8-16_Years_Development

0-8 YEARS CHILD DEVELOPMENT PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT: Physical development is described in two areas, namely gross motor skills and fine motor skills. Gross motor skills: The ability of humans to use two legs and walk involves the whole body .These whole –body movements are described as gross motor skills. Examples :Crawling ,walking alone ,rides a two wheeled bicycle. Fine motor skills : The use of the hands in coordination with the eyes allows human beings to perform very delicate procedures with their fingers. These manipulative aspects of physical development are called fine motor skills. They include aspects of vision and fine and delicate movements .The development of vision takes place alongside the development of fine motor skills. Newborn : Newborn babies is brain is not mature enough to control skilled movement. Development starts at his or her head then moves down the body so newborn baby can control his mouth ,face , lips and tongue and the rest follows in time. 1months gross motor skills: (Iying face down)The baby lies with its head to one side but can now lift its head to change position. The legs are bent, no longer tucked under the body.(Iying on the back)The head is on one side .The arm and leg on the side the head is facing will stretch out. Sitting,the back is a complete curve when the baby is held in sitting position. 1months fine motor skills and vision:The baby gazes attentively at carer’s face while being fed , spoken to or during any caring routines.The baby grasps a finger or other object placed in the hand.The hands are usually closed. 3months gross motor skills;(Iying face down)The baby can now lift up the head and chest supported on the elbows ,forearms and hands.(Iying on the back)The baby usually lies with the head in a central position. There are smooth, continuous movements of the arms and legs. The baby waves the arms symmetrically and brings hands together over the body . Sittinng :There should be little or no head lag. When held in a sitting position the back should be straight, expect for a curve in the base of the spine. Standing: The baby will sag at the knees when held in a standing position .The placing and walking reflexes should have disappeared . 3months fine motor skills and vision ; Finger – play the baby has discovered its hands and moves them around in front of the face ,watching the movements and the pattern they make in the light. The baby holds a rattle or similar object for a short time if placed in the hand. Frequently hits itself in the face before dropping it. The baby is now very alert and aware of what is going on around. The baby moves its head to look around and follows adult movements. The baby smiles and coos. 6months gross motor skills :(Iying face down)Lifts the head and chest well clear of the floor by supporting on outstretched arms. The hands are flat on the floor .The baby can roll over from front to back.( Iying on the back) :The baby will lift its head to look at its feet .The baby may lift its arms , requesting to be lifted and may roll over from back to front .Sitting: If pulled to sit ,the baby can now grasp the adults hands and pull itself into a sitting position ;the head is now fully controlled with strong neck muscles. The baby can sit for long periods with support. The back is straight .Standing: Held standing the baby will enjoy weight bearing and bouncing up and down. 6months fine motor skills and vision; Smiles , laughs and makes sound .Bright and alert , looking around constantly to absorb all the visual information on offer. Fascinated by small toys within reaching distance , grabbing them with the whole hand , using a palmar grasp. Transfers toys from hand to hand. 9months gross motor skills;(Iying face down)The baby may be able to support its body on knees and outstretched arms .May rocks backwards and forwards and try to crawl.(Iying on the back): The baby rolls form back to front and may crawl away. Sitting :The baby is now a secure and stable sitter may sit unsupported for 15 minutes or more. Standing :The baby can pull itself to standing position. When supported by an adult it will step forward on alternate feet. The baby supports its body in the standing position by holding on to a firm object and may being to side step around furniture. 9months fine motor skills and vision: Uses the inferior pincer grasp with index finger and thumb. Looks for fallen objects out of sight is now beginning to realise that they have not disappeared for ever .May hold one object in each hand and bang them together .Uses the index finger to poke and point .Babbles and starts to understand words such as “BYE BYE and NO”. 12months gross motor skills;Most babies mobile crawing ,rolling or shuffling, can sit alone indefinitely. They can get into sitting position from lying down.Pulls itself to stand and walks around the furniture.Sits up unsupported for long periods ,tries to crawl up stairs. babies walks with assistance. 12 months fine motor skills and vision:Looks for objects hidden and out of sight .Most Babies are picks up objects with thumb and forefinger(PINCER GRASP).babies are picks up and holds toys or releases such as rattles. Throws toys deliberately and watches them fall .Likes to look at picture and books and points at familiar objects. 15 months gross motor skills: Most babies are walks alone and sits from standing .and babies are crawls upstairs. 15months fine motor skills and vision; Babies are holds and drink from cup with help .Babies are enjoys books; turns several pages at once and points at pictures and familiar objects. Builds with two bricks. They are makes marks with crayons. 18months gross motor skills: Can climb forward into an adult chair ~& then turn around &sit .Most babies are walks ,pushes and pulls and bend down from waist to pick up toys confidently .Tries to kick ,rolls and throws a ball. Walks upstairs or downstairs with adult help. 18 months fine skills ; Can use a spoon when feeding themselves. 2years gross motor skills :Runs safely and walks up and downstairs holding on. Rides a trike .pushing it along with the feet. Puts together and pulls apart toys and climbs furniture without adult help.2 ½ , Jump with both feet from a low step. 2 years fine motor skills and vision; A child uses a spoon to feed him or self and puts on shoes unsupported .Holds a pencil and attempts to draw circles , lines ,dots. Uses fine pincer grasp with both hands to do complicated tasks.2 ½ , Can hold a pencil in their preferred hand ,with an improved tripod grasp. Builds a tower of six bricks. 3years gross motor skills ;A child can stand ,walk, run on tiptoe and walks upstairs one foot on each step .Have good spatial awareness – they can manoeuvre around objects.Rides a tricycle and uses the pedals .Kicks ball forward and jumps from lower steps. 3 years fine motor skills ; Can control a pencil using a thumb and first two fingers. Can copy a circle and letters V ,H AND T .A child can puts on and takes off coat and washes and dired hands and face with adult help .Controls a pencil in the preferred hand .Builds a tower of nine bricks. 4years gross motor skills :A child can stand ,walk on a line. Walks up and downstairs one foot on each step. Climbs play equipment. A child can bounces and catches and throws large ball .A child can pedals and steers a tricycle confidently.Enjoy climbing tress and on frames 4 years fine motor skills ; Are able to thread small beads onto a lace Beginning to do up buttons and unbuttons own clothing .Graps a pencil maturely. Builds a tower of 10 or more bricks .A child uses a scissors cuts out simple shapes .A child can play 12 piece puzzle and puts together .Draws a person with body parts. 5 years gross motor skills ; Increased agility can run , dodge , run lightly on their toes , climb and skip .Can walk along on the balancing beam .Plays ball games well example hits ball with bat or stick. A child can uses a variety of large equipment eg ,slides. 5years fine gross motor skills: Have good control over pencils and paintbrushes. Children are usually capable of both tying their own shoes and buttoning their own buttons. They can a writes own name and letters .Children are using scissors quite accurately and cuts out shapes .Draws recognisable pictures of trees, houses ,people animal and colouring in pictures neatly. They can undresses and dresses him or herself easily. Children can put together 20 piece jigsaw puzzles. 6-7 years gross motor skills: Can skip in time with music alternating their feet Rides a two wheeled bicycle .Kicks a football well .Makes running jumps. Children can climb and balance well on the apparatus .Hops easily on either foot, keeping well balanced .Chases and dodges others. Have increased stamina. Shown in activities such as swimming, skating ,gymnastics and martial arts. 6-7 years fine motor skills; Are more competent in their writing skills .Handwriting is evenly spaced and may be joined. Children can sew neatly with a large needle. Can catch a ball with one hand .Children can ties and unties laces and make a simple sandwich. Drawings are detailed and representative. 8years gross motor skills :Increased coordination and perceptual skills. These allow children to concentrate on strategies during games such as running to kick a ball rolling after landing from a jump or travelling in rhythm to music. 8years fine motor skills : Are beginning to join letters together in handwriting.Fine motor skills become more refined allowing for intricate work such as model making ,knitting ,and typing .Children can Fold paper half, displays left or right hand preference ,and builds elaborate 3 dimensional structures. Communication (language and literacy) and Intellectual and sensory development Birth to 3 months : -Cry loudly when expressing a need and to indicate unhappiness , tiredness -Able to explore using senses - Listening skills improving – May smile when spoken to –May move eyes or head towards the direction of a sound –Make cooing and gurgling sounds –Recognise main carer. 3 to 6 months : - Will raise head when sound attract attention - Will coo ,gurgle ,chuckle and squeal -The beginning of babbling as they start to play around with sound – Become more interested in surroundings – Begin to understand cause and effect , eg shake a rattle – Understand ‘Mama’ ,’Dada’ and ‘Bye bye ‘ –Show interest in playthings 6 to 12 months : -Recognize familiar faces – Understand and obey the command ‘No’ –Know general characteristic of their language –Babbling begins to reflect intonation of language – Pointing begins , accompanied by sounds , suggesting awareness that words are associated with people and objects – Can judge size of an object – Can know that an object exists even when it is no longer in sight. 12 to 24 months : - Vocabulary starts to develop – Speak 2-6 words or more recognisable words ( 12 months) – Understands more than they say can respond to simple instructions. –6-40 recognisable words( 18 months) Speaks more recognisable words and echo the last part of what others say -Gestures and begins to ask questions What' ,Who' And Where' –Know names and parts of their body and point to them - refer to themselves by name 2 to 3 Years old: - Can generalize words , and use pronouns instead of names though not always correctly –Sentences are longer but still abbreviated – Frequently asks Why' And What - Uses language to protect their rights – Shows interest in listening to stories – Beginning to understand consequences of their own actions – Spend a lot of time naming things and what they do eg up , down, step – Now speak over 200 words – follow simple instructions & request ‘Please bring me the book ‘ 3 to 4 Years old ; - Can match 2-3 primary colours – Count by rote up to ten but do not appreciate quantity beyond 2 or 3 – Fascinated by cause and effect and often ask why – Use personal pronouns and plurals correctly and can give their own name and sex and sometimes age - Can sort object into groups – Learn to peak more than one language if they hear more than one language spoken at home - Talk about things in past and future –tell long stories , sometimes confusing fact from fiction –Enjoys jokes and play on words 5 years old: - Used a wide vocabulary appropriately –Sentences usually correctly structured – Pronouns may still be childish – Questions are more precise – Offer opinion discussion – Can give full name .age address and often birthday – Interested in reading and writing – Recognize their name and attempt to write it.-Talk about past , present and future with a good sense of time –Are flunet in their speech and grammatically correct – produce drawing with good details eg house with windows ,doors roof and chimney. 6-7 years old:- Used compound and complex sentences and engage in full conversation –Adapt, practice and refine language skills – Can pronounce the majority of sounds in their own language – Has vocabulary of 1000-2000 on entering school – Use imagination to create stories – Language used for wider purpose in relation to themselves and others ,ie ,reporting ,protecting, reasoning predicting, directing –Can hold more than one point of view –Able to distinguish between reality and fantasy –Enjoy the challenge of experimenting with new materials –Enjoy learning mathematical and scientific concepts-Beginning to develop the concepts of quantity ,length measurement ,distance ,time volume ,capacity and weight –Able to perform simple calculations in their head – Express themselves in speech and writing. 8 Years old: - Use and understand complex sentences – Have a an increased ability to remember and play attention and to speak and express their ideas.-Are learning to plan ahead and evaluate what they do- Can read stories with increasing fluency ,telling jokes – Enjoy different types of activities such as joining club.-Enjoy projects that are task oriented ,such as sewing and woodwork. Social ,Emotional and Behavioural Development Birth to 3months : - Turn to regard a nearby speakers face – Respond with obvious pleasure to loving attention, feeding and ,cuddling ,bath time – Begin to show particular temperament eg , excitable placid. –Fix their eyes unblinkingly on the carer’s face when feeding –Smile in response to an adult 3 to 6 months: - Able to show a wide range of feelings including pleasure ,fear , excitement , contentment -Smile at their own image in the mirror.-Offer toys to others – Become more aware of themselves in relation to others - Beginning of stranger anxiety and separation distress – Becoming aware of other people’s feelings , eg , crying when a sibling cries. – 6 to 12 months:-More wary of strangers and show distress when their mother leaves - Manage to feed themselves using fingers – Offer toys to others –Still prefer to be near familiar adult-Show definite likes and dislikes at meal and bedtimes , often needing to have a comfort object eg blanket or teddy 1 to 2 years; - Wave goodbye both spontaneously and on request -Often want a comfort object such as a teddy or piece if cloth.-Play contentedly alone ,but prefer to be near a familiar adult or sibling –May easily become frustrated with occasional temper tantrum-Often to like to help others, but not when doing so conflicts with own desires –Often feel frustrated when unable to express themselves-tantrums often occur on a daily basis. – Still emotionally and socially dependent on familiar adult carers -Demands their carer’s attention and want their needs met immediately. 2 to 3 years; - Often to like to help others but not when doing so conflicts with own desires- Play more with other children but may not share their toys with them-Show affection for younger siblings,-Often feel frustrated when unable to express themselves-tantrums often occur on a daily basis –Emotional still dependent on adult –Develop their sense of identity –Know their name ,position in the family and their gender –Play with others and engage in pretend play –Have an awareness of danger and know they should avoid them eg stairs, hot stoves -Wide range of feelings and are capable of loving ,responsive behaviour.-Aware of and able to respond to feelings of others 3 to 4 years; -Are willing to share toys with other children and beginning to take turns when playing -Make friends and interested in having friends-Show affection for younger siblings-Often develop fears for example of the dark , as they become capable of pretending and imagining –Become aware of male and female developing a gender role –Show a sense of humour both in talking and acting –Like to be independent and are strong willed –Manage to use toilet independently-Can eat skilfully with a spoon and a fork 5 years ; -Dress and undresses alone –Have definite likes and dislikes - -Shows sympathy and comforts friends who are hurt –Enjoy caring for pets and Choose their own friends –Enjoy caring for friends-Usually enjoys brief separation from home and carers – Show good and overall control of emotions-Will respond to discipline based on bargaining-Show stress by being overactive but regain their balance with time out-Prefer rivalry games to team games but enjoy co –operative group play –Able to seek task through to the end – Want approval from adults and desire acceptance by other children – Developing internal social rules and an inner conscience 6 to 7 years ; - At 6 , they greater independence and maturity-Choose friends mainly because of their personality and interest –Being to compare themselves with other people-Have all the basic skills needed for independent eating ,hygiene and toileting –Can be irritable and possessive and have spells of being rebellious and aggressive –At 7 ,form close friendships mostly within their own sex – Learning to control their emotions – they realise that they can keep their own thoughts private and hide their true feelings –Can hold conversations and naturally take turns in speaking and listening –Become self –critical about their own work –Can be miserable and sulky and give up trying for short periods –More aware of gender groups and more influenced by the peer group- Much of their personality is established –Family , social and cultural environment will have led to the establishment of that personal development. 8 years:- Can be argumentative and bossy , but equally can be generous and responsive –Are easily embarrassed – Become discouraged easily –Take pride in their competence – Are beginning to see things from another’s point of view , but still have trouble fully understanding the feelings and needs of other people –From friendships quite casually and may change them very rapidly :friends are still primarily of the same gender ,although they are beginning to show interest in the opposite sex – Like to belong to informal clubs formed by children themselves such as cubs or brownies –Begin to display a sense of loyalty to a group – Enjoy secrets and jokes