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建立人际资源圈加拿大paper代写范文：increase the citizens’ participation of the policy process
2017-04-24 来源: 51due教员组 类别: Paper范文
本篇加拿大paper代写范文讲了在题为“政策处理导论”的书中，托马斯•伯克兰（Thomas A.Birkland）将政策定义为政府的声明 - 无论在什么层面 - 它打算在公共问题上做什么。这些陈述可以在“宪法”，法规，法规，判例法（即法院判决），机构或领导决策中，甚至在各级政府官员的行为方面发生变化。本篇加拿大代写由51due论文代写机构整理，供大家参考阅读。
In the book entitled “An Introduction To The Policy Processing”, policy is defined by Thomas A. Birkland as a statement by government—at whatever level—of what it intends to do about a public problem. Such statements can be found in the Constitution, statutes, regulation, case law (that is, court decisions), agency or leadership decisions, or even in changes in the behavior of government officials at all levels (Birkland, 2011). At the first glance, it is irrelevant to the citizens as it is kind of the governmental action. But in the democratic society where the governmental policy is supposed to be the representation of the wills of the citizens, Citizens’ participation of the policy process is usually viewed as an important measurement of the democratic degree of polity, thus necessitating the needs of their participation. Thus, in this essay, four advisable approaches to increase the citizens’ participation of the policy process are listed as: the change of their ideas and attitudes towards policy process participation, the building of a system to protect their participation, the broadening of the channels of participation, and an improvement of the public's ability to participate in politics.
The change of their ideas and attitudes towards policy process participation is the first and the most important step in their actual practice of political participation. Although many citizens are aware that their life will be affected by policies, citizens hardly realize that in fact their involvement could change the course of some policy. If the citizens are more positive in participating the policy process, it is more possible for the policy to serve their interests, and make its implementation easier. Most of the policy, regulation or laws enacted with the push of the citizens, such as the famous Civil Rights Act for the rights of the minority turn out to be just and serve the interests of the most. Instead of being a voluntary and groundless action, the building of a system to protect their participation makes the participators have the justification and proper rights of participating. There is case that people show the intention to get involved in the policy process, but firstly they doubt whether they are welcomed to be a voice in the process and then will consider where and who to turn to for their uttering of opinion. Thus, it is necessary for the manager to release a clear signal that you are welcome to voice your opinion and there is a sound system to ensure your rights and formalize your action. As for the broadening of the channels of participation, it is the most considered issue in increasing the public participation of the policy making. As discussed a lot, there are a variety of way that have been proposed or put into reality, whose positive consequences are making sure that a large enough number of citizens are covered and also different forms and needs of participation are fulfilled. At last, an improvement of the public's ability to participate in politics is the most crucial one to determine the nature of policy: whether one’s participation of the policy making good or not for the policy to be scientific and practical. If the education level of citizens is low in general, it is wise to post phone the participation of policy process in a large scale, which is a common practice in most of the developing counties. So an elevation of public's ability to participate in politics could make sure that the final result of policy making is not insane and the process of participation is orderly.
If I were given the chance to argue to a city manager for great citizen involvement, I preferred to use the first and the third: the change of their ideas and attitudes towards policy process participation, and the broadening of the channels of participation. As the elevation of public's ability and the building of a system to protect their participation is a long-term process, the rest two can be effective after some extensive efforts. There are a lot of ways to spread certain information in the information era, when all people’s life is shaped by the various media: TV， newspaper，bulletin boards, books, and the newly emergent but powerful media: internet and so on. It is advisable to put some slogans on the bulletin boards of subway stations; do some publicity on the advertisements of TV; and most importantly, take full use of the online resources.
More and more managers are paying their attention to the internet, and refer it as the online community. In terms of the broadening of the channels of participation, it is usually discussed in the context of the community. It can also expand the restraints of areas and provide a way of participation for more people. In the article entitled “Civic Engagement”, the situation and measures of civic engagement are introduced. According to this article, Philadelphia has enough political leadership, but lack effective technology tools in the past. Now, they can bring those public officials together with private and non-private leaders for meaningful community engagement through building an online community (National League of Cities, 4). It stresses the unique and important role of internet, which is important not only in spreading a message to the pubic but also in the building of participation channels. However, both of the approaches have the downside: those two approaches required a lot of human resources, technology and money; the targeted group will be mostly the young people who spend a lot of time on the internet if the role of internet in those two approaches is overstressed.
The change of their ideas and attitudes towards policy process participation, the building of a system to protect their participation, the broadening of the channels of participation, and an improvement of the public's ability to participate in politics are supposed to be a coherent whole in increasing the citizens’ participation of the policy process.
Thomas A. (2011).Birkland. An Introduction to the Policy Processing .Routledge. Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA
In the book entitled “An Introduction To The Policy Processing”, policy is defined by Thomas A. Birkland as a statement by government—at whatever level—of what it intends to do about a public problem. Such statements can be found in the Constitution, statutes, regulation, case law (that is, court decisions), agency or leadership decisions, or even in changes in the behavior of government officials at all levels (Birkland, 2011). At the first glance, it is irrelevant to the citizens as it is kind of the governmental action. But in the democratic society where the governmental policy is supposed to be the representation of the wills of the citizens, Citizens’ participation of the policy process is usually viewed as an important measurement of the democratic degree of polity, thus necessitating the needs of their participation. Thus, in this essay, four advisable approaches to increase the citizens’ participation of the policy process are listed as: the change of their ideas and attitudes towards policy process participation, the building of a system to protect their participation, the broadening of the channels of participation, and an improvement of the public's ability to participate in politics.
The change of their ideas and attitudes towards policy process participation is the first and the most important step in their actual practice of political participation. Although many citizens are aware that their life will be affected by policies, citizens hardly realize that in fact their involvement could change the course of some policy. If the citizens are more positive in participating the policy process, it is more possible for the policy to serve their interests, and make its implementation easier. Most of the policy, regulation or laws enacted with the push of the citizens, such as the famous Civil Rights Act for the rights of the minority turn out to be just and serve the interests of the most. Instead of being a voluntary and groundless action, the building of a system to protect their participation makes the participators have the justification and proper rights of participating. There is case that people show the intention to get involved in the policy process, but firstly they doubt whether they are welcomed to be a voice in the process and then will consider where and who to turn to for their uttering of opinion. Thus, it is necessary for the manager to release a clear signal that you are welcome to voice your opinion and there is a sound system to ensure your rights and formalize your action. As for the broadening of the channels of participation, it is the most considered issue in increasing the public participation of the policy making. As discussed a lot, there are a variety of way that have been proposed or put into reality, whose positive consequences are making sure that a large enough number of citizens are covered and also different forms and needs of participation are fulfilled. At last, an improvement of the public's ability to participate in politics is the most crucial one to determine the nature of policy: whether one’s participation of the policy making good or not for the policy to be scientific and practical. If the education level of citizens is low in general, it is wise to post phone the participation of policy process in a large scale, which is a common practice in most of the developing counties. So an elevation of public's ability to participate in politics could make sure that the final result of policy making is not insane and the process of participation is orderly.
If I were given the chance to argue to a city manager for great citizen involvement, I preferred to use the first and the third: the change of their ideas and attitudes towards policy process participation, and the broadening of the channels of participation. As the elevation of public's ability and the building of a system to protect their participation is a long-term process, the rest two can be effective after some extensive efforts. There are a lot of ways to spread certain information in the information era, when all people’s life is shaped by the various media: TV， newspaper，bulletin boards, books, and the newly emergent but powerful media: internet and so on. It is advisable to put some slogans on the bulletin boards of subway stations; do some publicity on the advertisements of TV; and most importantly, take full use of the online resources.
More and more managers are paying their attention to the internet, and refer it as the online community. In terms of the broadening of the channels of participation, it is usually discussed in the context of the community. It can also expand the restraints of areas and provide a way of participation for more people. In the article entitled “Civic Engagement”, the situation and measures of civic engagement are introduced. According to this article, Philadelphia has enough political leadership, but lack effective technology tools in the past. Now, they can bring those public officials together with private and non-private leaders for meaningful community engagement through building an online community (National League of Cities, 4). It stresses the unique and important role of internet, which is important not only in spreading a message to the pubic but also in the building of participation channels. However, both of the approaches have the downside: those two approaches required a lot of human resources, technology and money; the targeted group will be mostly the young people who spend a lot of time on the internet if the role of internet in those two approaches is overstressed.
The change of their ideas and attitudes towards policy process participation, the building of a system to protect their participation, the broadening of the channels of participation, and an improvement of the public's ability to participate in politics are supposed to be a coherent whole in increasing the citizens’ participation of the policy process.
Thomas A. (2011).Birkland. An Introduction to the Policy Processing .Routledge. Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA
National League of Cities. (2013).Bright Spots in Community Engagement.
