Development_Planning

DEVELOPMENT PLANNING AND PROJECT APPRAISAL Development Some Basic Considerations * Development as a concept is neither new or old. * Development is continuously changing concept. * It is in existence since the beginning of civilization. * Development concept takes different shapes/Dimension according to times. * Nature of Development seen in 1920s is different from 1950s. * Every century contributes a great deal of difference in development of the society. * Development never will be and never can be define to universal satisfaction Willy Brandt Commission. * Development is one of the most deprecential terms in Social Science literature having been used more than it has been under stood. * Many have definrd Development interms of National Economy,some others include Social Development in it and still some others believe that Development is basically an incrrease in the capacity of a political system. Thus Development is a complex phenomenon comprising Political Economic Social Administrative and Dimensions . * Hence Development must be defined from an Intergrated Approvals. Development means change + - Edward W.Weidner Growth Development - Process of Transformation of Society T.N.Chaturvedi. Development – Reduction of poverty unemployment& Inequality * Even if per capital Income is doubled, without achieving this Development is not really reached. * Development also means – Achievement of Self- Reliance of citizens and Culture Independence. Denis Goulet - Three core values of Development a. Life Sustance b. Self- Esteem c. Freedom of choice for Individuals & Societies. Michael Todaro – Development is a Muliti-Dimensional process-involving a. Structural changes b. Attitudes c. Changes in Institutions – Social Institutions d. Acceration of Economic Growth e. Reduction of Absolute poverty f. Eradication of Absolute poverty. * Chi-yuen Wu– A Chinesse Scholar defines Development as – A process of Societal Transformation also known as Modernization. * Willy Brant Commission – Transformation of Entire Economic and Social Structure. Inbrief – A process improving the well- being of the people. Better Health – A longer life with less sickness – crucial for a Better Standard of living. The World Development Report(1991) - Development has DIMENSIONS OF DEVELOP MENT Development can not be defined interms of Economic Development alone. Development’s component Political Component Social Component Liberty Cultural Component Economic Component Administrative & Management Component II Economic Component: An important component. * Raising National Income * Reducing Poverty * Equitable Distribution of Income * Sustainable of material consumption * Standard of material consumption * Good Health &Environmental Protection. ( Source: The World Development Report 1991) * Charles Kindle Berger - Economic Growth means a. More output b. Changes in technical and Institutional managements. * Gerald M. Meier - Economic Development means a. Process increasing National Income b. Real National Income – Country’s Total Output of Goods & Services c. Upward trend in Net National Product leading to I. Better Health II. Better Education III. Better Living Conditions IV. Expanded opportunities in work and tension. III SOCIAL COMPONENT: Joseph Schumpeter – Social+ Economic Component - changes in Environment T.K.N .Unnithan-: Developmentprocess in an under DevelopedCountry Social Development develops aNew order of Existence. Quality of Life Level of order of + Existence & Cultural of Quality of People Social Relations Social Development includes: a. Provision of Health Services b. Education of Health Services c. Housing d. Cultural Amenities e. Protection of Children / Rights f. Status of Women g. Regulation of Labour Laws h. Improve status of workers. i. Reduction of Disease, Poverty and Social ills. Liberty & Cultural Component: Non- Economic Components of Development a. A free press & flow of communication (eg) Emergency in 1977 in India. b. Exposing Actions of Government & Private Sector. Raymond Gastil- 1973- Ranked countries under two criteria: 1. Political Rights – Right to participate meaningfully in political process. 2. Civil Liberties – Rights to free Expression. - Right to organize - Right to Demonstrate - Freedom of Religion - Freedom of Education - Freedom of Movement (Travel) - Other Personal Rights. There is a strong relationship between Economic Growth and Civil Liberties. ParthaDass Gupta – Study- 1970- ’80- states that Political and Civil rights are positively and significantly correlated with National Income per head and its growth. Liberty – Associated with Welfare Movements & Education & Health. Administrative and Managerial Component: * Today Development Administrative occupies a prominent Place in the Administrative Structure. * Developing Countries Combine skills to make Development Programmes Effective. * How to develop Economy * How to sustain Improvement in Social System. * How to Increase the capacity of the Social System. This is the Essence of Development planning leading to Development programmes. Countries of Asia, Africa & Latin America need better Structure& Instruments to Implements plans and policies towards Nation Building & Social – Economic Progress Hence these Countries focus Attention on Improving and building up the Public Administrative System. They develop totality of Effects for National Development Fred W. Riggs : * Administrative cannotbe improved without changes in Environmental constraints. (The Infra Structure) Environment cannot be changed unless the Administrative of Developmental programmes are strengthened. Concept of Modernisation: Hence Development Programme Lead to Modernisation& Modernity Technical changes / Innovation Daniel Lerner: In his Book the passing of Traditional Society says. Modernization is a Systematic process involving complementary changes in the Demographic, Economic, Political, Communication and Cultural sectors of a Society. Modernization means – The Grand Transformation that began in Western Europe at the end of Middle Ages. David Harison: * The Sociology of Modernization and Development says Modernization is the result of Westernisation involving Political, Economic and Cultural changes- contrasting with Traditional Society. * The New States of Asia, Africa and Latin America aspire to modernity. * The desire to improve remaining true to their own Cultural and Traditional values. * They do not want to copy Westernization but want to enjoy the Benefits of Western Experiences. * Then what is Under Development' * Under Development according to International Encyclopedia published in 1968. * Understood as Negative term to Development. * Under Development is also a Neo-Colonial Dependency mode. * Low levels of Living Income Productivity Under Development is Explained in terms of dependence of former colonies on the Developed Nations. Prevalence of unequal Relationship Prevalence of Corruption 1. ¾ of the World Population share 25% of the world Income. 2. Gap between Developed & Developing Countries steadily widening. 3. The Per Capita (GNP) Exceeds $ 10000 Dollars in Developed Countries but it is below 800 Dollars a year in low- income Countries of the World. 4. Income Gap widen in future also 5. Third World Countries face problems like- a. Extremely low level of Lining. b. Low Income – Productivity Balance. c. Stagnation in progress. d. Social Rigidities. e. Domination of Political Elites. f. Strong Religious Beliefs – ( faestalism) Leased Developed Countries – LDC. a. Rapid Population b. More than 1.2 Billion still live less then one- dollar per day. c. 200 years ago Western Europe & United States attained this. d. Natural Resources not properly used e. Problem of External Dept. f. Fluctuating prices of Commodities. g. Substitution strategies to Imports. Gunaar Myrdal- says that these states are known as ‘Soft States’ because they back Social Discipline. * Deficiencies in Legislation. * Deficiency in law Enforcement methods. * Disobedience of public officials to rules & Directives. * Hence the poor remain poor or become poorer while the Elite become Richer. According Andrew Webster- The Third World Countries a. Tend to have large Agricultural than Industrial work force. b. Limited number of Raw material products for Export. c. Poor Diets & High level of Illiteracy. d. Have a Colonial Part. e. Massive Population. f. Nations constantly changing according to changing time. g. Development a Multi- Dimensional Process. h. Growth, Change and Transformation. i. Goal- Oriented process. j. National Development. k. A sound Social Security System. l. Development of Rationality. m. Spread of Modern Technology only developed Inter- Dependent Social System – Riggs. n. Need for Technical Revolution. o. Maintenance of order & Security.