Behaviour_Perspective

[pic] John Watson argued that thoughts and feelings are less important than the observable behaviour so his argument was that psychology should become the scientific study of behaviour. Thoughts, feelings and emotions, are not capable of being measured and therefore should not be considered as valid subject matter for scientific psychology. Classical conditioning As you lie on the dentist chair and see all the equipment around you, you might feel frightened-even though you are not in pain. Why is this' You are imagining that you will feel pain because of what is around you which makes you frightened-you making a connection between the stimuli of the dentist and the pain of the drilling. This is classical conditioning. Classical conditioning evaluation Classical conditioning report for some research in none of human spaces. This is not big important in term of human behaviour. The pavlovian experiment He could reliably predict that dogs would salivate when food was placed in the mouth through a reflex called the “salivary reflex” in digestion. Yet he soon realized that, after time, the salivary reflex occurred even before the food was offered. Because the sound of the door and the sight of the attendant carrying the food. Pavlov continued experimenting with the dogs using a tone to signal for food. He found that the result matched and the dogs had begun to salivate with the tone and without food. Operant/instrumental conditioning People behave in certain ways because of rewards and punishment, The best known example was carried out by SKINNER (1901-90), He put a rat in box which holds a level. When ever the rat pushes the level a food will appear, the rat understood and associate between pushing level and the food, so the rat began to push the level more and more. These are two important types of effective reinforcers or rewards. Primary reinforcers are stimuli which are vital for survivors such as food and water. The other stimuli are secondary reinforcers which are associated with these primary reinforcers. Example: money and attention. According to Skinner we do not need to be rewarded all the time. Punishment training This is where behaviour is followed by unpleasant stimuli. If this stimuli happens quickly after the behaviour, the likelihood of the behaviour been reproduced is reduced. Avoidance learning Avoidance learning Navigate with stimuli example: drivers stop at red lights because they do not want to get in trouble with the police or have an accident. Operant/instrumental knowledge is frequently very useful for such trained animals therefore they commonly learned this way. Observational learning Bandura believes that people do not need mostly to trigger rewarded in order to respond for learning that means we as a human experience stimuli from our environment and learn how to react or respond to it we also learn what is right and what is wrong from watching performances of others, such as learning the ability to profit from others, like success or mistakes. Example: if a child sees someone who behaves aggressively or badly, as a result of that behaviour, then that person being punished, the child will not replicate that behaviour (Rosekrans and Hartup 1967). Observational learning, it is more effective than operant learning in humans. Nevertheless there are lots and more to human learning than plain observational learning and operant conditioning.