Ocean Pollution-paper代写

本文是一篇优秀的essay范文- Ocean Pollution，供大家赏析学习，这篇论文讨论了海洋污染。从面积上看，海洋覆盖了地球近71% 的表面，其巨大的容量被看作是地球上最稳定的生态系统。但近几十年来随着工业的飞速发展，海洋受到了严重的污染。据调查显示，石油及其产品对海洋的污染是最严重的；其次就是重金属的污染，最后就是污水导致的海水富营养化了。只有让人们清楚认识到海洋污染造成的危害，才能够解决问题。

Introduction

On earth, the world ocean covers almost 71% of its surface. The ocean contains 97% of earth’s water. The huge capacity can be seen as the most stable ecosystems of the planet. Even through various land substances run into the ocean, the ocean itself does not occur any significant change (Balliett, 2010). However, in recent decades, with the rapid development of industry, the ocean has been serious polluted.

In this paper, I will firstly introduce the current situation of ocean pollution and discuss why it can seriously affect people and ocean creatures’ lives. Then, based on the sources, characters and toxicity, I will categorize ocean pollutants into five categories and explain how does each type affect the ocean, the ecosystem and even the whole earth respectively. Through analyzing its terrified effects, I want to appeal everyone to protect the ocean environment and I hope relevant companies can stop their pollution actions immediately.

Current Situation of Ocean Pollution

Human take the ocean as a natural dumping ground. There is an old saying in China that the ocean can hold the water from thousands of rivers, because of its huge capacity. With this idea in mind, various substances generated in people’s lives are pulled into the ocean. Until the 20th century, most substances are nontoxic. Even though rarely of them are toxic, in such a huge environment, the concentration of pollutants could naturally decrease or disappear through physical, chemical or biological effects(Balliett, 2010). This is the ocean’s self-purification ability. However, the self-purification capacity is ultimately limited. In the second half of the 20thcentury, people started to widely exploit the ocean. Moreover, without any regulations or laws, manufacturing companies discharged a variety of harmful substances, including wastewater, waste gas and waste residues, without the slightest hesitancy. These pollutants would finally run into the ocean through the lands, the seas and the air. Then the water temperature, PH value, salinity and transparency got changed, along with the biological species and quantities, which seriously harm the ocean’s ecosystem(MacInnesand Karen, 2011).

Sources of Ocean Pollution

Based on the sources, characters and toxicity, ocean pollutants can be categorized into five types(MacInnesand Karen, 2011).

(1).  Petroleum and its Products

(2).  Mercury and heavy metals

(3).  Chemical pesticide pollution

(4).  Radioactive pollution and thermal pollution

(5).  Domestic sewage and industrial effluents

Harmful Effects of Ocean Pollution

According to a world survey, of all the pollutants, the effects caused by petroleum and its products are the most serious. Leakage of offshore pipelines, ship sewage and tanker accidents are the main reasons (Nemerow, 1991). If a tanker ran on rocks and got broken, hundreds of tons of oil would discharge. Once the oil covered the sea and the beach, it would result in local ocean desertification. Because the oil isolated the air from the sea, large numbers of marine organisms would die of hypoxia. Such incidents have occurred several times in recent years.

Heavy metals are brought into the ocean by waste and sewage. Comparing to other substances, the concentration of heavy metal is extremely low, which is less than a billionth part. These heavy metals are not harmful to some plants and animals, but if people eat these creatures, it will be very dangerous(Nemerow, 1991). In recent years, mercury, cadmium, copper, lead and other heavy metals are widely used in the industrial and agricultural production. For instance, adsorbents, such as lead sulfate, have been widely used in ocean development, since they can adsorb uranium. These adsorbents contain heavy metals. If treated unscientifically, they will result in ocean pollution. It is estimated that every year, over 5000 tons of mercury and 25000 tons of copper will enter into the ocean(MacInnesand Karen, 2011). These heavy metals are accumulated in fish and shellfish’s body. If people eat these creatures accidentally, they will get sick or even died.

In in order to improve they ield of production, pesticides, fertilizers and detergents are widely used in agriculture industry. However, these substances along with rainwater will finally run into the ocean and becomes the third ocean pollutants. Because of these pollutants, hundreds of seabirds go extinct and more than 200 are in danger (United StatesCongress, 2013). Moreover, American scientists identify that even a few amount of pesticides can inhibit photosynthesis of phytoplankton. The ultimate result is that the oxygen content in the ocean decreases significantly. In addition, pesticides can harm people directly. According to medical research, of all the cancers suffered by humans, eighty percent are caused by the pesticides.

Nuclear weapon tests, nuclear-powered submarins and nuclear facilities may generate large numbers of radioactive substances(United States Congress, 2013). If these substances discharge into the ocean, contamination occurs. In reality, some radioactive substances have been incolved in the biological cycle. Thermal pollution is usually caused by power plants, paper-manufacturing factories and metallurgical machinery factories. These factories are used to dischage high temperature wastewater into the ocean. Every ocean creature has its inherant temperature range. The high temperature may change some creatures‘ growth rhythm and physical activities and even kill them. Scientists forecast that thermal pollution may become the most serious pollution in the future(MacInnesand Karen, 2011).

Everyday, thousands of tons of domestic sewage and industrial effluents would run into the ocean, which contains large amounts of manure, good scraps and other organic substances. After decomposition, the excessive nutrients may result in red tide, which kills large numbers of fish and shellfish. The dead creatures’ decomposing process will consume a lot of oxygen, which in turn choke more fish and shellfish(Balliett, 2010). Hence, once the red tide occurs, the ocean and beach are full of dead fish and shellfish. For some seas, they may become dead seas, since all fish and shellfish are extinct.

Summary

After knowing the harmful effects caused by ocean pollution, it is reasonable to realize the necessity of protecting the ocean environment. On the one hand, we should quickly put such artificial hazards to the end. On the other hand, we should deal with the areas that have been seriously polluted. Everyone lives on the earth has the responsibility to make a contribution to this business.

Reference

Balliett, James Fargo. oceans. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2010. Web.

MacInnes, David, and Karen Kähler. Ocean Pollution., 2011. Web.

Nemerow, Nelson L. Stream, Lake, Estuary, and Ocean Pollution. 2nd ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1991. Web.

United States. Congress (103rd, 2nd session. Ocean Pollution Reduction Act. Bethesda, MD: ProQuest, 2013. Web.

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