“Black Panthers” From Beginning To End…--论文代写范文精选

Since United States gained independences from England, it has always proclaimed to be the land of the free. Meaning that all persons born or naturalized in United States should have the right to equality, liberty, justice and the pursuit of happiness, but that simply not true. If that was the case the Untied States would allow such things as lynching, segregation, police brutality, and racial profiling. If America was the land of the free there won’t be a need for such civil rights organizations as the NAACP, SCLC, CORE, SNCC, and etc. One of the most powerful and feared civil rights organizations was the Black Panther Party. Often when you hear Black Panther Party you automatically think of a militant and violent organization.

In this discussion you will see that there was more to the Black Panthers Party than marches with guns. How did this radical organization that at a time in American history put such fear and terror in to the hearts of white America, and at the same time do so much for black communities' The Black Panther Party for Self-Defense began on October 1966, by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale on Peralta Street in West Oakland. In January 1, 1967 the Black Panther Party opened its first official headquarters on fifty-fifth and Grove Street in Oakland, California. Seale, and Newton pooled their funds and rented a $150 storefront. Which was the perfect location because it was right in the heart of North Oakland community, one block from Merritt College. Newton and Seale choose the black panther as the Party’s symbol because it was a powerful image. The Black Panther Party also formed the Young Panthers. The Young Panthers were an auxiliary group that the Party organized for the young people from the community, but they weren’t actual party members. The Black Panther Party promoted “Black Power” and self-defense. The Black Panthers Party openly carried guns around, but it was legal to bar arms as long as the guns were not hidden and unloaded.

The height of the Black Panther Party was when they had forty chapters, more than 5,000 members and a weekly newspaper with over 250,000 readers. October 15, 1966 Huey Newton and Bobby Seale finalize a draft of the Black Panther Party Ten Point Program and Platform. The Ten Point Program and Platform stated ten points that had two parts “we want” and “we believe”. First was freedom. They wanted power to determine the destiny of Black Communities. They believed that black people could not be free until they determined their own destiny. If you look at Asians community you can see that they took control of their own community, which made them economically powerful. Second they wanted full employment for their people. They believed that the federal government was responsible and obligated to give every man employment or a guaranteed income. America is the riches nation, so there is no need for any American to be poor. Third they wanted an end to the robbery by the Capitalist of our Black Communities. They believed that the government robbed blacks and they demand their overdue debts of forty acres and a mule.

This is not asking for too much since over a hundred years ago they promised forty acres and mule restitution for slave labor. Fourth the Party wanted decent housing fit for the shelter of human beings. They believed that the government should help with building decent housing for blacks. No America should be without decent housing. Fifth they wanted education for their people that exposes the true nature of Americas society. They believed in a education system that would give blacks a knowledge of self. How can black child have pride for thyself without knowing their own history. Their sixth want was all black men to be exempt from military service. They believed that black men should not fight in a military service to defend a racist government that does not protect them. A black man should not have to die equal, but live in a society where he is not conceded equal.

Next an immediate end to police brutality and murder of black people. They believed that to end police brutality in their black communities by organizing black self-defense groups. Also since the second amendment gives the right to bear arms that they believed that all black people should arm themselves for self-defense. Also they wanted the freedom for all black men held in federal, state, country, and city prisons and jails. They believed that all blacks should be released from all jails and prisons because they weren’t given a fair and impartial trial. Next they wanted all black people to be tried in a court by a jury of their peers or people of their communities when brought to trial. They believed that the courts should follow the United Constitution. Last they wanted land bread, housing, education, clothing, justice, and peace. A want than any American should have. Between 1966-1982 the Black Panther Party was able to sponsor many outreach programs that help uplift black communities. Such programs as: 1. Free Medical Research Health Clinics, 2. Sickle Cell Anemia Reach and Testing Programs, 3. Free Ambulance Programs, 4. Free Breakfast for Children Program, 5. Free Busing to Prisons Program, 6. Free Commissary for Prisoners Program, 7. Seniors Against a Fearful Environment Program, 8. Free Pluming and Maintenance Programs, 9. Free Pest Control Program, 10. Free shoes Program, 11. Free Clothing Program, 12. Alameda County Volunteer Bureau Work Site, 13. Benefit Counseling, 14. Child Development Center, 15. Consumer Education Classes, 16. Community Facility Use, 17. Community Health Classes, 18. Drug/Alcohol Abuse Awareness Program, 19. Free Dental Program, 20. Free Furniture Program, 21. Police patrols, and many more community outreach programs.

On January 1968 the first Black Panther Party Free Breakfast for School Children Program started at St. Augustin’s Church, in Oakland California. The Black Panthers Party created the Free Breakfast for Children School Children Program, because they understood that children need a nourishing breakfast every morning so that they can learn. By the end of the year, the Panthers set up kitchens in cities across the nation, feeding over 10,000 children every day before they went to school. This program had such a powerful impact that it forced the federal government to form similar program for public schools across the country. The FBI assailed the Free Breakfast for School Children Program as nothing more than a propaganda tool used by the Party to carry out communist agendas. FBI’s Chief J. Edgar Hoover stated that the Black Panthers were “the greatest threat to internal security of the United States”. In November of 1968, J. Egar Hoover dispatched a memo to his field agents. The memo stated “to exploit all avenues of creating dissension within the ranks of the Black Panther Party, recipient offices are instructed to submit imaginative and hard-hitting counterintelligence measures aimed at crippling the Black Panther Party”{1974 statement issued by the U.S. Department of Justice: quoted in Agents of Repression pg.63}. During 1968 through 1971 the Black Panther Party underwent the worst of the FBI’s anti-Panther activity.

The FBI went to great links to destroy the Black Panther Party. They hired black agents to join the Black Panther Party to cause internal conflicts within the Party and spies on the Party. The FBI also tapped member’s telephones. One of their most used techniques used by the FBI against the Black Panther Party was to plant evidence on Party members and charge them with false crimes. By the end of the 1970’s the Black Panther Party was greatly weakened by external attacks and legal problems, exiles, murders, and members severing prison sentences that they could credited to the FBI’s COINTELPRO-BPP. Because of these problems the Black Panther Party was no longer a major political force in the United Stated at the end of the 1970’s.

Bobby Seale left the Black Panther Party in 1974. Huey Newton was found lying on the sidewalk on August 22, 1989. At 6:10 that morning, Huey Newton was pronounced dead on arrival at Highland Hospital, from three bullet wounds to the head. Newton’s wife Fredrika Newton established the Huey P. Newton Foundation, a non-profit educational organization, in 1993. The end to the Black Panther Party is never ending. They will for every play a major role in American history. The Black Panther Party advocated black self-defense and restructuring American society to make it more politically, economically, and socially equal. Also in 1997 a group of young activists started up the “New Black Panthers”.

This new group of Panthers wants to revive the same radicalism of the 1960’s. This new group of Panthers show that there will never be an end to the Black Panther Party; when one group of Panthers die down another group of Panthers are ready to start back up. Bibliography: 1. Assata. By, Assata Shakur 2. Volume Two The African- American Odyssey. by, Darlene Clark Hine William C, Hine, Stanley Harrold 3. The Shadow of the Panther. by, Hugh Pearson 4. Panther. By, Mario Van Peebles, Ula Y. Taylor, J. Tarika Lewis 5. Black Radicals and the Civil Rights Mainstream, 1954-1970. by, Herbert H. Haines 6. The Black Power Revolt. by, Floyd B. Barbour 7. Microsoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia 8. Black Power. by, Kwame True, Charles V. Hamilton 9. The Panther Paradox: A Liberal’s Dilemma. by, Don A. Schanche 10. Agents of Repression. by, Ward Churchill.-X

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