Black History--论文代写范文精选

51due论文代写网精选代写范文：“Black History”这篇论文主要讲述的是黑人历史在黑人奴隶暴力抵抗美国历史上周期性的行为在两个多世纪的奴隶制度的符号化与束缚的状态持续根深蒂固的不满，并导致更加严格的机制，社会控制和镇压奴隶主的地区。

Black History In American history periodic acts of violent resistance by black slaves during more than two centuries of chattel slavery signifying continual deep-rooted discontent with the condition of bondage and resulting in ever more stringent mechanisms for social control and repression in slaveholding areas. This historic decision was to stimulate a mass movement on the blacks and white sympathizers to try to end the segregationist practices and racial inequalities that were firmly entrenched across the nation and particularly in the south. American abolitionists realized the failure of gradualism and persuasion, and they subsequently turned to a more militant policy demanding immediate abolition by law. The best known abolitionist was the aggressive agitator William Lloyd Garrison founder of the American Anti-Slavery Society. The Abolition Movement in western Europe and the Americans, was the movement chiefly responsible for creating the emotional climate necessary for ending the transatlantic slave trade and chattel slavery (Berlin, 90). The Middle Passage supplied the New World with its major work force and brought enormous profits to international slave traders. At the same time, it exacted a terrible price in physical and emotional anguish on the part of the up rooted Africans, it was distinguished by the callousness to human sufferings it developed among the traders Portugal, and France(Marble, 125). The Middles Passage male slaves were kept constantly shacked to each other or to the deck to prevent mutiny of which 55 recorded between 1699 and 1845.Deaths during the Middle Passage caused by epidemics, suicide, “fixed melancholy”, and mutiny, have been estimated at 13 percent. So many bodies of deed or dying Africans were jesttisoned into the ocean that sharks regularly followed the slave ships on their westward journey(Marble, 128-130). The Underground Railroad in the United States, was a system existing in the Northern States before the Civil War by which escaped slaves from the South were secretly helped by sympathetic northerners to reach places of safety in the North or in Canada(Blockson, 130).It was named because its activities had to be carried out in secret using darkness or disguise and because railway terms were used in reference to the conduct of the system. Those who most actively assisted slaves to escape by way of the railroad were members of the free black community such as formers slave Harriet Tubman. The Fugitive Slave Act that passed by Congress in 1973 provided the seizure and return of runaway slaves who escaped from one state into another or into a federal territory.

The law enforced Article IV, Section 2, of the U.S. Constitution in authorizing any federal distinct judge or circuit court judge or any state magistrate to decide finally and without a jury trail the status of an alleged fugitive slave(Encyclopedia Britannica, 220). The myth of the “ contented slave” was essential to the preservation of the South’s “ peculiar institution” and the historical record of rebellious was frequently clouded by exaggeration censorship, and distortion. The Civil Rights Movement in the United States, was a mass movement starting in the late 1950’s. Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to move to the Negro section of the bus. Blacks staged a one day local boycott of the bus system to protest her arrest. Martin Luther King Jr. succeeded in transforming a spontaneous racial protest into a massive resistance movement led from his Southern Christian Leadership Conference(SCLC). Through the application of nonviolent protest action, broke the pattern of racially segregated public facilities in the south and achieved the most important breakthrough in equal-rights for blacks since the Reconstruction period. Black Americans were first promised fundamental citizenship rights in the 13th –15th constitutional amendments. In the South new laws eroded the franchise and reinforced segregation practices, while the U.S. Supreme Court up held “separate but equal” facilities for the races in Plessy v. Ferguson, thus legitimizing the segregation of blacks from whites. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 required equal accommodations for blacks with white in public facilities other than schools(Finlayson, 135). This legislation was effectively voided by the Supreme Court in 1883.

These cases accumulated in the Courts landmark decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, which declared that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal and therefore unconstitutional. In the late 1940’s and early 1950’s,lawyers for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) pressed a series of important cases before the Supreme Court in which they argued that segregation meant inherently and unequal and inadequate education and other public facilities for blacks(Mechanam,65). During the World War II, progress was made in outlawing discrimination in defense industries and after the war in desegregating the armed forces. In the years that followed many civil rights leaders sought to achieve greater direct political power through elective office, and they sought to achieve more substantive economic and educational gains through affirmative- action programs that compensated for past discrimination in job hiring and college admissions African American history was originally established a Negro History by Dr. Carter G. Woodson, a noted African American author and scholar.

This event evolved into the establishment in 1976 as Black History. The fact about African American to the discovery, pioneering development and continuance of America have not properly and adequately been presented in textbooks, media and other communications media. In deed for most parts blacks have been left out of the written record about America. The fact that some changes have been made in recent years points to the need for a fuller report about African American contributions. The designation of February as African American History Month is an attempt to remedy this neglect and provide for all Americans the information needed for creative and empathetic understanding about African Americans in the nation. Dr. Woodson wisely choose for Negro History week the period of February which contains the birthdays of Frederick Douglass and Abraham Lincoln. From its initiation, observance of African American History has involved many ethnic groups, not only Black Americans and continues to provide the information needed about the African American Citizens in the United States.

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