The UK's melt powers parliament's fiscal powers

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The UK's melt powers parliament's fiscal powers，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国熔权型议会财政权。财政是政府的命脉，是国家治理的基础和重要支柱。英国实行熔权型的议会财政权运作模式，其运作机理表明，在权力处于相对集中的前提下，议会仍能通过特定的程序和监控机制来实现对政府财政的控制与监督。

Finance is the lifeblood of government and the foundation and important pillar of national governance. To strengthen the system construction of the fiscal power of China's National People's Congress, it is necessary to absorb nutrients from the existing mode of fiscal power of the world's parliaments. In Britain, the operation mode of the parliamentary fiscal power of melting power is implemented. Its operation mechanism shows that under the premise of the relative concentration of power, the parliament can still control and supervise the government's finance through specific procedures and monitoring mechanisms. This paper analyzes in detail the theoretical connotation and operation mechanism of the financial power of the melt power parliament in Britain, and puts forward its four characteristics of flexible adjustment, attention to procedure, post-supervision and internal restriction, which has certain reference value for the development and improvement of the fiscal power of the people's congress of China.

Finance is the lifeblood of government. Fiscal power is the key element that dominates the allocation of national financial resources and even political power. The third plenary session of the 18th CPC central committee took advancing the modernization of the country's governance system and governance capacity as the general goal of comprehensively deepening reform, saying that "" finance is the foundation and important pillar of national governance" ", calling for building a "" modern fiscal system" "and elevating finance to the height of" "long-term stability" "as never before. From the perspective of fiscal politics, the key to the transformation of national governance system lies in the transformation of fiscal system. If the financial system can be reconstructed to improve the country's financial management level, the country's governance level can be improved to a large extent. As U.S. budget expert chuck puts it: "it's no exaggeration to say that a country's ability to govern depends in large part on its ability to budget." Therefore, it is an important guarantee for the modernization of national governance system and governance capability to enhance the budget capacity of our government and accelerate the transformation of fiscal system. The newly revised budget law gives the NPC the power to approve and monitor the state's revenue and expenditure. The construction of the fiscal power of China's National People's Congress is being carried out in an orderly way at the institutional level. From the perspective of the world, the operation of parliamentary fiscal power follows a specific pattern, and its operation law is closely related to the parliamentary procedure and legislative procedure, showing different characteristics in different countries, especially the United States' decentralized fiscal power and Britain's fused fiscal power. From the actual operation, the operation mechanism of the fiscal power of China's people's congress seems to have more similarities with that of Britain's parliamentary fiscal power of melting power. Therefore, the research purpose of this paper is to explore and summarize the operating mechanism and main features of the fiscal power of Britain's parliament of melting power.

The British government's power mode is characterized by the unity and integration of political power and government institutions. Therefore, the British parliament's fiscal power mode is highly centralized. It can be said that the melting power model is a British fiscal democracy model, which vividly proves that under the premise of relative concentration of power, the parliament can still control and supervise the government finance through specific procedures and monitoring mechanisms. Britain's melt fiscal democracy system provides a good model for other countries to implement the parliamentary cabinet system or the melt power system.

Gunstow emphasized that, just because Britain had a royal power higher than the other three powers, all powers had a complete mechanism for mutual restraint. The British monarchy really established a pattern of power centered on the crown, combining the decentralization and the melting.

As time goes by, the unification of royal power has been replaced by the unification of ruling party, the privileged mechanism of the monarch having higher power than other powers has been basically disintegrated, and the king or queen only performs the function of "virtual head of state" in the overall power structure of the country as its symbolic power owner. In today's Britain, the ruling party, through its structural replacement of the crown within the traditional constitutional system, occupies the position of being in charge of "the neutral power essential to all legal freedoms", which gunstam spoke highly of. Although in essence, the ruling party can't be as a neutral as monarch, the leadership of the ruling party is not likely to "stay away from and high on" on the legislative, administrative and judicial power and maintains a good balance in its presentation, but the British democracy development trend has been elected democratic legitimacy, given the election parliamentary majority based on mastering the legitimacy of the supreme power, the ruling party through control of parliament and the way of government legislative power and executive power between maximum accommodation. The melt power democracy with British characteristics was formally established.

Therefore, the operation mechanism of parliamentary fiscal power under the melting system must revolve around the characteristic of "integration and complementation" with British characteristics and embody the basic requirements of fiscal democracy within the institutional framework.

Theoretically, the establishment of parliamentary fiscal power is a sign of the maturity of representative democracy. Because the three major goals of representative democracy are established and perfected through the important function of parliamentary fiscal power.

Firstly, representative democracy is characterized by the indirect exercise of sovereign power by citizens through elected representatives. Parliament, which monitors the country's financial activities on behalf of the public, means that taxpayers can use the council as an intermediary to indirectly determine where their money goes. If the fiscal power of parliament can be effectively guaranteed by the constitution and the law, taxpayers will feel that their property rights and economic interests are recognized and protected by the law, and they will have a realistic identity for the democratic political system.

Secondly, preventing the government from using public power to infringe on the personal property and freedom of citizens is an institutional problem to be solved by representative democracy. To control the power of government effectively, it is not enough to limit the scope of government power by the rule of law. The British feudal aristocracy and the new bourgeoisie finally realized that finance was the lifeline of the government through their struggle with the crown for centuries. The corruption of politics originates from the corruption of finance, and the unlimited expansion and abuse of government power inevitably results from the unlimited fiscal power. Representative democracy through system design, gives fiscal authority to parliament for the expansion of the power of the government set up an important control valve, firmly grasp the country's purse as long as the parliament, government revenue and expenditure must be approved by parliament, the government will lose the autonomous control of financial resources, the expansion of the size of government has lost its economic base, administrative agencies use public power infringing upon the citizen's personal property and attempt to free will was maximum containment.

Third, representative democracy needs to provide a legitimate channel for people to participate in politics, and the establishment of parliamentary fiscal power plays this role. Through established legal procedures, the parliament made public the discussion process on national tax issues and the debate and voting on the approval of government spending, giving voters an intuitive understanding through the news media of the important role their elected representatives play in running the country's money. This imperceptible process is a good democratic awareness for voters education, they unknowingly have a perceptual experience of the operation of representative democracy, and thus more firmly believe in democracy.

Therefore, the establishment of parliamentary fiscal power marks that representative democracy is firmly established and deeply rooted as a mature democratic system. As one of the important powers of parliament, the fiscal power has become an important factor to study the power structure of representative democracy. Generally speaking, how much of a country's fiscal power is in the hands of representative institutions is an important indicator of a country's fiscal democratization.

From the perspective of the actual operation of the fiscal power of the parliament with the melted power in Britain, it is not difficult to find that, although the fiscal power of the parliament mainly revolves around the review and approval process of the government budget, the analysis of the budgetary process is not enough to clarify the basic structure and function of the fiscal power of the parliament. Therefore, this paper tries to combine the budget process with the fiscal power of parliament, and divide the fiscal power of parliament into three logically related sections for elaboration. Secondly, the review and approval of the government expenditure budget constitute the basic framework of the expenditure control system in the fiscal power of parliament. The third is the audit and supervision of the government revenue and expenditure accounts, which constitutes the basic framework of the accounting supervision system in parliament's fiscal power. These three parts combine to form the institutional framework of the parliamentary fiscal power of the melted power.

To be specific, the three branches of the parliamentary fiscal power with the melted power play different roles in the realization of fiscal democracy.

The income security system focuses on the democratization of taxation. It is based on a constitutional proposition that has been around for hundreds of years. Today, this constitutional concept has been fixed as an important constitutional principle, which states that any tax collected by the government must be based on a tax law passed by parliament.

The expenditure control system focuses on solving the problem of democratization of expenditure. It emphasizes that every fund of government expenditure must be approved by the parliament. The parliamentary committees monitor government expenditure in the name of taxpayer representative, and ensure that every penny from taxpayers is used properly and effectively in accordance with the law.

The accounting supervision system focuses on solving the problem of democratization of supervision. The representative office establishes an independent national top audit supervision agency which is directly responsible to it. The audit experts shall conduct strict audit supervision over all the revenue and expenditure of the government to ensure that the revenue and expenditure accounts of the government are in full compliance with the authorized amount and budget law of the parliament.

In terms of operation procedure, the income security system of the British parliament is mainly undertaken by the whole council. The whole review and approval process is strictly in accordance with the legal procedures, and any permanent tax bill and fiscal bill must go through the three-reading process to pass. When a tax resolution is introduced, it is necessary to pass the finance bill again before the resolution authorizes all tax issues, which fully reflects the rule of law tradition that the British people respect the rules. Of course, there are many problems in the operation of the parliamentary revenue guarantee system. For example, the lack of standing committee makes the tax resolution proposed by the government difficult to carry out detailed and thorough discussion. The whole revenue review process is too simple and lacks substantive opposition and amendments to government programmes; Time is limited for congress to discuss taxes, so the fiscal bill can only be rushed through in a short time. The root cause of these defects lies in the system structure of the British parliamentary cabinet system, which is difficult to be changed through simple procedural reforms.

In the house of Commons, the standing and special committees are not permanent bodies but appointed by the selection committee at the beginning of each session, as required. Deliver these committees under the complete overview of the mission was dissolved, after each session of the special committee of the personnel structure in different ways, the composition of the liquidity on the transient and personnel while that committee lacks cohesion when exercising their functions and powers, but in between each committee has formed a good mechanism of easy communication, make every member has the opportunity to directly participate in parliamentary supervision and review of the process of financial management, not only expand the scope of understanding of financial problems, and promote the coordination between the relevant committee.

At the same time, according to some established practice, some special committee members can cross, such as the house of Commons has set up a budget committee chairman will act as the public accounts committee member, of course, the purpose of this kind of system arrangement for between two important committee for regular contact, avoid in policy and unnecessary repetition or conflicts appear in the work process, ensure that parliament fiscal rights run smoothly.

In the UK's model of melting power, parliament and government are closely combined in terms of organization. The responsibility cabinet system emphasizes that the majority party of parliament forms the cabinet, the cabinet must be responsible to the parliament, and the members of the cabinet must first be members of parliament, who are jointly and severally liable to the parliament in accordance with the principle of collective responsibility. The prime minister and key government ministers are themselves members of parliament. They attend the parliamentary session, participate in the discussion of tax and appropriation issues in the whole house committee, and guide and supervise the activities of their members through the parliamentary group, creating favorable conditions for the successful passage of the budget.

The synchronization of the British parliament and the government's fiscal power is also reflected in the coexistence of parliament and the cabinet. According to constitutional convention, if parliament overturns budget bills submitted by the cabinet, either the government resigns or parliament is dissolved. This traditional practice has undoubtedly tied a strong bond between parliament and the cabinet. In order to avoid the danger of both losing and losing, the parliament and the cabinet have established a harmonious cooperative relationship. The report of the public accounts committee, for example, is seldom discussed publicly in the house of Commons, and is usually referred directly to the Treasury and the relevant departments for attention and unreservedly implemented. In this way, the public accounts committee can effectively supervise the work of the executive branch without infringing upon its authority or weakening its authority.

Why should the house of Commons accept such self-limiting legislation? According to the constitutional principles of the United Kingdom, legislative and executive powers must be separated, and only when there is absolutely no executive power and responsibility can the Commons fundamentally satisfy the will of the people. Redridge has said the rule is a measure "to guarantee that a large representative body cannot easily abuse its authority." Is formed in history of the relation and the rules and procedures of long-term unremitting insist, and as a result of the rule of law culture spirit of self limited, only we should institutionally ensure that the British parliament in its golden age do not have permission to trespass constitutional system giving it a category, did not produce any attempt to replace the functions of the government, has made a contribution to the stable development of the western democracy.

This is the most important feature in the exercise of parliamentary fiscal power in the UK, and also the biggest difference between the two countries. Since parliament always completes its budget deliberations months after the start of the new fiscal year, the parliamentary approval of the budget is not pre-controlled, but purely ex post facto. Since the passage of the appropriations law was divorced from the fiscal year, the establishment of an interim budget became inevitable, which greatly increased the complexity of the budget process and made it more difficult for parliament to control spending. However, such ex post facto supervision gives government departments greater initiative in the use of expenditure, which increases the adjustment and leeway of expenditure and ensures the government's initiative and flexibility in the use of fiscal funds.

While parliament is often criticised for rushing through budgets, the government's proposed tax and funding bills are usually passed by a full vote in parliament. But, in fact, the British parliament the post-supervision process of fiscal law is very strict, perfecting the audit supervision system of all-round in the fiscal year to operate, supervise and examine whether the government strictly in accordance with the regulations of the appropriations bill use spending, if there is any violation, will affect the future fiscal expenditure allocated, the government departments in the implementation of the budget plan constructs a important gate to prevent abuse.

From the actual operation process, the control of the government's finance is mainly carried out by the opposition parties in the parliament to question and criticize the budget. The majority party seldom makes any adverse remarks to the government when discussing the budget. This kind of British restriction mechanism is very effective. First, through the intra-parliamentary partisan conflict, different opinions are put forward on the fiscal bill to urge the government to take into account the interests of all parties in the spending projects, and ensure that the parliamentary financial supervision mechanism is always operated effectively in accordance with the democratic procedure. Second, because internal debate in parliament, always, once parliament to pass the final bill, parliament and government immediately turn into a relation of mutual collaboration, which greatly improve the efficiency of the government and financial activities of freedom and autonomy, to maintain the authority of the government and maintain the stable government is of great significance.

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