Exam_Review

n catholic church/ eastern orthodox church (great schism broke them apart, fight over pictures.) Sacred text: The Holy Bible missionaries called the crusaders, several crusades led to the spread of Christianity. Roman catholic church very powerful, rulers adhered to their rules so that they would not be “excommunicated” by the pope. Islam: Founder, Muhammad. After muhammad’s death islam broke into two groups Shia and sunnis, because they argued whether or not caliphs should be the descendants of ali. Sacred text: the Qu’ran. Pilgrims helped to spread Islamic beliefs as well as sufis who were very successful missionaries during the middle ages. 2. Decline of trade Unity fell Poor harvests Nomadic invasions Inflation Epidemics Bad emperors/leaders Not enough money to fund army Changes in religion 3. Confucianism: an ethical system based on relationships and personal virtue, became predominant philosophy. Analects: book of Confucius’ sayings compiled by his followers. Confucian values- Ren- sense of humanity, kindness, benevolence li- a sense of propriety, courtesy, respect, deference to elders xiao- filial piety, familial obligation clutivat personal morality and junzi(superior individuals) for bringing order to china. Confucian school, those who worked in government must recite Confucian analects. Patriarchal.. preferred harsh social discipline to bring order to society. 4. Confucius, Laozi, Socrates, Mohammad, Sidharta Guatma 5. Viking expansion was limited to Ireland, Scotland, Iceland and Greenland, while Arab expansion was limited to the Arabian Peninsula and Persia 6. Indian Ocean commerce flourished and was conducted by a mixture of Asian, Middle Eastern and East African merchants Emporia, Indian port cities, (areas of trade and cosmopolitan centers) Trade goods: Silk and porcelain from china Spices from southeast asia Pepper, gems, pearls, and cotton from india Incense and horses from Arabia and southwest asia Gold, ivory, and slaves from east Africa. Specialized production: -production of high quality cotton textiles -Sugar, leather, stone, carpets, iron, and steel 7. Silk and porcelain were the most prominent in china’s manufacturing. Longed for by all of the elites during this time. Traded over land routes, later named “the silk roads” which linked asia, Africa, and the Mediterranean basin. 8. Similarities: Developed around the same time Strict political structure Strict social structure Honor code(chivalry vs. bushido) Differences: Role of the shogun Treatment of women Europeans- held in high regard and adored Japanese- no freedom, had harsh lives European feudalism was legal and contractual Japanese feudalism was less focused on law and more on morality and loyalty. 9. Hinduism’s spread -merchants traveling sea lanes -java, Sumatra, the malay peninsula, Vietnam, and Cambodia began to adopt Indian ways -adopted Sanskrit -some rulers promoted hindu gods shiva and Vishnu -predominated in southern india -benefited by the decline of Buddhism -growth of shiva and Vishnu cults (devotional cults to achieve mystic union with gods) Islam and its appeal -conversion occurred in a slow and gradual way -improves social statuses -often entire castes/subcastes would adopt Sufis- the most effective missionaries of islam, had a devotional approach. Permitted followers to observe old rituals and venerate old spirits, emphasized piety and devotion. Bhakti movement- sought to erase the distinction between Hinduism and islam. Guru Kabir taught that shiva, Vishnu, and allah were all one deity. 10. 11. Dar al islam- home of islam Five pillars- Testimony of faith Prayer Zakat (support for the needy) Fasting the month of Ramadan The pilgrimage to Mekkah 12. Politics, government, society, ruled by men. (must be protected by men) Women were seen as only the bearers of children. Women generally took care of the households, and had very little impact on any aspects of society. However, there were some cultures in which women had a more influential roles, depending on the needs of that civilization. 13. Recognize the existence of adam and moses 14. A close association with religion 15. Political fragmentation and cultural creativity 16. Egypt and Ethiopia 17. Ibn battutas experience with the Mongols 18. How Swahili was influenced by global trade after 1000 19. Reestablished silk road between east asia and Europe 20. Cordoba 21. Huge population growth, as well as cultural, and the ability to stay in one place, allowing the beginnings of society and the creation of civilizations. The Neolithic revolution was the change from a hunter-gatherer society to a stationary agriculture-based society. 22. why islam rapidly expanded across byzantine empire 23. The Crusades were originally launched in response to a call from the leaders of the Byzantine Empire for help to fight Muslim Seljuk Turks expansion into Anatolia these Turks had cut off access to Jerusalem. (gain back holy land!) 24. Feudalism 25. Maize (corn), beans, squash, and chili peppers. Minor crops included tomatoes and avocados. Cacao was another important Mesoamerican crop 26. Sub-saharan trade routes, very important because they finally linked east Africa to the rest of the trading world. 27. Polytheistic, native religions based on nature. 28. Hinduism was introduced, and slowly misplaced Buddhism. “convergence of hindu and Islamic traditions.” Rulers criticized Buddhism harshly. 29. Japan’s version of feudalism, four-tiered class system. Samurai’s were loyal to their lords and protected their land and followed a very strict code. (equivalent to European knights.) 30. It joined germanic power with the church and the heritage of the church and the heritage of rome. It bestowed the blessing of the pope, and formed an alliance between the pope and Charlemagne backing him with the Roman Catholic Church’s incredible power. 31. Peasants worked very hard and gave a great deal of what they produced to the lord of the manor in exchange for protection during these violent times. 32. Organization of roman catholic church 33. Patriarchal systems were systems in which the men ruled, and expected the women to obey their rules and be the bearers of many sons. 34. Sufis- the most effective missionaries of islam, had a devotional approach. Permitted followers to observe old rituals and venerate old spirits, emphasized piety and devotion. Around the same time as the high middle ages' Traveled across Europe. 35. The Chinese exported silk as well as porcelain and some spices. 36. See question three 37. China had a strong imperialist government, whereas india seemed to have more of separate kingdoms. It was similar in that they both had social classes and strong leaders. 38. Similarities between greek and Indian politics 39. Closer to the other civilizations, wasn’t invaded by all sides. Could still trade with the other civilizations therefore their economy did not fail and cause the empire to crumble. 40. Acted as if they were simply revelations, not religions and were considered subordinate to islam. 41. Affected the religious leaders positively because it gave them more power, especially the pope because he was head of the church. This was because if the king supported a religion, so would those who lived in his kingdom. 42. Buddhism changed many Chinese people’s views of life in a positive way. However, it also caused many problems for those in government who still supported Confucianism, and continued to criticize Buddhist monks and monasteries saying they spent too much money and were ruining china’s economy. 43. Bantus begin migrating southward into the sub-saharan, they spread agriculture and the knowledge of iron working. They learned how to grow bananas through trade in east asia. Reach eastern coast of Africa and mix with arab merchants to form Swahili. They had stateless societies organized around kinship groups, religious stories passed on by griots. Age grades: each age level and gender had a specific duty to the community. Women were valued as mothers, worked on farms and sometimes in military, economic status was measured in acquisition to slaves not property. 44. The expansion and growth of civilization into new areas across Asia , Africa, Europe, Mesoamerica, and western South America. The growth and geographical spread of major world religions, with Islam being the most successful religion during this time as well as increased communication and trade between the Western world and the Eastern world. 45. China had a strong, influential relationship between her neighbors during the postclassical period. Places such as Korea and Vietnam developed Confucian values, and other Chinese concepts, as well as being very important to trans-continental trade. 46. Both societies were patriarchal, and treated their women as only bearers of sons, unimportant and inferior to men. They were subordinate in both political and social aspects of society. 47. The mandate of heaven was the theory that rulers were linked directly to god, and ruled by god’s desires. 48. Monsoon winds were very important to maritime trade because they directly affected the safety of sailors, and their ability to cross the Indian ocean basin. After monsoon schedules were known, trade was in turn much simpler and safer and grew exponentially. 49. The silk roads were the overland trade routes connecting Asia, Africa, and Europe. On these roads many luxury products traveled, such as silk from china where the route got it’s name. 50. Mani and Manichaeism 51. Impact of Persian empire on her subjects 52. The roman empire’s religion was polytheistic consisting of many gods copied from greek philosophy.