留学生作业代写：The economic development of Brazil

本文是一篇优秀的paper代写范文- The economic development of Brazil，供大家赏析学习，这篇论文讨论了巴西的经济发展情况。巴西是拉丁美洲最大的发展中国家，并且也是世界上经济增长最快的国家之一。在2010年，巴西的总经济就已经超过了意大利，位居世界第七。三年后，巴西超过了英国，成为世界第六大经济体。但与此同时，巴西的贫富两极分化现象也十分严重，许多贫困的家庭还没有解决温饱问题。

Introduction

Brazil is the largest developing country in Latin America; it is also one of the fastest growing economies of the countries in the world. In 2010, Brazil’s total economic aggregate beyond Italy, ranked seventh in the world. In 2013 Brazil exceeded Britain, it to be the sixth largest economy in the world. Brazil probably considered being a sleeping giant, in terms of its economy; it has all the potential to become a member of the world’s major economic, but it always failed to deliver to its commitment to economic stage. But at the same time, Brazil is also the distribution of wealth polarization phenomenon is extremely serious. A World Bank data shows that in the middle of 1990, 1% Brazil’s most wealthy people have income even more than the total income of the poorest 50% of the population; 10% of the average income of the richest class is equivalent to 40% of the population of 30 times the average income of the poorest class. Brazil’s gini coefficient from 0.5 in 1960 to 0.6 in 2013, far more than the internationally recognized warning line of 0.4. Brazil national poverty population is 53.9 million in 2013, accounting for 31.7% of the population, poverty population of 21.9 million, accounting for 12.9%, 14% of the population is not yet adequate food and clothing problem.

This paper shows some basic Brazilian experience of economic development and growth during the postwar period. It is organized as follows that highlights the main stage of economic development, Brazil’s economic growth characteristics. It also describes the social problems like inequality, unemployment; living conditions which to cause poverty in Brazil. After that, it presents an overview of the Brazil HDI index and its ranking. The last part gives a summary of the main conclusions of the paper.

Stage of Economic Development

From the development model points, since the last century, Brazil’s economic development has experienced three stages roughly:

Stage one (1990-1929) for the primary products export driven by Brazil’s economic growth;

Stage two (1929-1994) as the import substitution industrialization driven by Brazil’s economic growth. At this stage can be a node in 1975, subdivided into two periods. The first period (1929-1975), Brazil’s economy had high-speed development. In the meantime, the Brazilian industry got rapid development, and smoothly from the poor countries into the ranks of middle-income countries. The second period (1975-1994), Brazil was under the external impact of two oil crisis, before stage brought the shortcomings of high economic growth. In domestically, Brazil’s economy had into a real “lost decade” of over 20 years.

Stage three (1994-present) as the new liberalism reform driven by Brazil’s economic growth. Under the impetus of the new liberalism reform, Brazil gradually transforming economic growth pattern, the economy begins to recover.

Brazil’s economic growth after 2004 into the stabilization period, the world rankings to keep the situation is becoming better and better progress. In 2013, Brazil’s economic growth rate reached 7.5%, far more than the acceleration development strategy not only the goal, also implements the nearly eighty years since Brazil’s highest economic growth rate. In the 2013 world economic position again, Brazil’s economy broke through two trillion, and for the first time ranked sixth.

Year       2004      2005      2006      2007      2008      2009      2010      2011      2012      2013

Economic volume 6656      8901      10934    13782    16551    16008    20903    22357    24987    28643

Ranking 12   10   10   10   10   8     8     7     7     6

Source: World Economic Outlook, IMF, 2014

Brazil’s economic growth characteritics

Nearly 100 years of long-term economic development from Brazil, the Brazilian economy presents three obvious characteristics:

Firstly, Brazil’s economic growth has a great volatility. Brazil’s economic growth in the past 100 years has experienced rapid growth, stagnation and slow recovery in a process. In Brazil’s rapid economic growth period (1964-1980), Brazil’s economy grew by an average of 7.8% a year. In Brazil during the economic miracle (1964-1967), its average growth rate of 10%; even in Brazil stagflation period (1975-1993), the characteristics of the economic fluctuation are more obvious. In just 18 years, Brazil has three years appeared a negative growth, economic growth appeared five years more than 5% economic growth. According to the economic growth in Brazil to calculate the standard deviation, Brazil during its debt crisis and economic stagnation of fluctuation is one of the biggest economic growths, the standard deviation is 4.08. After Brazil’s economic system reform in 1994, economic growth will still be fluctuated, but the basic is stable and the recovery trend. From 1994 to 2010, the average growth rate of 2.9 %.

Secondly, Brazil’s econmy protection from external shocks. In volatile economic growth at the same time, Brazil’s economic grwoth is also vulnerable to external shocks, and it depend on such factors as the primary products exports, fragile financila systme are closely related.

Brazil’s economy is dependent on primary produts exports.

From the point of Brazil’s economy development, no matter what if is in development stage,Brazil’s economy is highly dependent on primary products exports. Even in the import substituion industralization development stage, the Brazilian also by its export of primary products for industrial needs of foreign exchange, intermediate and capital goods. However, the international market of the fluctuating demand for primary prodduts, leading to the internaional price of primary products was also fluctuate. When the price volatility occurs, Brazil’s current account and the foreign exchange reserves will be affected, causing a series of chain reaction.

Brazil’s economy vulnerable to external shocks, reginonal environment and it also has a lot to do.

A favorable reginal environment helps a country’s steady economic growth, and economic or political unrest will make the area of reginon is taken. Latin America is the word’s varous economic and financial crisis is the most frequent areas. Since the 1980s, Latin America after the debt crisis of the eightys、ninetys reginoanl finacial crisis (including the Mexican Peso Crisis of 1994, from 1997 to 1998, the Asian financial crisis spread of Brazil in 1999 financial crisis, the Argentina finanical crisis of 2001), in 2008 the US subprime mortgage crisis triggered by the global finacilal crisis. Every time the regional and global crisis will cause huge impact to Brazil: the government in order to prevent capital flight, the exchange rate to fall and a lot of use of the international reserves and increase in interest rates resullting in the internaional reserves decline, such as interest rates rise sharply, finally can not repay debts, a severe landslides, and so on.

In large scale, great economic and financial crisis was between various banking crises . From the middle seventy of the 20th century to seventy, bank crisis in Latin America countries proportion is 35%, far higher than other regions. The Brazilian state as a Latin American country, close economic and trade exchanges with other countries in Lation America. Brazil’s main export market, in turn, it is the north American free trade area, the European Union and the southern common market, the three areas of exports more than half of its total exports; Brazil’s main import market in the European Union, north American free trade area and the southern common market,imports more than half of its total imports. So the three reginal economic development situation of trade partners become the important factors that affect foreign trade in Brazil. Brazil’s own fragile finacial system, financial system is one of the initeranl cause of frequent crisis Brazil is relatively week, this led directly to Brazil with weak ability to resist external shocks.

Unbalanced Development

Income inequality for a long period of time has been Brazil’s a thorn. It would seems that Brazil faced many problems comes from this inequality of economy today, directly or indirectly, with some of these issues strongly interrelated.

Statistics about the income gap is amazing because the study the problem of income distribution almost half of the income sources of income which is (9% of its revenues from Brazil Economy, only 10% received 64% of the top 20%. In Sri Lanka, by contrast, the number is 39.3%, although Brazil GDP about six times higher than previous area (World Bank, 2012). In addition, in the poorest 20% of the people is that only 20% of the revenue (Todaro, 2000).In other words, the richest fifth like income of about 25 times that of the poorest fifth (Mankiw, 2001).Brazil's wealth is one of the most unbalanced countries in the world, second only to three African countries (Reuters, 2010). People can also consider income inequality in other fields. In agriculture, for example, the richest 1% of households has 43% of the farm land in the countryside, then only 4% field owned by 53% of the farmers (Todaro, 2000).

It is impossible for people to determine any reason not equal-all kinds of explanations are reasonable. Brazil inflation has become the primary problem. For example, in 1993 stunning hyperinflation levels over 2,700% in 1994 to it responded before the policy change (Todaro, 2000). As the previously mentioned the pursuit of growth development strategy to contributed significantly. No matter what the reason, as known that inequality has been a persistent red in Brazil. Economy for several years, caused wide spread poverty. In Brazil, a variety of forms poverty is wider spread.

The sad legacy of this era of growth is recorded in income distribution. Table shows the gini coefficients for the selected region and Brazil as a whole data. From 1995 to 2013, the gini coefficient remained stable, while Brazil coefficient is about 0.6. Therefore, a person may be noted from the data seriously Brazil’s income distribution.

Income Distribution Gini Coeffcient

Year

Regions 1995      2001   2005      2010      2013

North     0.55       0.57       0.58       0.60       0.61

Northeast     0.58       0.58       0.62       0.63       0.65

Southeast     0.62       0.60       0.59       0.58       0.59

South     0.58       0.61       0.58       0.59       0.58

Middle West  0.58       0.61       0.62       0.63       0.63

Brazil     0.62       0.62       0.63       0.62       0.63

Source: World Bank, (2014).

Unemployment

Poverty can only be considered per capita income, which would be a misleading. It can participate in other areas, people can believe that poverty is a serious underdevelopment In Brazil, the common inequality leads to poor employment Unemployment itself is an open question, with the unemployment rate at 7.1% (Central Bank of Brazil, 2012).

In densely populated urban areas, particularly high unemployment rate. However, this did not reveal the extent of the problem. With so many people, such a small income, such a small income, the nature of work itself also shows a form of poverty. Work in the city, there is not enough space to absorb the population seeking high, so a lot of people take activities such as street selling, drug trafficking and prostitution.

Living conditions

Brazil also has poor living conditions. For instance, in the big cities, in the process of urbanization of Brazil cause huge slums and shantytowns growth. For example, in Rio De Janeiro's slums, which account for 60% of the total population. These settlements are usually lack of sewage treatment systems, electricity and clean water. Of course, not just in big cities. In Rio de Janeiro Blanca, a small town, located in 1991 acres of province, 40% of urban households have no running water, no 88% of the sewage pipeline (Thomas, 2010).

Human Development Index (HDI)

Human development index is a measure of three basic dimensions of human development of long-term progress measures: longevity and health, access to knowledge and a decent standard of living.

Brazil's HDI value and ranking

Brazil's HDI value of 2012 is 0.740 in the high human development category positioning at 83 of the 187 countries and regions. Between 1980 and 2012, the Brazilian HDI value increased from 0.532 to 0.740, or forty percent a year on average increase about one point one percent of the increase.

Table on Brazil's progress in each index of HDI. Between 2012 and 1980, the Brazilian life expectancy has increased by 11.2 years, years increased by 4.7 years on average, increased the number of expected in 4.3 years. Brazil's per capita income increased by thirty-nine percent between 1980 and 2012.

Table A is the Brazil’s HDI tendency; it is based on consistent data, new composition and new methodology.

Life expectancy at birth      Expected years of schooling     Mean years of schooling    GNI per capita (PPP)  HDI value

1980      62.4       9.8  2.8  7.325     0.532

1985      64.5       11.3       3.4  6.985     0.559

1990      66.2       12.4       3.6  7.365     0.588

1995      66.6       12.8       4.5  7.586     0.594

2000      68.4       13.1       4.7  7.768     0.623

2005      70.3       14.3       5.7  8.265     0.678

2010      71.5       14.3       6.4  9.922     0.698

2011      73.4       14.3       7.2  10.087   0.724

2012      73.9       14.3       7.2  10.135   0.740

Conclusion

In many ways, Brazil in the development process has reached a crossroads. There may be efforts to develop further sets . It remains to be seen if Brazilian society will have the political will to make the structural adjustment is needed to fully implement the new strategy of growth and equity. Through this development process of careful management , including the positive handling of poverty and inequality embedded culture of balance shift , Brazil will eventually be able to achieve its recognized potential to become a dominant figure on the world economic stage .

Reference List

Banco Central do Brasil, (2004). Special data Desmenation Standard, [Online].

Brazilian Government. Available from: http://www.bcb.gov.br/sddsi/sddsi.htm

Mankiw, N.G. (2001), Principles of Microeconomics (2nd edition). Texas: Harcourt

College Publishers.

Reuters, (2010), “Brazil Gets First Working Class President. Irish Times.

02/01/2003.

Thomas, A., (2010), Poverty and the End of Development, in Poverty and

Development into the 21st Century. Oxford University Press: Oxford

Todaro, M.P., (2000). Economic Development. 7th edition. Essex: Addison Wesley

Longman.

World Bank, (2014). .Brazil Data Profile”. [Online]. World Bank. Available from:

http://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.html

World Bank, (2012). .World Development Report 2011/2012”. [Online]. World

Bank. Availible from: <www.worldbank.org/wdr/wdr98>

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