Conflict_Resolution_and_Peacemaking

Motivation and The Brain Power Elena P. Brizuela PSY/355 NOVEMBER 1, 2010 SHARON TUCKER Motivation and the Brain Power SURGEON GENERALS WARNING: Smoking Causes Lung Cancer, Heart Disease, Emphysema, And May Complicate Pregnancy.   Cigarette smoking has been proven to be harmful to a person’s health. The actual truth came out about cigarette use was realized until 1964.   Kent brand cigarettes was allowed to use a filter containing asbestos from 1952-1956. Cigarette ads were allowed on television up until the year 1971, in 1979 it was discovered that women smokers could cause major damage to the their unborn child.   In 1964, the annual Surgeon General’s Report on Smoking and Health reported an overwhelming association between smoking and early death from lung cancer, heart disease, emphysema, and all other chronic diseases.   Smoking has been proven to cause many life threatening problems, therefore cigarette use should not be tolerated. “The number one killer of smokers is heart disease” (Bailey 135).   Not only that but also, “Cigarette smoking accounts for 30% of all heart disease deaths” (Kim and Saltzberg 1).   Carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke causes the amount of cholesterol clogging the arteries to rise dramatically.   Smoking also makes the walls of the arteries harden which increases the chance for the artery to rupture.   Another drug in cigarettes, nicotine, causes hypertension, your heart rate to rise, and your heart increasingly requires more oxygen to keep pumping.   Along with heart disease, smokers are afflicted with life threatening cancers.   Stomach cancer has also been found to be directly related to cigarette smoking.   Another cancer that is related to smoking is bladder cancer.   In addition to these, leukemia is also directly related to cigarettes. Cigarettes are addictive and they usually lead the smoker to marijuana use or to other kind of drugs. That's why I think that young teenagers shouldn't start smoking at young age. Smoking-related diseases claim an estimated 430,700 American lives each year. Smoking costs the United States approximately $97.2 billion each year in health-care costs and lost productivity. It is directly responsible for 87 percent of lung cancer cases and causes most cases of emphysema and chronic bronchitis. (Lung Cancer Association, 2007) http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/1112959/intrinsic_and_extrinsic_motivation.html'cat=5 Published October 22, 2008 by: Jennifer Rossman View Smoking cigarettes is one of the hardest addictions to end, because many regions of the brain are wired for reinforcement of smoking. Nicotine, the main active component of cigarettes, acts on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain. Nicotine withdrawal symptoms include irritability, sleep problems, inattention, increased appetite and craving for cigarettes. Ventral Tegmental Area The ventral tegmental area, or VTA, includes neurons whose cell bodies are in the VTA but have projections and release neurotransmitters into the nucleus accumbens, or NAc. The VTA-NAc dopaminergic pathway, also called the mesolimbic dopamine pathway, is considered the "reward pathway." Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are found on neurons that release the neurotransmitter dopamine from the VTA into the NAc. Smoking cigarettes increases dopamine release in the NAc, causing reinforcement of smoking. When smokers try to quit, the decrease in dopamine release leads to cigarette cravings and hampers the ability to not relapse. Read more: http://www.livestrong.com/article/195790-parts-of-the-brain-that-control-motivation-to-quit-smoking/#ixzz13zxE4WjM Nucleus Accumbens The NAc receives dopamine from the VTA. Nicotinic receptors also exist on the post-synaptic side of these dopaminergic neurons, meaning nicotine in the NAc can influence the release of dopamine in the NAc. As the NAc is important for reinforcement of pleasurable behaviors, nicotine withdrawal leads to craving for more cigarettes. Frontal Cortex The frontal cortex is a brain region involved in strategy, planning and what is often described as "free will." Dopamine from the VTA is released into the frontal cortex. As nicotinic receptors located on dopamine neurons in the VTA can modulate dopamine release, smoking can increase dopamine release in the frontal cortex. Nicotine withdrawal leads to less dopamine in the frontal cortex, leading to the withdrawal symptoms of poor attention. Read more: http://www.livestrong.com/article/195790-parts-of-the-brain-that-control-motivation-to-quit-smoking/#ixzz13zxuVOvN health concerns and self-control as intrinsic motivation dimensions and immediate reinforcement and social influence as extrinsic motivation dimensions There are two types of motivation which would help an individual quit smoking. These are intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation is the better of the two because this type of motivation comes from within a person and that person will quit smoking because that is what they want and they will not be expecting anything in return for that decision. The problem with this type is that it is harder to enhance intrinsic motivation in people and a person is much more likely to get discouraged (Intrinsic and Extrinsic). Extrinsic motivation is not as affective as intrinsic but is used more often because it does get the job done (Intrinsic and Extrinsic). Extrinsic motivation comes from outside sources in the form of rewards or fears for a certain behavior. Examples of extrinsic motivation for someone to quit smoking would be the praise the individual would get from friends and family or the threat of disease or illness from smoking. Heredity, lifestyle, and environment can all play a huge part in cancer and heart and lung disease which is associated with smoking. If an individual has a family history of cancer or heart disease, the risk of developing either one of these increases with the lifestyle choice of smoking (Sweeney, 2008). If the individual has high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol the risk of heart disease becomes higher when the person also chooses to smoke (Sweeney, 2008). http://www.lungusa.org/site/pp.asp'c=dvLUK9O0E&b=33484 Heredity, lifestyle, and environment can all play a huge part in cancer and heart and lung disease which is associated with smoking. If an individual has a family history of cancer or heart disease, the risk of developing either one of these increases with the lifestyle choice of smoking (Sweeney, 2008). If the individual has high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol the risk of heart disease becomes higher when the person also chooses to smoke (Sweeney, 2008). Sweeney, M. (2008). Smoking and Tobacco. newWellness. Retrieved electronically Motivation comes from within and from without - intrinsic and extrinsic, but the most motivated of people, those with intrinsic motivation, are the ones most likely to succeed. Tom Wood discusses this fascinating subject here in our October article.