Awesome

James Henry Hammond Claimed slavery was the cornerstone of Republican edifice and it ensured political stability. Portrayed slavery as a happy institution and contrasted it with wage slaves, people who got paid for working that appeared downtrodden and defeated. SIGNIFICANCE: architect of pro-slavery ideology Manifest Destiny John O'Sullivan responsible for the term Belief that the US had a divinely inspired mission to expand Expansion was not only good, it was God's will most radical advocates were the filibusters Connects to the idea of continentalism (the continent is ours) puts expansion in the name of moral righteousness SIGNIFICANCE: an agenda to spread anglo-saxonism and white supremacy Anthony Burns Fugitive slave who escaped to Boston His master found him. He was arrested and sent back. Abolitionists used his case to provoke a standoff with fed troops. SIGNIFICANCE: spectacles like these helped create outrage among northerners about the fugitive slave law. Ethnology Classification of human body types Believed physical characteristics gave insight to intelligence, morality, leadership ability SIGNIFICANCE: used to ascribe different values for justifying the superiority of whites All Mexico Movement to bring all of Mexico into the union after the Mexican American war Best way to ensure future peace, apparently. Contradiction to MD, you're making it less white by bringing in all the browns. Moral Suasion Anti-slavery argument based on the idea that slavery is evil because it's immoral. If people changed their brains the law would follow. William Lloyd Garrison was a big proponent of this shit. SIGNIFICANCE: extension of perfectionism, we can become good even if we aren't. We are not inherently evil. Popular sovereignty Stephen A. Douglas proposed this in the decades before he civil war. Americans should be able to vote whether slavery was allowed in a territory. SIGNIFICANCE: relationship between slavery and expansion. Question of slavery becomes crucial as the nation grows. Oversoul Term coined by Emerson, grew out of the transcendental movement. We are all different expressions of one soul. Nature is key for knowing the source of the natural world. Way of resolving the tension between the many and the one (pluralism); connects to the idea of self-reliance. The self is all we have as a pathway to the divine. Southern Literary Magazine Started in Virginia in the mid 19th Ce provided the south with a voice ended because of Virginia's participation in the Civil War significance: made southern cultural traditions like slavery seem normal; helped fortify southern paternalism; viewed slavery as benign, positive Scribbling Women coined by Nathaniel Hawthorne to degrade women for writing sentimental fiction (dealing with domesticity and the women's sphere) examples: Uncle Tom's Cabin, Godey's Lady Book significance: reinforced gender roles due to women writing about emotional issues; separate spheres and cult of domesticity Mathew Brady civil War photographer credited with being the father of photojournalism took photographs of the deceased soldiers significance: War in general had never been depicted in a realist way before, it made war not seem as romantic Filibuster private armies invading other countries without government sanction radical extension of manifest destiny in order to create additional slave states filibusters like Will Walker became folk heroes significance: indicates the extent to which radical pro-slavery parties would take to expand slavery Dred Scott African American slave who unsuccessfully tried to sue for his freedom Supreme Court ruled that because he was black, he wasn't a citizen and had no right to sue overturned the Missouri Compromise by permitting slavery in all of the territories significance: enraged abolitionists and hastened the Civil War 54th Massachusetts Regiment one of the first black units in the civil war commanded by a white man (Shaw) significance: still portrayed Af. Ams as 2nd class citizens; they were used as cannon fodder, put in some of the bloodiest conflicts and paid much less than white soldiers Preston Brooks nephew of pro-slavery politician Butler US senator who beat Senator Sumner with his cane due to discontent with Sumner's hateful speech towards Brook's relative for embracing slavery came on the heels of Bleeding Kansas and gave the impression that there was Civil Discourse significance: epitomized the idea that abolitionists were of a lower class and had to be beaten into submission; there was hardly any compromise on slavery Know Nothing Party formed in 1854 contributed to the formation of the Republican Party came from the build up of anti-Irish sentiment by Native (white) Americans believed immigrants should be blocked out of the political system encouraged more stringent immigration laws significance: expressed widespread anxieties about issues of immigration, specifically this new kind of immigrant; served as the death blow to the Whig Party Daddy Rice father of American minstrelsy known for Jim Crow character act of minstrelsy mainly for Irish immigrants who were treated as if they were only step above blacks significance: By dressing up and acting like black people, the Irish could affirm their whiteness by showing how different they were from blacks