Abnormal_Psych

Study Guide, Chapter 4 Note: This is but a guide. There may be questions on the exam that are not covered in this guide. All lectures, video clips and the text are fair game for the exam. READ YOUR BOOK. The best answers are answers you have found in the text. 1. How are fear and anxiety different' Fear is in response to a serious threat while anxiety is in response to a vague threat 2. What class of mental disorders is the most common in the U.S.' Anxiety disorders 3. What are the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)' How common is it' Is it more common among men or women' The young or the elderly' How is frequency related to ethnicity' Sleep disturbance, restless, irritability, fatigue. Common in western society, 3% of population show symptoms in a given year. 2 to 1 women to men. Usually appears in adolescence but more common in elderly. Related to income and poverty which is related to race. 4. Be familiar with the different perspectives (Socio cultural, Psychodynamic, etc) of the etiology of GAD. Also be familiar with the research supporting these perspectives. Sociocultural- develop in people in dangerous social conditions psychodynamic- all children experience certain anxiety but can be overrun by neurotic or moral anxiety which sets the stage for GAD humanisitic- anxiety happens when people stop looking at themselves realistically and honestly. Cognitive- dysfunctional ways of thinking, excessive worry slides 4-7 5. What is the metacognitive theory' The intolerance of uncertainty theory' Avoidance theory' Do the data support these theories' Do people with GAD recognize that their fears are extreme' Slides 8-9 6. What is mindfulness based cognitive therapy' Acceptance and commitment therapy' Slide 10 7. What neurotransmitter is believed to be associated with GAD' Do scientists believe it is this too much or too little of the neurotransmitter' GABA is low 8. What medications are currently used to treat GAD' What other biological treatments can be used' Slides 12-14 9. What are the symptoms of phobias (both specific and social)' How common are they' Are they more common among men or women' The young or the elderly' How is frequency related to ethnicity' Slides 15-22 more common in women 10. How are specific and social phobias different' 11. Be familiar with the different perspectives (Socio cultural, Psychodynamic, etc) of the etiology of phobias. Also be familiar with whether the research supports these perspectives. 12. Be especially familiar with the behavioral perspective. Know what classical conditioning is and how it might related to phobias, as well as modeling and stimulus generalization. What is preparedness' 13. What is exposure treatment' How are flooding and systematic desensitization different' When might social skills training be implemented' 14. What are the symptoms of panic disorder' How common is it' Is it more common among men or women' The young or the elderly' How is frequency related to ethnicity' Slides 23-27 15. Be familiar with the different perspectives (Socio cultural, Psychodynamic, etc) of the etiology of panic disorder. Also be familiar with whether the research supports these perspectives. Which phobia is commonly found with panic disorder' Slides 28-30 16. What parts of the brain are thought to be related to panic disorder' What neurotransmitter' 17. Which drugs seem to help control panic disorder' What psychological treatments appear most helpful' What are biological challenge tests' Anxiety sensitivity' 18. What are the symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)' How common is it' Is it more common among men or women' The young or the elderly' How is frequency related to ethnicity' Slides 31-34 19. Be familiar with the different perspectives (Socio cultural, Psychodynamic, etc) of the etiology of OCD. Also be familiar with whether the research supports these perspectives. Slides 35-42 20. What treatments are the most effective in treating OCD' 21. What is exposure' Response prevention' 22. What are the most common obsessions' Compulsions' 23. What neurotransmitters are thought to be associated with OCD' What parts of the brain' 24. Given a list of symptoms, you should be able to identify which anxiety disorder is being described. Study Guide, Chapter 5-pages 133-148 Note: This is but a guide. There may be questions on the exam that are not covered in this guide. All lectures, video clips and the text are fair game for the exam. 25. What is the job of the sympathetic nervous system' Be familiar with the different systems of the sympathetic nervous system and it effects. Increase heartbeat and other changes in response to fear 26. During a stressful situation, what systems are activated' What about a calm situation' Parasypathetic returns body processes back to normal 27. What are the 2 pathways associated with fear' 28. What is the HPA pathway' Release of CRH from the hypothalamus is influenced by stress, physical activity, illness, by blood levels of cortisol and by the sleep/wake cycle (circadian rhythm). In healthy individuals, cortisol rises rapidly after wakening, reaching a peak within 30–45 minutes. It then gradually falls over the day, rising again in late afternoon. Cortisol levels then fall in late evening, reaching a trough during the middle of the night. An abnormally flattened circadian cortisol cycle has been linked with chronic fatigue syndrome, insomnia and burnout. 29. What is the difference between state and trait anxiety' Trait vs. situational anxiety 30. What are the typical symptoms of PTSD' How does it differ from acute stress disorder' Slide 3 31. What is reduced responsiveness' Detachment, loss of interest 32. How common is PTSD following a sexual assault' (pg 138). 33. What country has the highest rape rates of the industrialized nations' Does the average person who is raped receive testing for HIV' Do they typically experience long-term health problems' U.S. Poor testing, more likely to have long term health problems. 34. What types of trauma are associated with acute stress disorder and PTSD' Is there cultural variation among rape victims and symptoms following a rape' 35. Know the biological/genetic factors, personality, childhood experiences, social support, multicultural factors and severity of trauma associated with acute stress disorder and PTSD. 36. What hormones are thought to be involved in PTSD' 37. What treatments have received empirical support in the treatment of trauma related disorders' 38. What is EMDR' Why does it seem to be effective' 39. Describe psychological debriefing. How effective is this type of intervention' Study Guide, Chapter 7 Note: This is but a guide. There may be questions on the exam that are not covered in this guide. All lectures, video clips and the text are fair game for the exam. 40. How is a major depressive episode described' What are typical symptoms' Who is at risk' What is the typical age of onset' How is this different from the average age of onset 20 years ago' 41. What is unipolar depression' Depression with history of mania 42. How common is unipolar depression' Are men or women more likely to receive this diagnosis' 43. How are stress and depression related' What is endogenous depression' Exogenous depression' 44. What is post partum depression' How common are “the baby blues'” How are these two different' 45. What are the genetic data with regard to unipolar depression' Family pedigree and twins 46. What neurotransmitters are associated with unipolar depression' Low neropinephorin and serotonin 47. What is seasonal affective disorder' What hormone has been linked to it' What is the tx of choice' 48. What areas of the brain appear to be important in unipolar depression' Amlaygada, hypoccampus 49. Be familiar with tx approaches from a biological perspective. What % of patients improve after ECT' What is the mechanism behind its effectiveness' 60-80% 50. What are MAO inhibitors' What precaution must people using this class of drugs take' Anti-depressant, high blood pressure tyramine 51. What are tricyclics' Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors' How do scientists believe these work' Are SSRIs more effective than tricyclics' Anti-depressant with three rings in molecular level 52. Read the “first dibs on anti-depressant drugs'” box on page 202. 53. What is vagus nerve stimulation' Transcranial magnetic stimulation' Deep brain stimulation' 54. How might a psychodynamic theorist explain unipolar depression' How effective are these treatment approaches' 55. Describe the behavioral model with regard to unipolar depression. What treatments does this approach offer' 56. How does the cognitive model explain unipolar depression' What is learned helplessness' What is the cognitive triad' How might a cognitive therapist treat unipolar depression' 57. How effective is cognitive therapy in treating depression' What about exercise as a treatment for unipolar depression' 58. What is the attribution-helplessness theory' Know your attributions (global, etc). 59. What is acceptance and commitment therapy' 60. How might a sociocultural theorist explain unipolar depression' What is Interpersonal Psychotherapy' How effective is this type of therapy' 61. What are some reasons why scientists believe depression is more common among women' Discuss the artifact theory. What is rumination theory' Life stress theory' Lack of control theory' 62. How do depressive sxs seem to vary across cultures (pg 216-7)' 63. What is a manic episode' 64. What is bipolar I disorder' How is it different from bipolar II disorder' Bipolar II no manic episodes 65. What is a hypomanic episode' Distinguished from mania due to lack of psychotic symptoms 66. How common are bipolar disorders' Are men or women more likely to receive this diagnosis' 67. What is cyclothymic disorder' Hypomanic symptoms mild bipolar 68. What are the genetic data with regard to bipolar disorder' 69. What neurotransmitters are associated with bipolar disorders' How are sodium ions thought to be involved' What to areas of the brain have been identified as important' Overactivity of norepinephrine 70. What treatments are typically used with bipolar disorders' What are second messengers' Discuss medicine noncompliance with regard to the bipolar disorders. How does lithium work' Chemical changes in neuron, mood stabalizer 71. What is the most common mood disorder' How common is it for someone with a mood disorder NOT to improve'