three Emperor’s League.    In 1882, Germany formed the Triple Alliance with Austria Hungary and Italy.    In 1907, Britain, Russia and France formed the Triple Entente. Effect: The Alliance System made the Europe was divided into two armed camps. A local war between two nations would turn into a general war.   2 The armament race The powers felt unsafe. They were afraid that their allies would not help them in the case of a war. To defend themselves, they began to produce more armaments. Led to armament race. Armament race were symbols of strength. Forms of the armament race    Expand their armies through conscription;    Build dreadnought;    Develop new weapons. Effects of the armament race Become a vicious cycle; The European power would not give way easily.   3 Colonial rivalries Causes of colonial rivalries    Economic reasons    The European powers began setting up colonies to obtain more raw materials and overseas market.    Asia and Africa became primary targets for European expansion.    Political reasons    Germany & Italy   Hoped to set up their colonies to show their status and power. Conflicts and effects of colonial rivalries    Conflict over Tunisia: France VS Italy    The Moroccan Crises: France VS Germany   4Rise of extreme nationalism Desire for revenge: France France’s nationalism became a desire for revenge against Germany.   Desire for expansion: Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary actively tried to expand in the Balkans to enhance its international status.   Pan – Germanism: Germany Germany supported Pan-Germanism to unite with Pan-Germans in Austria under one great German state.   Pan – Slavism: Russia Russia aimed at forming a great Slav state in the Balkans.   B.      What were the results and impact of the war' 1.      Solving post-war problems: the Paris Peace Conference Britain, France and the United States made most of the decisions. The defeated nations were neither invited nor asked for their opinions. By these treaties, each defeated nation had to disarm解除武裝, to pay an indemnity賠償, and to lose some land. The victorious獲勝的nations paid most attention to preventing future German aggression. The delegates代表團of these country | France | Britain | The United States | Clemenceau | Lloyd George | Wilson | The Treaty of Versailles angered the Germans and paved the way for the Second World War.   2.      Impact of the war: death and destruction    It caused many casualties傷亡    Many buildings, farms, and bridges were destroyed.    All these brought big economic losses to the countries.    Among the new weapons, fighter planes, tanks and submarines were weapons of mass destruction. New Weapons | AT SEA | IN THE AIR | ON LAND |    Dreadnought |    Fight aircraft |    Poison gas |    Submarine |    Zeppelin |    Tank |   3.      Impact of the war: changing the map of Europe    Independent states were set up in western Baltic area;    Austria-Hungary was split into the three independent states;    German had to cede land to neighboring   4.      Impact of the war: forming a peacekeeping body    President Wilson of the United States suggested forming a peacekeeping body to keep peace.    The League of Nations ’ headquarters were in Geneva .   5.      Impact of the war: the changing position of women    Women farmed and worked hard in factories during the war    Britain, the United States and more Western nations gave women the right to vote after the war. This raised their status.